LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


STANDARD  EDITION 


THE  BUSINESS  GUIDE; 


.OR. 


Safe  Methods  of  Business, 


J.  L.  NICHOLS,  A.  M., 

LATE  PRINCIPAL  OF  NORTH-WESTERN   BUSINESS  COLLEGE, 

NAPERVILLE,  ILL. 


WITH 

AN    INTRODUCTION 

BY 

PRESIDENT  A.  A.  SMITH,  A.  M. 


Revised,  Enlarged,  and  Corrected  up  to  date 

BY 

H.  H.  GOofiRICH,  A.  M., 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW  AND  MASTER  IN  CHANCERY. 


PUBLISHED    BY 

1.  L.  NICHOLS  &  COMPANY 

.       NAPERVILLE,   ILL. 
1907 

AGENTS   WANTED 


A  ^  s 

OF  THE     '        \ 

UNIVERSITY  I 

OF  / 


Copyright 

1904 
Bv  J.  L,  NICHOLS  &  Ca 

Copyright, 

1901 
By  J.  L.  NICHOLS  &  Co. 

Copyright, 

1897 
By  J.  L.  NICHOLS  &  Co. 


Copyright, 

1896 
By  J.  L.  NICHOLS  &  Co. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year 

1891 

By  J.  L.  NICHOLS 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington,  IX  (X 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year 

1886 

By  J.  L.  NICHOLS 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


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OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  J 

OF  / 


PREFACE. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  embraced  in  its  title.  The 
Business  Guide,  or  Safe  Methods  of  Business. 

The  necessity  of  having  a  book  comprising  the  practical 
in  business,  including  forms,  points  of  law,  hints  and  helps  in 
transacting  business  successfully,  together  with  the  most  useful 
tables  for  rapid  computation  or  for .  reference,  was  forcibly  im- 
pressed upon  the  mind  of  the  author  while  acting  as  principal 
of  a  Business  College,  in  which  he  had  ample  opportunity  to 
study  the  needs  of  our  young  men  before  entering  the  active 
business  world. 

After  mature  thought  his  purpose  to  relieve  the  felt  want  of 
business  circles  and  individuals  in  general  took  shape  in  the 
first  edition  of  the  Business  Guide.  That  the  public  has  appre- 
ciated his  efforts  is  seen  in  results  better  than  told  in  words. 
The  many  succeeding  editions,  the  large  sales,  and  the  interest 
of  the  public  clearly  shows  that  this  volume  is  filling  a  place 
that  no  other  fills.  Although  the  author  has  finished  his  labors 
and  has  passed  to  his  reward,  yet  Nichols'  Business  Guide  is 
having  an  ever-increasing  educative  influence  among  the  masses. 
Iwenty  Years  have  passed  since  the  first  edition  was 
published.  These  have  been  years  of  intense  activity  and  of 
great  progress  in  all  lines.  Notwithstanding  the  success  that  has 
attended  this  volume,  our  constant  effort  is  to  keep  it  an  all- 
around  up-to-date  book,  a  book  every  item  of  which  can  be  re- 
lied upon  as  correct. 

This  edition  has  been  rearranged  ana  revised  and  printed 
nom  an  entirely  new  set  of  plates.  We  are  determined  that 
the  Business  Guide  shall  continue  to  be  the  leading  book 
on  practical  business.  The  advice  and  assistance  of  able  and 
competent  specialists  in  different  lines  of  business  have  greatly 
aided  us  in  making  improvements  and  in  giving  accurate  and 
at  the  same  time  boiled  down  statements.  All  the  best  and  re- 
cent volumes  on  business  have  been  consulted  and  valuable 
suggestions  taken  therefrom.  Much  of  the  book  has  been  re- 

1G3566 


THERE  IS  ALWAYS  ROOM  UP8TA1K& 

written,  while  every  part  and  line  has  passed  under  the  scrutiniz- 
ing eye  of  the  critic.  All  commercial  and  legal  forms  are  of  the 
very  latest.  Great  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  all  illustra- 
tions apt  and  instructive.  We  are  free  to  say  without  fear  of 
contradiction  that  this  is  decidedly  the  best  book  in  the  marke* 
for  the  money. 

The  Business  Guide  is  adapted  to  all  classes,  not  to  a 
certain  profession  or  class  of  men,  but  to  all  who  are  called  upon 
to  do  business.  And  whom  does  this  not  include?  With  the  recog- 
nition that  real  merit  and  true  excellence  must  be  depended  upon 
for  success,  and  with  the  confidence  of  an  appreciation  of  dili- 
gent, painstaking  labor  and  research,  this  revised  edition  is  sent 
forth  to  the  millions  who  may  thereby  be  led  to  do  the  right 
ihing,  at  the  right  time,  in  the  right  place  and  thus  turn  defeat, 
failure,  loss  of  reputation,  property,  or  home  into  intelligent 
actions,  profitable  investments,  pleasant  homes  and  prosperous, 
teppy  and  successful  lives.  PUBLISHERS 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 

SEE8T  THOU  A  MAN  DILIGENT  IN  HIS  BUSINESS. 
RE  SHALL  STAND  BEFORE  KINGS  — Pmv.  xxii:29. 


CONSCIENCE  Ift  FHE  BEST  FRIEND  WE  CAN  FIND. 


PRESIDENT  A.  A.  SMITH, 


FOB  OVER  FIFTY   YEARS,   WAS  ONE  OF  THE  MOST  PROMINENT   AMD 
INFLUENTIAL  EDUCATORS  OF  AMERICA. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  FIRST  EDITION. 

This  grand  book,  the  «*  Business  Guide,"  will  recommend 
itself  to  all  who  desire,  in  a  cheap  form,  full  information 
as  to  methods  of  doing  business.  It  contains  all  that  is  practical 
and  valuable  in  Hill's  Manual,  Gaskell's  Compendium,  and  other 
books  of  like  character.  It  is  a  complete  hand-book  of  business 
law  and  business  forms.  Besides,  it  contains  a  Business  Dic- 
tionary, many  useful  tables,  abbreviations  and  information,  im- 
portant to  all,  upon  various  other  topics. 


Vl  HAVE  PRINCIPLES  LIKE  OAK. 

For  lack  of  that  information  which  this  book  contains, 
business  men  lose  thousands  of  dollars  every  day.  Millions  are 
lost  in  litigation,  owing  to  careless  habits,  or  to  ignorance  of  the 
proper  methods  of  doing  business,  to  say  nothing  of  the  losses, 
'for  the  same  reason,  by  the  trickery  of  confidence  men  and 
sharpers  in  general. 

Such  a  guide  is  a  necessity  to  young  men  and  young  women 
to  prepare  them,  by  the  adoption  of  correct  and  safe  methods  of 
business,  for  thoroughness  and  success.  It  is  simple  and  com- 
prehensive, adapted  to  the  wants  of  every  one,  whatever  his  oc- 
cupation may  be.  Its  principles  can  be  easily  understood,  and 
readily  applied  in  practice. 

It  ought  to  be  in  the  hands  of  every  teacher,  and  of  every 
scholar  of  sufficient  age  to  understand  business  transactions.  It 
deserves,  indeed,  a  place  in  every  household. 

Naperville,  111.  A-  A'   SM1TH' 


DILIGENCE  IS  THE  MO  1  HER  OF  GOOD  LUCK.  vil 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


SECTION  I. 
Business  Man's  Code.  PAGE. 

Business — Energy — Push  15 

How  Success  Is  Won 16 

A  Business  Education 18 

Business  a  Profession 20 

Poor  Boys  and  Famous  Men 21 

Opinions  of  Successful  Men 23 

Safe  Principles  and  Rules 25 

Good  Business  Maxims 26 

Genius, Capital,  Skill  and  Labor 27 

Business  Failures 28 

Business  Manners 31 

Business  Qualifications 32 

Talent— Will— Purpose 33 

SECTION  II. 

Spelling  and  Rules  of  Spelling 3) 

Capitals,  Use  of 38 

Punctuation 39 

Common  Faults  in  Writing  and  Speaking 42 

Resolutions  and  Petitions 43-44 

SECTION  IIL 
Penmanship. 

Importance  of  Good  Writing 47 

Rules  for  Writing 48 

Principles  of  Penmanship 49 

Business  Alphabets,  Forms  and  Models 5° 

Vertical  Writing 55 

Ornamental  Penmanship 57 

Marking  Alphabets 62 

German  Alphabet 63 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Alphabet 64 

Shorthand 65 

SECTION  IV. 
Correspondence. 

Letter  Writing,  Kinds  of  Letters 69 

How  to  Begin  a  Letter,  and  Models  for  Beginning 70 

How  to  Improve  Your  Penmanship  in  Letter  Writing. . .  72 
The  Body  of  the  Letter,  the  Superscription,  and  Models 

for  Closing  73 

Commercial  Correspondence 75 

Titles  Used  in  the  United  States 77 

Postal  Card,  How  to  Write 77 

Business  Letters  and  Forms 78 

Letters  of  Application,  with  Forms 82 


A-0  PAINS,  NO  GAINS. 

Notes  of  Invitations,  with  Models 84 

Letters  of  Introduction  and  Apology,  with  Forms 88,  08 

Letters  of  Recommendation,  with  Forms 89 

Letters  of  Congratulation,  with  Forms 91 

Letters  of  Sympathy  and  Condolence,  with  Forms....  92 

Letters  of  Friendship,  with  Forms 93 

Resolutions,  How  to  Write 95 

Visiting  and  Address  Cards 96 

Helpful  Hints  to  Correspondence 97 

SECTION  V. 
Commercial  Forms. 

Notes,  Fifty  Facts  and  Principles 101 

Notes,  Writing   101 

Notes,  Transferring  : 102 

Notes,  Collecting  i ' 103 

Notes,  Paying   104 

Notes,  Payment  Defeated   104 

Notes,  Different  Forms  of 106 

Notes,  Indorsement  of,  and  Forms  of  Indorsement....  no 

Orders,  an  "I.  O.  U." 113 

Due  Bills  113 

Receipts,  How  to  Write,  and  Forms  of 1 14 

Receipt  for  a  Lost  Note 1 18 

SECTION  VI. 
Banks  and  Banking. 

History,  Discount,  National  Banks — Circulation 119 

Banks,  Failures — Savings  Banks  and  Bank  Account...  121 

Banks,  How  to  do  Business  with 122 

Banks,  Discounting  a  Note  at 123 

Checks,  Vital  Points  on 124 

Checks,  Indorsements  of 125 

Certificate  of  Deposit k 126 

Raising  a  Check — Check  Payable  to  Order — A  Certified 

Check— How  to  Fill  Out  and  Keep  Stub 127 

Drafts,  Hints  and  Helps  on  Writing,  Accepting  and 

Transferring  132 

Forms  of  Drafts,  Bills  of  Exchange  and  Letters  of  Credit  133 
Clearing-House  System — Clearing-House  Management 

— Journeyings  of  Checks,   with   Cut 136 

SECTION  VII. 

Practical  Information  for  Business  Men. 

Transferring  Commercial  Papers 139 

Demand  of  Payment 140 

The  Credit  System,  Advantages  and  Disadvantages 141 

How  to  Collect  Debts , .. 142 

r"*ow  to  Obtain  Wealth 144 


NO  SWEAT i  NO  SWEET. 

PAGE 

How  to  Make  Change  Quickly g 144 

Giving  Away  Property  in  Old  Age 145 

Teaching  Business  to  Wives,  Daughters  and  Children,,   146 

SECTION  VIII. 

Points  of  Law  and  Legal  Forms. 

Affidavits    148 

Arbitration,  How  to  Settle  Difficulties  by 149 

Arbitration,  Best  for  Farmers 150 

Agent,    How   to   do   Business   with 151 

Power  of  Attorney,  with  Forms 154 

Apprenticeship     155 

Agreements    and    Contracts 157 

Contracts,  Vical  Part  of,  and  Law  Governing  Them....   158 

Contracts  That  Are  Not  Lawful , 160 

Contracts,  Damages  for  Violation  of 162 

Agreements  and  Contracts,  Forms  of 163 

Estray    Notice    166 

Property,  Real  and  Personal 167 

Law  Governing  Sale  and  Transfer  of  Property 167 

Bill  of  Sale,  Forms  of 168 

Bankruptcy 169 

Coal  Lands 171 

Lien,  How  to  Secure 172 

Form  of  Mechanic's  Lien 173 

Laws  on  Guarantees,  with  Forms 174 

Landlord  and  Tenant 175 

Leases — Rights  and  Duties  of  Landlord  and  Tenant 176 

Forms  of  Leases,  Short  and  Long  Forms 178 

Notice  to   Quit 181 

Distress  for  Rent 182 

Landlord's    Lien 183 

Deeds,  How  Written  and  Laws  Governing  Them 184 

Deeds,  Forms  of 1^5 

Trusts 18? 

Mortgages  and  Laws  Governing  Them  with  Forms....   188 

Chattel   Mortgages,   with   Form 192 

Assignments  of  Mortgages  and  Forms  of  Assignment. . .   194 

Mortgage,  Release,  with  Form 195 

Mortgages,   Foreclosure  of 196 

Certificate  of  Acknowledgment  pnd  Forms 196 

Bail    « 197 

Bond  and  Forms  of  Bonds 197 

Wills  and  Laws  of  Wills,  with  Form 200 

Executors  and  Administrators 201 

Naturalization 204 

Qualifications  for  Suffrage 206 

Passports   207 

Patents    207 

Pensions  and  Pensioners; ,  211 


*  SLOTH  IS  THJL  KEY  OF  POVERTY, 

PAGE. 
License  « 212 

Insurance,  Fire,  Life,  Marine,  and  Accident 214 

SECTION  IX. 

Associations  for  Transacting  Business. 

Partnerships,  How  to  Form,  and  Laws  Governing 219 

Articles  of  Copartnership,  and  Agreement  to  Dissolve..  220 

Corporations  and  Stock  Investments 221 

Certificate  of  Stock 224 

How  Stock  Is  Watered 225 

Beards  of  Trade  and  Stock  Exchanges 226 

Trusts,  Object,  Result,  Laws,  Court  Decisions 228 

Commercial  Agencies — Object,  Method,  Value 229 

Building  and  Loan  Associations 230 

SECTION  X. 
Transportation. 

Merchandise — Common     Carrier,     Baggage,      Express 
Companies — Transportation  by  Water — Damages..  232 

Money,  How  to  Send 235 

Mail  236 

Passengers 236 

SECTION  XI. 
The  Business  Man's  Digest  of  Laws. 

Presumption  of  Law  Pertaining  to  Business  Papers..  ..237 

Law  Governing  Forged  Papers 238 

Law   on    Opening   Letters ". 238 

Criminal  Law,  Terms  and  Facts  on 239 

Law  on  Lost  Property 240 

Employer  and  Employe 241 

Law  Governing  Lost  Notes  and  Bills  242 

Legal    Gifts 243 

Law  on  Trading,   Offer  and  Acceptance... 244 

When  to  Sign  Your  Name  in  Full 245 

How  a  Married  Woman  Should  Sign  Her  Name 245 

How  to  Secure  the  Signature  of  a  Person  Who  Cannot 

Write  246 

Marriage  Laws  and  Contracts 247 

Rights  of  Married  Women  to  Own  Property 249 

Authority  of  Wife  Living  Apart  from  Her  Husband. .. .  250 

Divorce  and  Divorce  Laws 251 

Parent  and  Child,  Legal  Relation  of 252 

Law  Governing  Public  Schools..... 255 

Exemption    Laws 260 

Homestead  Laws   262 

Outlawed  Debts   263 

Taxes  and  Duties 265 

Breach  of  Trust  „  266 


WORK  AND  THOU  SHALT  HAVE.  » 

PAGB. 

Civil  Service  Law,  How  to  Secure  an  Appointmen1. .. .  267 

Domestic  and  Foreign  Postage 268 

Legal  Holidays  in  U.  S. — Working  on  Holidays 270 

Laws  of  Newspaper  Subscription 272 

Responsibility  in  Runaway  Horses 273 

Trespassing  Animals,  Fence  Laws 274 

Laws  of  Public  Roads,  Form  of  Petition 275 

Rtaponsibiiity  of  Owning  a  JJog 276 

Mines  and  Mining  Laws,  How  to  Locate  a  Mine r~7 

Money,  Functions,  Kinds,  Legal  Tender,  Gradation..  281 
Mints  and  Assay  Offices 282 

SECTION  XII. 

Parliamentary  Laws  and  Rules. 

Conducting  Public  Meetings 283 

Over  300  Points  of  Order 284 

Points  Worth  Remembering 285 

SECTION  XIII. 

Counterfeiting,  Gambling,  Betting  and  Swindling. 

Counterfeit  Money,  How  to  Detect 286 

Gambling  and  Betting 207 

Swindling   Schemes 289 

Card  Swindler's  Tricks 290 

Patent   Fence   Swindle 291 

Farm  Machinery  Swindle ,. 292 

Envelope   Swindle 293 

Swindling  Note 294 

Counterfeit  Money  Swindle 295 

Barb  Wire  Swindle 296 

Lightning  Rod  Swindle 297 

Cheap  Jewelry  Swindle 298 

SECTION  XIV. 
Bookkeeping. 

How  to   Learn    Bookkeeping 299 

Rules  for  Bookkeeping 300 

Systems,  Modern  Bookkeeping,  Legal  Points 301 

Errors  in  Trial  Balance,  Detecting 302 

Set  of  Books  Written  Up 304 

How  to  Keep  Farm  Accounts 309 

SECTION  XV. 

Interest  Laws  and  Tables. 

Legal  Hints  and  Helps , 311 

Lightning  Method 312 

How  Money  Grows  at  Interest 313 

Banker's  Method  and  Bankers  Time  Table 313 

Time  at  Which  Money  Doubles  at  Interest... «"„«  314 

2  Standard. 


Xii  HE  WHO  WILL  NOT  WORK  SHALL  NOT  EAT. 

FAOX. 

Interest  Tables  and  How  to  Use  Them 315 

Compound  Interest,  Possibilities  of 322 

Compound  Interest  Tables 323 

Interest  Laws  of  the  United  States 324 

SECTION  XVI. 

Short  Method  of  Computation  and  Business  Reckoning 
Tables. 

Civil  Service  Method  of  Addition 326 

Lightning  Method 327 

Improved  Method  for  Adding  Long  Columns 328 

Lightning  Methods  of  Multiplication  and  Division 329 

Cancellation  Figuring 331 

How  to  Figure  Lumber  by  Cancellation 332 

How  to  Figure  the  Plastering  for  a  Room 332 

Rapid  Business  Calculations 333 

Carpets,  Measurement  of 334 

Paper,  Amount  Required  for  a  Room 335 

Contents  of  Troughs,  Tanks,  Cisterns,  Barrels,  etc 335 

Stone  Work 338 

Facts  for  Builders ; 338 

Brick  Work  and  Plastering 339 

Coal,  Charcoal,  Wood,  with  Tables 340 

Tile,  Carrying  Capacity,  Area  and  Weight  of. 342 

Carpenters'  Rules 343 

Mechanics,  Definitions  and  Pointers  for 346 

Mechanics,  Useful  and  Practical  Rules  for 348 

Lumber,  Measurements  and  Tables 349 

Distance  Traveled  in  Plowing 355 

Changing  an  Evener 355 

Hay,  Measuring  in  Mow  or  Stack 356 

Grain,  Corn,  etc.,  Measurements  of,  with  Tables 357 

Legal  Weights 362 

Cost  of  Coal,  Hay,  etc.,  Tables 363 

Wages,   Tables 364 

Ice,  Bran,  Mill  Feed,  and  Cotton  Pickers'  Tables 369 

Weight  of  Cattle  and  Hogs,  with  Tables 370 

Ready  Reckoner 373 

SECTION  XVII. 

Ready  Reference  Tables. 

Cost  of  Smoking «...   379 

How  We  Spend  Our  Money  Annually 379 

Tables  of  Weights  and  Measures,  Grocers'  Tables 380 

Soil,  Weight  of— Nails  to  the  Pound 381 

Generals  of  the  United  Sttes  Army 381 

Weight  and  Value  of  Gold  and  Silver 381 

Day  of  Week  for  Any  Date,  How  to  Find 382 


A  PENNY  SAVED  IS  A  PENNY  EARNED  xiii 

1AQE 

Business   Failures 383 

Immigration  into  the  United  States 383 

Colleges  in  the  United  States 384 

Public  Schools 384 

Armies  of  Different  Nations 384 

Religious  Statistics  and  Creeds 384 

Illiteracy  of  Nations 384 

Salaries  of  Rulers  and  United  States  Officers » . . .  384 

Presidents  of  the  United  States,  Terms  of  Office,  etc 385 

Picket  Fence — Level  or  Over  a  Hill 386 

Carriage  Wheel— Top  or  Bottom,  Which  Moves  Faster?  386 

SECTION  XVIII. 

Useful  Reference  Rules  and  Items. 

Iron  Tools  and  Glass,  How  to  Write  Name  on ,37 

How  to  Make  a  Hole  in  Glass 037 

Common  Names  of  Chemical  Substances 037 

Painting  Rules ^88 

SECTION  XIX. 

Distances,  Population,  and  Time  of  Fastest  Mails. 

Foreign  Mails 380 

Postal  Distances  and  Time  of  Mails  from  New  York  to 
Principal  Cities  in  the  United  States 389 

Distances  from  Washington  to  State  Capitals 390 

Distances  and  Time  of  Carrying  Mails  from  New  York 
to  All  Parts  of  the  World 390 

Difference  of  Time  Between  Washington  and  Principal 
Cities;  Length  of  Longest  Day  at  Various  Places 39! 

Distances  and  Railroad  Fares  from  Chicago  to  Principal 
Cities  in  the  United  States 392 

Population  of  Principal  Cities  of  U.  S.  in  1880-90-1900 394 

States:  Population,  Dates  of  Admission — Thirteen  Original 
States — Governors'  Terms  and  Salaries — Sessions  of 
Legislatures — Electoral  Votes ; 42r 

SECTION  XX. 

Business  Abbreviations 422 

Business  Dictionary ,   423 

Legal  Dictionary 433 


PKA  &&*&& 

**..  OUR  NATIONS 

INDUSTRIAL  TREE, 


STRIKE  THE  IRON  WHILE  IT  IS  HOT. 


15 


IT  MAKES  THE  SPARKS  FLY. 

THE  BUSINESS  MAN'S  CODE. 

BUSINEJS,  ENERGY,  PUSH. 

Business,  in  every  age  of  the  world,  has  been  the  chief  pioneer 
in  the  man  h  of  man's  civilization.  Blessings  everywhere  follow 
its  advancing  footsteps.  We  honor  and  respect  our  upright, 
energetic  business  men.  They  start  every  noble  project;  they 
build  our  cities,  and  rear  our  manufactories;  they  whiten  the 
ocean  with  their  sails,  and  blacken  the  heavens  with  the  smoke 
of  their  steam  vessels  and  furnace  fires;  they  draw  treasures 
from  the  mines,  and  give  to  mankind  the  various  products  of 
every  clime  and  the  benefits  of  skilled  labor  throughout  the 
world.  These  results  are  achieved  not  by  love  of  ease  or  idle 
wish,  but  by  energy  that  knows  no  defeat,  by  that  indomitable 
spirit  of  push  that  lays  the  foundation  of  tr«ue  prosperity  andT 
builds  the  structures  of  success  and  progress,  right  over  the 
rums  of  defeated  projects  and  apparent  failures.  The  man  who 
was  financially  ruined  by  the  Chicago  fire,  but  who  began  his 


16       THE  SECRET  OF  SUCCESS  IS  CONSTANCY  OF  PURPOSE 

business  at  the  old  stand  right  in  the  midst  of  the  burnt  dis- 
trict and  advertised  his  goods  on  a  shingle  the  day  after  the 
fire,  richly  deserved  that  which  he  received — the  applause  of  the 
world  and  a  successful  business,  with  which  his  former  business 
bore  no  comparison.  Everybody  admires  the  courageous 
spirit  that  overcomes  difficulties  and  manages  to  rise 
in  the  world.  It  is  the  invincible  spirit  of  "get  there"  that 
people  like. 

HOW  SUCCESS  IS  WON. 

Success  is  a  happy  word  for  the  average  American.  To 
achieve  success  is  the  aim  of  every  one.  It  would  more  fre- 
quently be  gained  were  it  not  that  it  is  too  often  wrongly  under- 
stood to  be  innate  smartness.  Young  man,  the  sooner  you  get 
rid  of  the  notion  that  you  are  smart,  the  sooner  will  you  win 
success.  You  may  be  a  genius  of  exceeding  brilliancy,  but  the 
chances  are  one  to  one  hundred  thousand  that  you  are  not.  It  is 
safer  to  conclude  that  you  are  just  a  plain  ordinary  mortal  and 
then  set  about  doing  the  best  you  can  with  the  capital  nature  has 
given  you.  You  may  not  soar  so  high  at  first,  but  then,  when 
your  balloon  of  youthful  conceit  collapses,  you  will  not  have  so 
far  to  fall.  Bear  in  mind  that  there  are  thousands  who  con- 
sider themselves  exceptionally  smart  and  through  a  dependence 
upon  that  smartness  have  made  an  utter  failure  of  life,  while  on 
the  other  hand  the  apparently  dull  and  stupid  youth  has  by 
proper  means  overcome  and  is  enjoying  the  prosperity  that  the 
supposed  talented  youth  has  dreamed  of. 

Success  must  be  won  if  it  is  to  be  enjoyed.  The  person  who 
waits  for  it  to  come  along  is  like  a  man  who  waits  for  the  train 
to  arrive  before  he  gets  his  ticket.  To  use  an  ordinary  term, 
both  are  apt  to  "get  left."  Men  ordinarily  fail  to  succeed,  not 
because  they  are  naturally  destined  to  fail,  but  they  lack  business 
ability,  which  is  made  up  of  equal  parts  of  business  knowledge, 
sterling  integrity,  strict  economy  and  everlasting  push. 

In  our  day  knowledge  can  be  acquired  and  is  in  the  reach  of 
all  who  possess  the  other  qualities.  The  otber  qualities  ought  to 
be  in  possession  of  every  youth  of  sound  mind.  If  not,  nature 
can  hardly  be  blamed  for  the  deficiency. 

Again,  success  is  the  child  of  confidence  and  oerseverance. 


ENTHUSIASM  CONQUERS  THE  IMPOSSIBLE. 


17 


YOUNG  LINCOLN  CUTTING  WOOD  FOB  HIS  MOT 


The  line  between  failure  and  success  is  so  fine  that  we  scarcely 
know  when  we  pass  it,  so  fine  that  we  are  often  on  the  line  and 
do  not  know  it.  How  many  a  man  has  thrown  up  his  hands  at  a 
time  when  a  little  more  effort,  a  little  more  patience,  would  have 
achieved  success.  As  the  tide  goes  clear  out,  so  it  comes  clear 
in.  Sometimes  business  prospects  may  seem  darkest  when  really 
they  are  on  the  turn.  A  little  more  persistence,  a  little  more 
effort,  and  what  seemed  hopeless  failure  may  turn  to  glorious 
success.  There  is  no  failure  except  in  no  longer  trying.  There 
fe  no  defeat  except  from  within,  no  really  insurmountable  barrier 
save  our  own  inherent  weakness  of  purpose. 

A  firm  resolution,  that  barriers  shall  be  surmounted,  that  diffi- 
culties shall  be  cleared  away,  goes  far  toward  achieving  success 
Let  us  repeat,  success  must  be  won.  It  never  comes  uninvited, 
never  without  effort. 


18  LEARNING  18  WEALTH  TO  THE  POOR. 

A  BUSINESS  EDUCATION. 

Know  Thyself— Is  .an  ancient  maxim,  but  none  the  less 
worthy  of  consideration.  Many  of  the  failures  of  life  result  from 
a  lack  of  knowledge  of  one's  self  and  of  adaptations  in  a  business 
"•life.  There  are  some  farmer:  who  would  with  credit  fill  one 
•or  the  professions;  while  there  are  not  a  few  of  the  professional 
men  who  would  do  themselves  credit  by  seeking  the  farm,  the 
workshop,  or  the  laborer's  task.  One  of  the  essentials  in  starting 
out  in  life  is  to  be  thoroughly  fitted  for  the  position  occupied  by 
a  proper  educational  training.  First  of  all  the  young  man  should 
diligently  apply  himself  to  an  intelligent  study  of  his  own  adapta- 
tions. To  have  parents  or  friends  say  that  a  younsr  man  shall 
be  a  lawyer,  a  doctor,  a  preacher,  or  a  merchant,  without  con- 
sulting the  inclinations  and  adaptations  of  the  youth  and  then 
seek  to  train  him  to  this  end  is  sheer  folly.  Success  or  failure 
generally  hinges  on  a  proper  choice  of  vocation. 

Our  Educational  System.— At  the  summit  of  our  excellent 
educational  system  stands  the  college  and  the  university. 
We  need  not  be  ashamed  of  Yale,  Harvard  and  Princeton 
that  compare  favorably  in  scholarship,  thoroughness  of  in- 
struction, and  work  done  with  the  most  honored  universities  of 
any  land.  Our  public  school  and  business  colleges  fit  our  youth 
for  the  practical  side  of  life.  Higher  education  is  all  ^ery  well, 
but  the  first  and  important  thing  in  this  practical  world  is  for 
one  to  be  able  to  make  a  good  living.  A  business  education  fits 
any  one  all  the  better  for  his  calling  even  though  he  enters  one 
of  the  professions. 

Practical  Education  Needed.— Horace  Greeley  said,  many 
years  ago,  that  he  knew  of  3,000  college  graduates  in  New 
York  alone  that  were  not  able  to  make  a  living.  The  craze 
to  graduate  and  have  a  diploma  is  even  greater  today.  Give 
these  college  graduates  a  thorough  practical  business  education 
and  there  will  be  less  of  soaring  after  the  infinite  and  diving 
after  the  unfathomable  and  more  of  seeking  to  acquire  true  suc- 
cess by  merit  alone. 

Importance  of  Business  Education.— A  business  educa- 
tion is  essential  to  a  substantial  business  career.  Not  a  mere 
acquaintance  with  business  facts  but  practical  business  train- 
Ing  is  what  makes  men  able  to  direct  successfully  the  details 


THE  BUILDING  THAT  NEEDS  PROPS  IS  SUFE  TO  FALL. 


19 


THE   LATE   MARSHALL   FIELD. 

of  large  establishments,  to  control  the  movements  of  immense 
business  concerns. 

Your  Duty. — Study  the  drift  of  your  mind.  Know  the 
current  in  which  your  faculties  drift  the  swiftest  and  the  surest, 
and  then  lay  to  the  helm,  steer  so  straight  a  course  that  neither 
yourself  nor  any  one  else  can  be  mistaken  as  to  the  direction  or 
object  of  your  efforts.  (They  say  that  there  is  a  place  out  west 
where,  when  the  boys  wear  their  breeches  threadbare,  their 
mothers  just  turn  them  around  instead  of  sewing  on  a  patch,  and 
the  result  is  that  when  you  see  those  boys  out  on  the  road  you 
cannot  tell  whether  they  are  going  to  school  or  coming  home.) 
Young  man,  let  the  world  know  which  way  you  are  going. 

Certain  Prosperity. — Let  a  man  in  business  be  thoroughly 
fitted  for  the  position  he  occupies,  alert  to  every  opportun- 
ity and  embracing  it  to  its  fullest  possibility  and  he  is  a  success. 

Lay  a  good  foundation  of  business  principles  and  practices. 
Do  a  legitimate  business.  Aim  to  have  a  home  of  your  own 
early  in  life.  Be  strictly  honest;  work  hard;  be  earnest;  seek 
to  be  an  intelligent  citizen.  Marry  a  good,  healthy,  loving  girl; 
keep  a  clear  conscience;  fear  God  and  work  righteousness;  and 
life's  sun  will  set  in  tints  of  gold  and  splendor. 


20  SKILL,  NOT  LUCK,  LEADS  TO  FORTUNE. 

BUSINESS   A  PROFESSION. 

The  occupation  of  the  merchant  is  now  recognized  as  being 
as  much  a  profession  as  that  of  medicine  or  theology.  To  master 
the  intricacies  of  business  and  conduct  it  successfully  requires- 
as  careful  a  preparation  and  training  as  for  any  of  the  professions. 

Formerly  the  particularly  bright  sons  of  the  family  were  en- 
couraged by  the  fond  parents  to  prepare  for  one  of  the  pro- 
fessions, but  those  who  were  not  so  fortunate  were  to  go  into 
business,  on  the  supposition  that  it  did  not  require  such  a  high 
order  of  ability  to  make  a  success.  It  is  not  so  now.  It  requires 
the  brightest  minds  and  the  strongest  intellects  to  make  a  suc- 
cess in  the  fierce  competition  which  rules  in  every  department  of 
business.  In  this  connection  the  New  York  Commercial  Bulletin 
says: 

"The  idea  is  prevalent  that  merchandizing  is  a  thing  that  can 
be  taken  up  when  other  vocations  fail,  and  that  it  only  needs  a 
fair  degree  of  push  or  smartness,  or  perhaps  a  genius  for  specula- 
tion which  does  not  hesitate  to  accept  any  risk.  It  need  not  be 
said  that  nothing  is  further  from  the  truth,  and  that  those  who 
are  tempted  to  accept  the  delusion  are  morally  certain,  sooner  or 
later,  to  repent  of  their  folly.  The  mercantile  life  needs  prepara- 
tion or  qualification  quite  as  much  as  the  other  professions.  We 
live  in  an  age  of  extraordinary  commercial  activity.  The  world, 
practically,  is  today  all  one  market,  and  the  man  or  people  who 
would  handle  that  market  to  the  best  advantage  must  be  well  up 
in  the  particular  kind  of  knowledge  that  is  requisite  to  enable 
them  to  take  advantage  of  the  world-wide  methods  and  to  keep 
pace  with  their  competitors.  This  cannot  be  acquired  in  an  off- 
hand, haphazard  kind  of  a  way,  but  by  intelligent,  painstaking 
study.  Here,  if  anywhere,  knowledge  is  power." 

Hon.  John  Wanamaker  thus  expressed  himself: 

"Let  me  say  to  you  that  a  young  man  who  starts  in  such  a 
field  as  this  (commercial  life)  will  stand  but  little  chance  of  suc- 
cess without  thorough  and  fruitful  business  training.  The  days 
of  chance  are  gone.  The  mercantile  profession  must  be  studied 
as  one  studies  law  or  medicine.  There  never  were  so  many  bids 
for  young  men.  Banking  institutions,  business  establishments 
and  great  importers  are  calling  for  young  men,  but  they  must 
be  men  who  have  studied,  who  have  applied  themselvesl  who 
have  had  training  to  do  the  work." 


A  RIGHT  START  IN  LIFE  IS  A  CAREER  HALF  MADE.       21 

* 

Chauncey  M.  Depew  makes  the  following  statement: 
"In  the  olden  time  there  was  no  intermediary  which  taught 
the  young  man  or  young  woman  the  methods  of  business.  To- 
day the  young  man  who  graduates  from  a  literary  college  and 
who  enters  business  without  going  through  a  business  school  is 
enormously  hampered  in  his  progress  in  life." 

POOR    BOYS    AND   FAMOUS    MEN. 

1.  Humble  Birth  no   Barrier  to   Success.— In  European 
countries  much    depends    upon    one's    birth.      Class  and  clan 
largely  control  the  future,  barring  out  the  youth    of    humble 
birth  from  entering  upon  the  avenues  open  to  those  through 
whose  veins  courses  more  royal  blood. 

In  America,  the  land  of  liberties  and  opportunities,  nature 
invites  all  alike  to  positions  of  greatness  and  honor.  Here  a 
larger  proportion  of  boys  of  humble  parentage  rise  to  eminence 
and  wealth  than  in  any  other  country  . 

2.  Noted  Examples.— Franklin  was  the  son    of   a   tallow- 
chandler  and  soap  boiler.     Daniel  Defoe,  hostler  and  son  of  a 
butcher.    Whitfield  the  son  of  an  inn-keeper.     Shakespeare  was 
the  son  of  a  wood  stapler.     Milton  was  the  son  of  a  money 
scrivener.     Robert   Burns  was  a  plowman   in   Ayrshire.     Mo- 
hammed, called  the  prophet,  a  driver  of  asses.     Madame  Berna- 
dotte  was  a  washer-woman  of  Paris.     Napoleon  was  of  an  ob- 
scure family  of  Corsica.    John  Jacob  Astor  once  sold  apples  on 
the  streets  of  New  York.     Catherine,  Empress  of  Russia,  was  a 
camp-grisette.     Elihu  Burritt  was  a  blacksmith.    Abraham  Lin- 
coln was  a  rail  splitter.     Gen.  Grant  was  a  tanner. 

3.  George  Peabody. — A    long  time  ago,  a  litt'Je  boy  twelve 
years    old,  on    his    road    to  Vermont,  stopped    at    a    country 
tavern,  and  paid  for  his  lodging  and  breakfast  by  sawing  wood, 
instead  of  asking  for  it  as  a  gift.     Fifty  years  later,  the  same 
boy  passed  that  same  little  inn  as  George  Peabody,  the  banker, 
whose  name  is  the  synonym  of  magnificent  charities — the  hon- 
ored of  two  hemispheres. 

4.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt.— When  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  was 
a  young  man,  his  mother  gave  him  fifty  dollars  of  her  sav- 
ings to  buy  a  small  sail  boat,  and  he  engaged  in  the  business 
of  transporting  market  gardening   from  Staten   Island  to  New 


22      FAILURE  MAT  BE  THE  STEPPING  STONE  TO  SUCCESS. 

York  City.  When  the  wind  was  not  favorable  he  would 
work  his  way  over  the  shoals  by  pushing  the  boat  along  by 
poles,  putting  his  own  shoulder  to  the  pole,  and  was  very  sure 
to  get  his  freight  in  market  in  season.  He  accumulated  over 
$20,000,000  during  his  life. 

5.  Stephen  Qirard.— Stephen  Girard  left  his  native  coun- 
try at  the  age  of  ten  or  twelve  years,  as  a  cabin  boy  on  a 
vessel.     He  came  to  New  York  in  that  capacity.     His  deport- 
ment was  distinguished  by  such  fidelity,  industry  and  temper- 
ance that  he  won  the  attachment  and  confidence  of  his  master, 
who  generally  bestowed  on  him  the  appellation  of  "My  Stephen." 
When  his  master  gave  up  business  he  promoted  Girard  to  the 
command  of  a  small  vessel.     Girard  was  a  self-taught  man,  and 
the  world  was  his  school.     It  was  a  favorite  theme  with  him, 
when  he  afterwards  grew  rich,  to  relate  that  he  commenced  life 
with  a  sixpence,  and  to  insist  that  a  man's  best  capital  was  his 
industry. 

6.  Marshall  Field.— A  clerk  in  a  country  store  in  Mass- 
achusetts  at    seventeen ;   then    a    foreman    in  a  Chicago   dry 
goods  house  at  twenty-five,  a  partner  in  the  firm  at  thirty;  the 
head  of  the  business  at  forty,  and  at  fifty  the  owner  and  director 
general  of  a  mercantile  enterprise  doing  a  business  exceeding 
forty  million  dollars  every  year — this  is  the  story  of  Marshall 
Field's  successful  career. 

7.  Barefooted  Boys.— The  barefooted  boy  of    fifty  years 
ago  has  been  thinking  and  thinking  aright,  and  thinking  with 
no  ordinary  mind.     He  has  placed  the  impression  of  his  char- 
acter   upon    the    age.    His  industry,  his  business  habits    were 
developed  in  round,  full  and  beautiful  character.     The  barefoot 
boy  of  fifty  years  ago  is  today  the  prominent  millionaire,  the 
prominent  business  man,  the  prominent  lawyer,  the  prominent 
statesman  and  the  prominent  philanthropist.     It  is  a  common 
saying  that  the  men  who  are  most  successful  in  business  are 
those  who   begin    the    world    in    their   shirt-sleeves;   whereas 
those  who  begin  with  fortunes  generally  lose  them.  Necessity 
is  always  the  first  stimulus  to  industry. 


EDUCATION  IS  CAPITAL  INVESTED  FOR  THE  FUTURE.      23 

OPINIONS  OF  SUCCESSFUL  MEN. 

The  following  gleaned  from^a  letter  from  Mr.  Marshall  Field 
to  Dr.  Hillis  is  worthy  of  every  young  man's  careful  perusal: — 

"A  young  man  should  carefully  consider  what  his  natural 
bent  or  inclination  is,  be  it  business  or  profession.  Then  enter 
upon  it  with  diligence  and  put  into  it  an  energy  directed  by 
strong  common  sense;  seek  to  enhance  his  own  and  his  em- 
ployer's interests;  choose  good  companions,,  and  make  honesty 
and  devotion  to  duty  his  watchword.  ECONOMY  is  one  of 
the  most  essential  elements  of  success.  The  average  young 
man  is  too  extravagant  and  wasteful.  In  order  to  acquire  the 
dollars  one  must  take  care  of  the  nickels.  Begin  to  save  early, 
be  it  ever  so  little.  Success  in  small  things  is  a  necessary 
qualification  of  controlling  a  large  business  and  income." 

It  is  a  mistake  that  capital  alone  is  necessary  to  success, 
If  a  man  has  head  and  hands  suited  to  his  business,  it  will 
soon  procure  him  capital. — John  Freedley. 

There  is  no  boy  in  America,  however  humble  his  birth,  who, 
in  whatever  capacity  his  lot  may  be  cast,  if  he  have  a  strong 
arm,  a  clear  head,  brave  heart,  and  honest  purpose,  may  not, 
by  the  light  of  our  public  schools  and  the  freedom  of  our 
laws,  rise  until  he  stands  foremost  in  the  honor  and  confi- 
dence of  the  country. — Congressman  Pay  son  t  Pontiac,  III. 

Punctuality  is  the  mother  of  confidence.  Be  on  time.  Be 
frank.  Say  what  you  mean.  Do  what  you  say.  So  shall  your 
friends  know  and  take  it  for  granted,  that  you  mean  to  do  what 
is  just  and  right. — John  Briggs. 

He  that  has  never  known  adversity  is  but  half  acquainted 
with  others,  or  with  himself,  for  constant  success  shows  us 
but  one  side  of  the  world. — Cotton. 

What  though  you  have  found  no  treasure,  nor  has  any  rich 
relation  left  you  a  legacy.  Diligence  is  the  mother  of  good 
luck,  and  God  gives  all  things  to  industry.  Then  plow  deep 
while  the  sluggard  sleeps,  and  you  shall  have  corn  to  sell  and 
to  keep.  Work  while  it  is  called  today,  for  one  today  is  worth 
two  to-morrows. — Franklin. 

Until  men  have  learned  industry,  economy  and  self-control, 
they  cannot  be  safely  intrusted  with  wealth. — John  Griggs. 


24  PERSEVERANCE  REMOVES  MOUNTAINS  OR  TUNNELS  THEM. 


PRINCIPLES  ARE  USELESS,  UNLESS  EMBODIED  IN  ACTION.    25 

SAFE  PRINCIPLES  AND  RULES. 

1.  Remember  that  time  is  gold. 

2.  True  intelligence  is  always  modest. 

3.  Never  covet  what  is  not  your  own. 

4.  Don't  cultivate  a  sense  of  over-smartness. 

5.  A  man  of  honor  respects  his  word  as  he  does  his  note. 

6.  Shun  lawsuits,  and  never  take  money  risks  that  you  can 
avoid. 

7.  Endeavor  to  be  perfect  in  the  calling  in  which  you  are 
engaged. 

8.  Keep  your  eyes  on  small  expenses.     Small  leaks  sink  a 
great  ship. 

9.  Keep  your  health  good  by  adopting  regular  and  steady 
habits. 

10.  Never  forget  a  favor,  for  ingratitude  is  the  basest  trait 
of  a  man's  mean  character. 

11.  Remember  that  the  rich  are  generally  plain,  while  rogues 
dress  well  and  talk  smoothly. 

12.  Remember   that    steady,    earnest   effort   alone   leads   TO 
wealth  and  high  position. 

13.  Never  be  afraid  to  say  no.     Every  successful  man  must 
have  the  backbone  to  assert  his  rights. 

14.  Avoid  the  tricks  of  trade;  be  honest,   and  never  mis- 
represent an  article  that  you  desire  to  sell. 

15.  The  only  safe  rule  is,  never  to  allow  a  single  year  to 
pass  by  without  laying  up  something  for  the  future. 

16.  Remember    that    trickery,    cheating    and    indolence    are 
never  ft.  und  as  attributes  of  a  thrifty  and  progressive  man. 

17.  Do  not  be  ashamed  of  hard  work.     Work  for  the  best 
salary  or  wages  you  can  get,  but  work  for  anything  rather  than 
to  be  idle. 

18.  Be  not  ashamed  to  work,  for  it  is  one  of  the  condi- 
tions of  our   existence.     There   is   no   criminal   who   does   not 
owe  his  crime  to  some  idle  hour. 

19.  To    industry   and   economy   add   self-reliance.     Do   not 
take  too  much  advice,  think  for  yourself.     Independence  will 
add  vigor  and  inspiration  to  your  labors. 


26    MAXIMS  ARE  THE  CONDENSED  GOOD  SENSE  OF  NATIONS- 

GOOD  BUSINESS   MAXIMS. 

1.  Goods  well  bought  are  half  sold. 

2.  Write  a  good,  plain,  legible  hand. 

3.  Keep  your  word  as  good  as  a  bank. 

4.  Goods  in  store  are  better  than  bad  debts. 

5.  Never  refuse  a  choice  when  you  can  get  it. 

6.  Never  take  any  chances  on  another  man's  game. 

7.  Never  sign  a  paper  without  first  reading  it  carefully. 

8.  Never  gamble  or  take  chances  on  the  Board  of  Trade. 

9.  Remember  that  an  honest  man  is  the  noblest  work  of  God 

10.  Your  first  ambition  should  be  the  acquisition  of  knowl- 
edge  pertaining  to  your  business. 

11.  Of  two  investments,  choose  that  which  will  best  pro- 
mote your  regular  business. 

12.  By  prosecuting  a  useful  business  energetically,  humanity 
is  benefited. 

13.  Keep  accurate  accounts,  and  know  the  exact  condition 
of  your  affairs. ' 

14.  Be  economical;  a  gain  usually  requires  expense;  what  is 
saved  is  clear. 

15.  Endeavor  to   be  perfect  in  the  calling  in   which   you 
are  engaged. 

16.  Never  fail  to  meet  a  business  engagement,  however  irk- 
some it  may  be  at  that  moment. 

17.  Never  sign  a  paper  for  a  stranger.     Think  nothing  in- 
significant which  has  a  bearing  upon  your  success. 

18.  Avoid  litigation  as  much  as  possible,  study  for  your-" 
self  the  theory  of  commercial  law,  and  be  your  own  lawyer. 

19.  Undertake  no  business  without  mature  reflection,  and 
confine  your  capital  closely  to  the  business  you  "have  established. 

20.  Lead  a  regular  life,  avoid  display,  and  choose  your  as- 
sociates discreetly,  and  prefer  the  society  of  men  of  your  own 
type. 

21.  Be   affable,    polite,   and    obliging   to    everybody;    avoid 
discussions,  anger,  and  pettishness;  interfere  with  no  disputes 
the  creation  of  others. 

22.  Never  misrepresent,   falsify,   or  deceive;  have  one  rule 
of  moral  life,  never  swerve  from  it.  whatever  may  be  the  acts  01 
opinions  of  oth"r  men 


&OOD  LUCK  COMES  TO  THE  MAN  THAT  EARNS  IT,          27 

23.  Make  no  investments  without  a  full  acquaintance  with 
cheir  nature  and  condition;  and  select  such  investments  as  have 
intrinsic  value. 

24.  Never  run  down  a  neighbor's  property  or  goods  and 
praise  up  your  o\\n.     It  is  a  mark  of  low  breeding,  and  will 
gain  you  nothing. 

25.  Above  all  things,  acquire  a  good,  correct  epistolary  style, 
for  you  are  judged  by  the  business  world  according  to  the  char- 
acter, expression,  and  style  of  your  letters. 

26.  During  business  hours  attend  to  nothing  but  business, 
but  be  prompt  in  responding  to  all  communications,  and  never 
suffer  a  letter  to  remain  without  an  answer. 

27.  Never  form  the  habit  of  talking  about  your  neighbors, 
or  repeating  things  that  you  hear  others  say.     You  will  avoid 
much  unpleasantness,  and  sometimes  serious  difficulties. 

28.  Finally,   examine   carefully   every   detail   of  your   busi- 
ness.    Be  prompt  in  everything.     Take  time  to  consider,  and 
then  decide  positively.     Dare  to  go  forward.     Bear  troubles  pa- 
tiently.    Be  brave  in  the  struggle  of  life.     Maintain  your  in- 
tegrity as  a  sacred  thing.     Never  tell  business  lies.     Make  no 
useless  acquaintances.     Never  appear  something  more  than  you 
are.     Pay  your  debts  promptly.     Shun  strong  liquor.     Employ 
your  time  well.     Never  be  discouraged.    Then  work  hard  and 
you  will  succeed. 

GENIUS,  CAPITAL,  SKILL,   LABOR. 

Here  is  a  comparative  table  of  genius,  capital,  skill  and  la- 
bor, on  the  mutual  basis  of  the  almighty  dollar. 

Genius. — The  power  that  enabled  Tennyson  to  take  a  piece 
of  paper  and  make  it  worth  sixty-five  thousand  dollars  by  writ- 
ing a  poem  on  it. 

Capital. — The  ability  to  write  a  few  words  on  a  sheet 
of  paper  and  make  it  worth  five  million  dollars,  as  a  Vander- 
bilt  can  do. 

Skill.— The  ability  to  take  twenty-five  cents!  worth  of  steel 
and  make  it  into  watch-springs  worth  fourteen  thousand  dol- 
lars, as  a  mechanic  can  do. 

Labor. — The  act  of  working  ten  hours  a  day  and  shoveling 

three  or  four  tons  of  earth  for  $1.50,  as  the  ditcher  does. 
3  Standard. 


2S  NO  MAN  CAN  LOUNGE  INTO  SUCCESS. 


IP  YOU  WANT  TO  CATCH  FISH,  YOU  MUST  GO  WHERE  THEY  ARE.     THE  BOY 
SEES  THE  POINT,  DO  YOU? 

BUSINESS  FAILURES. 

Actual  Experience.— It  is  asserted  that  at  least  nine-tenths 
of  those  who  engage  in  business  pursuits  either  fail  or  go 
out  of  business  after  having  lost  more  or  less  of  their  capital. 
The  large  number  of  failures  is  exceedingly  discouraging  to  the 
young  man  who  may  have  little  or  no  capital  with  which  to 
begin  business,  but  when  their  failures  are  more  closely  exam- 
ined, it  is  readily  seen  that  they  resulted  either  from  a  lack  of 
experience  or  from  a  yielding  to  -discouraging  features,  and  to 
difficulties  that  with  perseverance  might  have  been  surmounted. 
Nothing,  neither  theoretical  knowledge  nor  adaption  to  the 
work,  can  be  substituted  for  actual  business  experience. 

Every  young  man  should  avail  himself  of  every  opportu- 
nity to  prepare  himself  for  his  work,  but  let  him  not  attempt 
to  substitute  this  preparation  for  actual  experience. 

No  Defeat.— Again,  failure,  by  a  determined  effort,  has 
often  been  turned  into  brilliant  and  permanent  success.  It  is 
said  that  the  British  have  won  in  many  decisive  battles,  after 


THERE  IS  NO  FAILURE  FOR  THE  GOOD  AND  THE  WISE.     29 

their  enemies  believed  themselves  to  be  conquerors,  simply 
because  they  would  not  acknowledge  chat  they  were  beaten. 
Difficulties  and  apparent  failures  may  become  instructors  or 
stepping  stones  to  success,  when  determined  effort  will  not 
yield  to  them. 

It  is  often  the  case  that  more  may  be  expected  from  a  man 
who  has  failed,  yet  goes  on  in  spite  of  his  failure,  than  from 
the  buoyant  career  of  the  successful.  Many  young  men  have 
distinguished  themselves  by  brilliant  speeches  while  in  college, 
who  were  never  heard  from  after  leaving  college.  It  may  be 
gratifying  but  it  is  seldom  beneficial  to  strike  twelve  the  first 
time. 

Examples. — Examples  ot  success  through  failure  are  not 
wanting.  Men  are  successful  in  spite  of  difficulties.  It  was  in 
the  face  of  many  failures  that  Fulton  applied  himself  to  the  task 
of  designing  a  successful  steamboat.  Hiram  Powers,  the  noted 
American  sculptor,  met  failure  and  defeat  in  a  dozen  different 
pursuits  before  he  became  established  in  his  chosen  profession. 
Phillips  Brooks  failed  utterly  as  a  teacher  in  a  Boston  Latin 
School,  but,  undaunted  by  the  predictions  of  friends  and  dis- 
couraging disappointments,  he  lived  to  present  to  the  world 
one  of  the  richest  natures,  and  noblest  preachers  of  the  nine* 
teenth  century.  Robert  Bruce,  discouraged  and  disheartened 
by  repeated  defeats,  looked  to  the  roof  of  his  cabin  and  learned 
a  lesson  from  a  spider  which  after  many  unsuccessful  efforts 
at  last  swung  itself  from  one  beam  of  the  roof  to  the  other. 
Stimulated  by  the  success  of  the  spider,  Bruce  was  encouraged 
to  make  one  more  effort  for  his  country,  and,  as  he  never  before 
gained  a  victory,  so  he  never  afterward  met  with  any  great 
defeat.  If  the  little  ant  does  not  succeed  the  sixty-ninth  time  in 
carrying  its  food  to  its  home,  it  makes  the  seventieth  effort.  Do 
not  be  disheartened  at  every  rebuff.  There  are  few  persons  who 
succeed  at  once.  We  learn  more  wisdom  from  failures  than 
from  success. 

Causes  of  Failures.— In  answer  to  the  question  what  causes 
the  numerous  failures  in  life  of  business  and  professional 
men,  the  following  replies  from  leading  men  in  our  country 
are  suggestive  and  will  be  helpful  to  the  wide-awake  youth: 

Alex.  H.  Stephens.— Want  of  punctuality,  honesty,  truth. 

Pres.  Bartlett.— Lack  of  principle,  of  fixed  purpose,  of  perseverance. 


30  CHARACTER  SECURES  RESPECT 

Free.  Eliot.— Stupidity,  laziness,  rashness,  dishonesty. 

Dr.  Dexter.— Want  of  thoroughness  of  preparation.  Want  of  fixed- 
ness of  purpose.  Want  of  faith  in  the  inevitable  triumph  of  right  and 
truth. 

Anthony  Comstock.— Unholy  living  and  dishonest  practices,  lust  and 
intemperance,  living  beyond  one's  means. 

Gen'l.  O.  O.  Howard.— Breaking  the  Divine  laws  of  the  body  by  vice, 
those  of  the  mind  by  overwork  and  idleness,  and  those  of  the  heart  by 
making  an  idol  of  self. 

Prof.  Homer  Sprague.— Mistakes  in  choice  of  employment  and  lack 
of  persistent  and  protracted  effort.  A  low  ideal,  making  success  to 
consist  in  personal  aggrandizement,  rather  than  in  the  training  and 
development  of  a  true  and  noble  character. 

Dr.  Lyman  Abbott.— The  combined  spirit  of  laziness  and  self-con- 
ceit that  makes  a  man  unwilling  to  do  anything  unless  he  can  choose 
Just  what  he  will  do. 

Marshall  Field.— The  haste  to  become  rich  at  the  expense  of  char- 
acter; want  of  forethought,  idleness,  or  general  shtftlessness;  living  be- 
yond one's  means;  outside  speculation  and  gambling;  want  of  proper 
judgment  and  overestimating  capacity,  lack  of  progressiveness,  or,  in 
other  words,  dying  of  dry  rot. 

Joseph  Medill,  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Tribune.— Liquor  drinking, 
gambling,  reckless  speculation,  dishonesty,  tricky  conduct,  cheating, 
Idleness,  shirking  hard  work,  frivolous  reading,  failure  to  improve  op- 
portunities. 

A  chicken  trying  to  swim  with  some  ducks,  complained  of  the 
world.  'The  world  is  all  right,"  replied  the  ducks,  "if  you  ad- 
just yourself  to  it.  Keep  in  your  element  (the  land),  and  not 
ours,  which  is  satisfactory  to  us."  Draw  your  own  moral,  if 
you  please. 

Failure,  a  Premonition  of  Success.— Do  not  by  any  means 
court  or  invite  failure,  but  if  it  comes  look  upon  it  as  indicative 
of  success.  We  owe  much  of  our  happiness  to  our  mistakes, 
and  yet  it  is  true  that  happiness  is  never  found  in  failure. 

Sir  Humphry  Davy,  when  shown  a  dexterously  manipulated 
experiment  said,  "I  thank  God  I  was  not  made  a  dexterous 
manipulator,  for  the  most  important  of  my  discoveries  have  been 
suggested  to  me  by  failures."  The  very  greatest  things — great 
thoughts,  great  discoveries  and  inventions  have  usually  been 
nurtured  in  hardship,  suffering,  and  poverty,  and  have  not 
become  established  before  chilly  failure  seemed  to  lay  its  icy 
hand  upon  the  victim's  aching  brow.  But  how  often  has  ap- 
parent failure  been  turned  into  real  success,  through  the  uncon- 
querable courage  and  will  power  of  the  determined  spirit. 


A  MAN  PASSES  FOB   WHAT  HE  JS  WOSTH.  81 

BUSINESS  MANNERS. 

Manners  are  the  ornament  of  action.— Smiles. 
Guard  manners,  if  you  would  protect  the  morals.— Davidson. 
A   good   name  is  the   best   thing  in   the   world;   either  to  get  one  a 
good  name,  or  to  supply  the  want  of  it— Anonymous. 

1.  Be  cheerful,  and  show  proper  civility  to  all  with  whom 
you  transact  business. 

2.  There  are  many  who  have  failed  in  business  because 
they  never  learned  to  respect  the  feelings  or  opinions  of  others. 

3.  Kindness  of  manners  is  the  best  capital  to  invest  in  a 
business,  and  will  bear  a  higher  rate  of  interest  than  any  other 
investment. 

4.  Be  accomplished,   polite,   refined,   civil,  affable,  well-be- 
haved and  well-mannered,  and  you  will  never  lose  by  it. 

5.  Manners  make  the  business  man,  and  give  him  the  art  of 
entertaining  and  pleasing  all  with  whom  he  has  business  rela- 
tions. 

6.  If  you  wish  to  change  a  man's  views  in  reference  to  some 
business  transaction  or  other  negotiations,  respect  his  opinions, 
end  he  will  be  respectful  and  listen  to  your  arguments. 

7.  There  are  a  thousand  easy,  engaging  little  ways,  which 
we  may  put  on  in  dealing  with  others,  without  running  any 
risk  of  over-doing  it. 

8.  An   old   saying,   "politeness  costs  nothing,   and  accom- 
plishes wonders,"  is  a  good  one.     Of  course,  politeness  without 
sincerity  is  simply  a  refined  form  of  hypocrisy,  and  sincerity 
without  politeness  is  but  little  better.     A  savage,  a  barbarian 
can  be  honest,  but  is  not  likely  to  be  very  polite.     So  politeness 
of  speech  and  manners  is  the  distinguishing  trait  between  the 
civilized  and  the  uncivilized. 

9.  A  coarseness  and  roughness  of  speech,  a  studied  effort 
to  say  things  that  grate  upon  or  wound  the  feelings  of  a  person 
possessing    ordinary    refinement,    is    utterly,    inexcusably    and 
wholly  indefensible. 

10.  There  are  many  persons,  however,  who  seem  to  have 
the  idea  that  because  they  are  honest,  sincere  and  sympathetic, 
after  a  fashion,  they  are  excusable  for  being  impolite,  and  con- 
sequently justified   in    cultivating  boorish  manners,  and  indulg- 
ing in  rough  speech;  but  this  is  a  mistake.     It  pays  to  regaro 


32  DON'T  AIM  AT  TALENT  YOU  HAVE  NOT. 

the  feelings  of  others,  especially  when  it  costs  us  nothing.  It 
does  not  follow  because  a  man  is  polite  that  he  is  therefore 
insincere.  Politeness  and  sincerity  can  go  together,  and  the 
man  or  woman  who  possesses  both  will  get  along  much  better 
than  the  individual  who  has  either  without  the  other. 

BUSINESS  QUALIFICATIONS. 

id- 


Many  of  life's  failures  are  due  to  attempts  of  individuals  to 
fill  positions  for  which  they  lack  the  proper  business  qualifi- 
cations. While  the  different  lines  of  business  require  special 
skill  in  certain  directions,  there  are  other  qualifications  that  are 
essential  in  all  business  pursuits.  The  choice  of  a  career  is  by 
no  means  of  the  least  importance.  This  being  made  there 
should  be  an  ideal  within  you  that  will  raise  the  character  and 
excellence  of  your  work.  The  qualifications  most  essential  to 
success  are  a  knowledge  of  every  detail  of  your  business,  strict 
integrity,  painstaking  economy,  and  a  push  that  holds  high  its 
motto,  "This  one  thing  I  do,"  and  "keeps  everlastingly  at  it." 
The  world  admires  the  man  who  does  best  what  multitudes  do 
well.  The  era  of  easy  money  getting  is  rapidly  passing.  It  is 
trained  ability  that  makes  the  business  man  safe.  It  is  blind 
recklessness  to  neglect  to  acquire,  when  opportunities  present, 
a  skill  that  may  serve  well  in  life's  struggle.  The  world  needs 
you  and  if  you  seek  the  proper  qualifications,  the  world  will 
hear  from  you. 

Horace  Mann's  Advice.—  Follow  Horace  Mann,  the  great 
educator's  advice,  "Be  ashamed  to  die  until  you  have  won 
some  victory  for  humanity."  The  stuff  is  in  you  to  qualify 
yourself  for  more  than  a  name,  which  is  the  highest  ambitioo 


CULTIVATE  THE  TALENTS  YOU  HAVE.  33 

of  many  youth.  It  is  poor  advice  that  makes  every  life  a  failure 
except  that  which  has  achieved  a  great  name.  The  humblest 
manual  laborer,  equally  with  his  brother  man  whose  career 
abounds  with  the  highest  achievements  of  the  intellect,  whose 
name  is  honored  among  us,  is  a  fellow  worker  with  God. 

To  Make  a  Name. — We  havi  taught  our  American  boys 
that  they  were  cut  out  for  Congressmen  instead  of  carpenters, 
for  Presidents  instead  of  painters  and  plumbers,  for  bankers 
instead  of  blacksmiths,  for  a  career  instead  of  a  calling.  These 
top-lofty  notions  have  been  imbibed  by  our  youth  until  the  high- 
est ambition  with  many  is  to  make  a  name  for  themselves. 
Not  one  of  a  thousand  acquires  a  great  name.  Are  the  nine 
hundred  and  ninety-nine  to  be  failures?  Better  learn  to  make  a 
broom  handle,  a  horseshoe,  or  a  loaf  of  bread.  The  world 
needs  these  vastly  more  than  it  does  names.  This  selfish  un- 
Christian  ambition  for  a  name  stands  in  the  way  of  the  self- 
denial  necessary  to  real  usefulness.  It  is  baneful  folly  that  has 
kept  so  many  of  our  American  youth  out  of  the  humble  but 
happy  and  useful  lives  of  industry.  Not  every  man  is  called  to 
preach,  but  ever  man  is  called  to  labor  in  some  sphere.  Find 
your  place  and  then  seek  to  qualify  yourself  for  excellence  in 
your  work.  Aim  to  stand  at  the  head  of  your  occupation. 


TALENT,  WILL,   PURPOSE. 

Talk  not  of  talents,   is   thy  duty  done? 
Thou  hast  sufficient,  were  they  ten  or  one. 

— Montgomery. 

Talent  of  Success.— Longfellow  once  said  that  the  talent 
of  success  is  nothing  more  than  doing  well  what  you  can 
do,  without  a  thought  of  fame.  This  idea  of  attempting  to  dis- 
cover some  hidden  talent  in  one's  self  by  which  to  become 
distinguished  is  fraught  with  much  evil  to  the  American 
youth.  What  men  need  most  is  not  talent  but  purpose,  not  the 
power  to  achieve,  but  the  will  to  labor  through  difficulties. 
Man's  real  power  exhibits  itself  when  enormous  obstacles  plant 
themselves  right  in  his  track.  Success  depends  more  upon 
ability  adapted  to  work  than  upon  any  superior  intellectual 
power. 


34      SUCCESS  COMES  THROUGH  A  CLEAR,  STRONG  PURPOSE. 


OVERCOMING  CIRCUMSTANCES. 

YOUNG    PEABODY    SAWING    WOOD    FOR  A    NIGHT'S  LODGING.      HE  BECAME 
ONE  OF  THE  FIRST  MILLIONAIRES  AND  PHILANTHROPISTS  OF  AMERICA. 

Circumstances  Blamed.— The  blaming  of  circumstance^ 
the  shifting  of  responsibility,  is  as  old  as  Adam.  He  blamed 
the  woman.  When  Moses  chided  Aaron  for  making  the  golden 
calf,  he  blamed  the  people  and  the  circumstances.  "The 
people  are  set  on  mischief;  we  put  in  the  gold  and  there  came 
out  this  calf."  Just  as  if  he  had  no  responsibility  in  the  matter. 
Byron,  endowed  with  brilliant  talents,  was  a  physical  and  moral 
wreck  at  thirty-five.  "What  else  can  we  expect  from  such  sur- 
surroundings?  Byron  was  the  victim  of  circumstances,"  says  his 
biographer.  "Something  drove  me  to  it,"  says  the  criminal 

Heredity  Accountable. — Then  again,  many  charge  their 
sins  and  failures  upon  heredity.  True,  the  evil  pleasures  cf 
one  generation  become  the  failures  of  the  next.  Napoleon, 
Byron,  Goethe  and  McCauley  demonstrate  the  laws  of  heredity, 
But  these  physical  facts  are  but  half  the  facts  in  the  case.  Man 
has  a  body,  but  he  has  also  a  soul.  Something  within  him  whis- 
pers that  he  is  free.  Self-consciousness  declares  him  to  be  su~ 
perior  to  circumstances  and  heredity  John  Bunyan,  the  offspring 


SETTER  BE  TOUR  FRIEND'S  NETTLE  THAN  HIS  ECtfO.      35 

of  vicious  parentage,  Jerry  McCauley  and  Marcus  Aurelius  show 
clearly  that  hereditary  tendencies  can  be  conquered. 

Barriers  Broken.—  Heredity  may  modify  responsibility,  but 
never  destroy  it.  There  is  in  man  that  which  asserting  itself 
breaks  through  all  barriers  and  rises  into  new  realms.  We 
are  not  waifs  and  strays  with  which  the  winds  and  currents 
sport;  we  are  ocean  steamers  with  power  to  defy  the  winds  and 
waves,  power  to  mark  out  our  own  course,  power  to  determine 
for  ourselves  the  distant  harbor.  Every  day  men  fighting  and 
conquering  turn  their  passions  into  slaves  that  serve  them;  every 
day  some  tradesman  prefers  toil  to  ease,  some  teacher  truth  to 
falsehood,  some  business  man  chooses  a  little  honest  wealth 
rather  than  great  treasures  by  lying  methods.  To  every  ambi- 
tious and  aspiring  youth  the  iron  bars  of  heredity  dissolve  into 
smoke  at  the  touch  of  the  aspiring  hand.  Heredity  is  not  a 
tyrant  over  man.  Charles  Kingsley  and  Phillips  Brooks  con- 
quered the  stammering  tongue  and  drilled  it  into  eloquence, 
Huber,  through  hir  love  of  science,  triumphed  over  blindness. 
Beethoven,  despite  his  deafness,  made  splendid  music.  Africanus, 
a  black  chief,  a  cannibal  at  forty,  a  colossal  lump  of  depravity, 
awakened  by  the  teaching  and  example  of  Missionary  Moffat, 
took  on  the  aspect  of  a  man;  became  the  emancipator  of  his 
race;  learned  to  read  and  write  and  speak;  learned  agriculture 
and  husbandry,  and  taught  farming  to  his  savages;  learned  the 
use  of  the  saw  and  hammer  and  taught  his  people  to  build 
houses  and  villages;  made  himself  a  scholar  and  founded  schools 
and  churches  and  Christian  homes.  At  sixty  this  man  stood 
forth  under  the  aspect  of  a  Christian  hero,  a  veritable  Moses 
for  his  race.  These  examples  plainly  show  that  birth-gifts  are 
only  raw  material.  The  successful  man  is  the  architect  of  his 
own  fortune. 

Circumstances  and  Surroundings.  —  Neither  is  it  indispen 
sable  that  man  shall  be  controlled  by  circumstances  and  envi- 
ronments. God  means  man  to  be  the  sole  proprietor  of 
nimself.  It  was  never  intended  that  he  should  not  know  what 
his  occupations  or  beliefs  or  plans  should  be  until  circumstances 
came  together  and  made  up  their  decisions.  A  thousand  times 
better  be  a  slave  for  the  meanest  man  than  become  the  slave 
for  dead  circumstances.  Uncle  Tom's  fetters  shine  like  a  king's 


36  NOTHING  CAN  NEED  A  LIE. 

coronet  in  comparison  with  the  fetters  that  he  must  wear  who 
bows  to  climate,  food,  and  surroundings  and  asks  the  weather 
whether  or  not  he  may  be  happy.  It  is  for  a  lump  of  putty  to 
permit  things  to  stamp  it,  now  with  this  mark  and  now  with 
that.  He  who  holds  circumstances  as  responsible  for  his  failure 
or  success  has  made  himself  a  nonentity.  When  he  wakes  up  in 
bed  at  night  he  can  properly  reflect,  "There  is  nobody  here." 

Man  a  Victor. — As  Sampson  broke  the  green  withes  which 
bound  him,  so  man  by  indomitable  courage  and  will  may 
break  down  the  barriers  of  circumstances  that  would  hinder  him. 
Fred  Douglass  was  born  midst  such  squalor  and  poverty  and 
wickedness  as  no  tenement  house  has  ever  witnessed,  and  to  all 
this  was  added  slavery.  But,  unassisted,  the  black  boy  learned 
to  read,  shook  off  his  slavery,  conquered  environments,  and 
literally  beat  his  iron  fetters  into  sickles  and  pruning  hooks. 
Octavio  Hill,  entering  the  tenement  house  district  of  White- 
chapel  in  London,  civilized  the  entire  ward  and  transformed  cir- 
cumstances of  misery  and  sin  into  those  of  happiness  and  refine- 
ment. David  Livingstone  proved  that,  instead  of  circumstances 
shaping  the  man,  one  heaven-endowed  man  can  absolutely 
create  a  new  social  and  spiritual  climate  for  a  whole  continent. 

Man  is  His  Own  King. — Do  not  wait  for  nor  dream  of 
talent  not  in  your  possession.  Use  the  talent  you  have.  God 
meant  you  to  be  a  success.  Hold  your  ground  and  push  hard. 
Watch  opportunities.  Be  rigidly  honest.  If  you  delight  to  sit 
around  smoking  cigarettes  and  telling  shady  stories  on  street 
corners  and  lounging  counters,  it  is  hardly  necessary  for  you  to 
attempt  to  learn  "how  to  write  a  check,"  for  the  chances  are  a 
thousand  to  one  that  you  will  never  have  a  bank  account. 

Have  a  purpose  and  with  a  will  steer  perseveringly  in  one 
direction.  To  the  young  man  who  does  not  succeed  at  once  we 
would  commend  the  following  qua'nt  lines: 

"If  you  strike  a  thorn  or  rose, 

Keep  a-goin'! 
If  it  hails  or  if  it  snows, 

Keep  a-goin'! 

'Taint  no  use  to  sit  and  whine 
When  the  fish  ain't  on  your  line; 
Bait  your  hook  an'  keep  on  tryin'— • 

Keep  a-goin' 1" 


BAD  SPELLING  IS  A  REMEDIABLE  INJURY.  37 


"DU>  NOT  KNOW  HIS  SPELLING  LESSON." 

SPELLING. 

It  is  the  fault  of  the  English  language  that  we  have  so  many 
bad  spellers.  Beautiful  penmanship  should  never  be  marred  by 
bad  spelling.  Rather  be  a  poor  penman  than  a  bad  speller,  but 
you  need  not  be  either.  We  may  not  be  able  to  spell  correctly 
the  thousands  of  words  in  the  English  language,  but  it  ought 
to  be  expected  of  us  to  spell  correctly  the  few  hundred  words 
in  general  use.  Careful  reading  will  make  a  good  speller.  A 
writer  who  has  at  hand  a  reliable  dictionary  and  makes  it  a  rule 
never  to  write  a  word  unless  he  is  positive  that  it  is  spelled  cor- 
rectly will  in  a  very  short  time  be  a  good  speller. 

Thomas  Jefferson  in  writing  to  his  daughter  Martha  says, 
"Take  care  that  you  never  spell  a  word  wrong.  Always  before 
you  spell  a  word,  consider  how  it  is  spelled,  and  if  you  do  not 
remember  it,  turn  to  a  dictionary.  It  produces  great  praise  to  a 
lady  (or  gentleman)  to  spell  well."  Your  success  may  depend 
upon  your  spelling.  During  the  month  of  February,  1880,  on  the 
floor  of  the  Senate  chamber,  Senator  Gordon  of  Georgia  ob- 
jected to  the  confirmation  of  one  of  President  Hayes'  nominees 
for  a  marshalship  in  his  State  because  the  applicant  had  mis- 
spelled two  words  in  the  letter  of  application.  The  nomination 
was  not  confirmed.  It  is  better  to  consult  the  dictionary  for 
every  word  than  to  run  the  risk  of  misspelling  a  single  word. 


38  EVERYBODY'S  BUSINESS  JS  NOBODY'S  BUSINESS. 

Close  and  careful  reading  and  writing  will  always  produce  good 
spellers.  Today  when  typewriters  are  of  universal  use  only  good 
spellers  are  wanted  to  fill  positions.  You  may  be  able  to  use 
skillfully  the  best  shorthand  method,  but  if  your  typewritten  copy 
is  disfigured  by  bad  spelling,  your  position  will  soon  be  occupied 
by  another. 

Rules  for  Spelling 
The  following  rules  will  aid  students  somewhat  in  their  knowledge  of 


1.  Words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  1  with  a  single  vowel  before  it 
have  11  at  the  close;  as  mill,  sell. 

2.  Words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  1  with  a  double  vowel  before  it, 
have  only  one  1  at  the  close;  as  mail,  sail. 

3.  Words  ending  in  1  double  that  letter  in  the  termination  ly. 

4.  Words   ending   in   e,   adding   ing,   drop   the   e;   as  come,    coming; 
divide,  dividing. 

5.  Some  words  are  spelled  the  same  in  both  the  singular  and  the 
plural;  as  deer,   sheep. 

6.  Verbs  of  one  syllable,   ending  with  a  single  consonant,   preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,   and  verbs  of  two  or  more  syllables,   ending  in   the 
same  manner,   and   having  the  accent  on   the   last  syllable,   double  the 
final  consonant  whenever  another  syllable  is  added;  as  get,  getting;  omit, 
omitted. 

7.  The  plural  of  nouns  ending  in  y,  when  y  is  preceded  by  a  conso- 
nant, is  formed  by  changing  y  into  i  and  adding  es;  as  lily,  lilies.    When 
y  final  is  preceded   by  a  vowel  the   plural   is   formed  by   adding  s;   as 
valley,  valleys. 

8.  Nouns  ending  in  o  preceded  by  another  vowel  form  their  plurals. 
regularly  by  adding  s  to  the  singular;  as  cameo,  cameos. 

9.  Words  formed  by  prefixing  one  or  more  syllables  to  words  end- 
ing in  a  double  consonant  retain  both  consonants;  as,  befall,  rebuff.    The 
exceptions  are,  withal,  annul,  distil,  instil,  fulfil,  until. 

THR  USE  OF  CAPITALS. 

1.  Every  entire  sentence  should  begin  with  a  capital. 

2.  Proper  names,  and  adjectives  derived  from  these,  should 
begin  with  a  capital. 

3.  All  appellations  of  the  Deity  should  begin  with  a  capital. 

4.  Official  and  honorary  titles  begin  with  a  capital. 

5.  Every  line  of  poetry  should  begin,  with  a  capital. 

6.  Titles    of   books   and   the    heads    of   their    chapters   and 
divisions  are  printed  in  capitals. 

'   7.  The  pronoun,  I,  and  the  exclamation,  O,  are  always  capi- 
tals. 

8.  The  days  of  the  week,  and  the  months  of  the  year,  begin 
with  capitals. 

9.  Every  quotation  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

10.  Names  of  religious  denominations  being  with  capitals. 

11.  In  preparing  accounts,  each  Lem  should  begin  with  a 
capital. 


PAY  AS  YOU  GO,  PUNCTUATE  AS  YOU  WRITS.  39 

PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation  is  a  valuable  art,  easily  acquired,  yet  too  fre- 
quently neglected  by  a  vast  majority  of  letter- writers.  Business 
men,  as  a  class,  seem  to  despise  points  as  something  beneath 
their  notice.  Others  omit  to  punctuate  through  ignorance  or 
carelessness.  This  is  a  great  mistake,  and  many  mistakes  are 
made  on  account  of  this  almost  universal  neglect  to  give  more 
attention  to  punctuation. 

Importance.— Punctuation  is  very  closely  connected  with 
the  construction  of  sentences  ;  so  closely  that  a  clear  expres- 
sion in  writing  is  almost  an  impossibility  without  it. 

Many  illustrations  might  be  given  to  show  the  importance  of 
punctuation.  A  young  man,  writing  to  a  friend,  says:  "I  was 
married  last  Sunday  night  for  the  first  time  in  five  years;  the 
church  was  full."  He  intended  to  say:  I  was  married  last  Sun- 
day night;  for  the  first  time  in  five  years  the  church  was  full. 

Another: — "Woman,  without  her,  man  would  be  a  savage.'* 
"Woman,  without  her  man,  would  be  a  savage." 

The  party  consisted  of  Mr.  Smith,  a  merchant,  his  son,  a 
lawyer,  Mr.  Jones,  a  clergyman,  his  wife,  a  milliner,  and  a  little 
child. 

Here  the  party  consists  of  nine  persons.  Change  the  punc- 
tuation and  you  have  but  five.  The  party  consisted  of  Mr. 
Smith,  a  merchant;  his  son,  a  lawyer;  Mr.  Jones,  a  clergyman; 
his  wife,  a  milliner;  and  a  little  child. 

We  give  another,  where  both  the  spelling  and  the  punctua- 
tion are  defective.  A  clergyman  one  Sunday  morning  received 
a  note  from  a  parishioner,  which,  in  the  haste,  he  read  as  writ- 
ten, thus:  ( 

"Capt.  John  Smith  having  gone  to  see  his  wife,  desires  the 
prayers  of  the  church  for  his  safe  return."  The  note  should 
have  been  written:  Capt.  John  Smith  having  gone  to  sea,  his 
wife  desires  the  prayers  of  the  church  for  his  safe  return. 

These  examples  strikingly  illustrate  the  importance  of  punc- 
tuation. And  while  they  are  of  a  simple  and  ridiculous  char- 
acter in  a  social  sense,  in  a  business  letter  they  might  be  of 
very  grave  importance. 

General  rute:  Punctuate  where  the  sense  requires  it. 


40  GENIUS  COUMANDS  ADMIRATION. 

The  comma  (,)  is  used  to  mark  the  smallest  degree  of  separa- 
tion, the  semicolon  (;)  a  greater  degree,  and  the  colon  (:)  the 
greatest. 

The  Principal  Use*  of  the  Comma.— A  comma  is  generally 
used  before  and  after  a  parenthetical  expression;  after  inverted 
expressions;  after  each  pair  of  words  or  phrases,  when  they  are 
used  in  pairs;  to  separate  words  or  phrases  that  are  contrasted 
with  each  other;  to  separate  between  words  or  phrases  when 
used  in  a  series,  if  the  conjunction  is  omitted  or  used  only 
between  the  last  two;  to  set  off  intermediate  expressions;  to  sep- 
arate dependent  and  conditional  clauses  from  the  rest  of  the 
sentence;  in  the  place  of  a  verb  that  is  omitted,  and  words  that 
are  understood;  to  set  off  nouns  or  phrases  which  are  independ- 
ent by  direct  address;  to  set  off  explanatory  words  and  expres- 
sions, and  expressions  containing  the  case  absolute;  and  before 
a  short  quotation,  or  an  expression  resembling  a  quotation. 

The  Semicolon. — The  semicolon  is  used  to  separate  the  mem- 
bers of  a  compound  sentence,,  if  they  are  complex,  or  if  they 
contain  commas;  to  separate  short  sentences  connected  in  mean- 
ing, unless  they  are  very  short  and  simple  (in  which  case  a 
comma  is  used);  to  separate  clauses  that  have  a  common 
dependence  upon  another  clause;  also  after  the  main  clause  if 
it  comes  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence;  to  separate  an  explan- 
atory clause  from  a  complete  sentence,  when  no  conjunction  is 
used  between  them;  before  the  word  as,  when  it  is  used  to  intro- 
duce an  example  illustrating  a  rule  (in  which  case,  the  as  should 
be  followed  by  a  comma);  and  to  separate  explanatory  terms 
from  a  general  term,  when  the  explanatory  terms  are  simple  and 
separated  by  commas. 

The  Colon. — The  colon  is  used  to  separate  the  members  of  a 
compound  sentence,  if  they  are  subdivided  by  semicolons; 
before  a  clause  that  is  added  to  a  complete  sentence,  if  no  con- 
nective word  is  used;  to  precede  a  formal  quotation;  to  separate 
explanatory  terms  from  a  general  term,  when  the  explanatory 
terms  are  complex  and  separated  by  semicolons. 

The  Period  (.). — A  period  is  used  at  the  close  of  a  declarative 
sentence,  after  every  abbreviation,  and  after  Roman  numerals. 

Interrogation  Point  (?).— An  interrogation  point  is  used  after 
every  direct  question,  and  it  is  sometimes  inclosed  in  paren- 
theses and  used  after  a  statement,  to  express  doubt. 

Exclamation  Point  (I).— The  exclamation  point  is  used  alter 


HE  CLIMBS  HIGHEST  WHO  HELPS  ANOTHER  UP.  41 

an  expression  of  strong  emotion;  after  an  exclamation;  and  to 
express  doubt  or  sarcasm. 

O  and  Oh!— O  is  employed  to  express  a  wish,  and  it  does  not 
take  the  exclamation  point;  Oh  is  an  interjection  expressing  sur- 
prise, pain,  grief,  sorrow,  or  anxiety,  and  should  be  immediately 
followed  by  the  exclamation  point,  unless  the  emotion  continues 
throughout  the  sentence. 

The  Dash  ( — ). — The  dash  is  used  t  >  mark  a  sudden  change 
in  sentiment  and  construction;  to  mark  rhetorical  pauses  and 
repetitions;  to  set  off  a  parenthetical  expression  that  has  a  close 
connection  with  the  rest  of  the  sentence;  and  to  mark  the  omis- 
sion of  letters  and  figures. 

Other  Marks. — Parentheses  ( )  are  used  to  enclose  expres- 
sions having  only  a  remote  connection  with  the  rest  of  the  sen- 
tence; and  in  reports  of  speeches,  to  enclose  the  exclamations 
from  the  audience.  Brackets  [  ]  are  used  to  enclose  words  that 
are  entirely  independent;  as,  comments,  queries,  corrections, 
etc.,  inserted  by  some  other  person  than  the  original  writer  or 
speaker.  Quotation  Marks  ("  ")  are  used  to  enclose  direct 
quotations.  In  the  case  of  several  quoted  paragraphs,  the 
marks  are  used  at  the  beginning  of  each,  but  they  follow  only 
the  last  one.  Single  quotation  marks  are  used  to  enclose  a  quo- 
tation that  is  included  within  another  quotation.  Quoted  titles 
of  books,  essays,  etc.,  are  enclosed  in  quotation  marks,  or  else 
printed  in  Italics.  The  Apostrophe  (')  is  used  to  denote  the 
omission  of  a  letter  or  letters,  and  as  the  sign  of  the  possessive 
case.  The  Hyphen  (-)  is  used  to  separate  the  elements  of  a 
compound  word  and  to  divide  a  word  into  syllables.  A  word 
may  be  divided  at  the  end  of  a  line,  but  only  between  syllables. 
The  Ellipsis  (.  .  .  or  *  *  *  *)  marks  an  omission.'  Reference 
Marks  (*  f  t  §  I  H)  are  used  to  call  attention  to  notes  of  explana- 
tions. 

The  Possessive  Sign.— To  denote  ownership,  kindu  1, 
authorship,  origin,  fitness,  time,  weights,  measure,  etc.,  add  tLe 
apostrophe  (')  to  plural  nouns  that  end  in  j,  and  to  all  other 
nouns,  add  Ithe  apostrophe  and  s  ('s);  and  if  the  sound  of  the 
added  s  will  not  unite  with  the  last  sound  of  the  word,  give  to  it 
the  sound  iz.  If  several  possessive  nouns  are  connected  by 
and,  and  refer  to  the  same  noun,  the  last  only  takes  the  posses- 
sive sign,  otherwise  each  of  the  possessives  takes  the  sign. 
Personal  pronouns  do  not  take  the  apostrophe  and  s. 


42       HE  WHO  RUNS  FROM  A  DIFFICULTY  MUST  FACE  TWO. 

COMMON  FAULTS  IN  WRITING  AND  SPEAKING. 

"I  shall  walk  no  further"  should  be  "I  shall  walk  no  farther." 
"I  have  no  farther  use  for  it"  should  be  "I  have  no  further  use 
for  it."  Farther  refers  to  distance. 

"Is  that  him?"  should  be  "Is  that  he?" 
"If  I  was  him"  should  be  "If  I  were  he." 
"Better  than  me"  should  be  "Better  than  I." 
"I  am  very  dry"  should  be  "I  am  very  thirsty." 
"Both  of  these  men"  should  be  "Both  these  men." 
"He  had  laid  down"  should  be  "He  had  lain  down." 
"I  have  got  the  book"  should  be  "I  have  the  book." 
"If  I  ad  not  mistaken"  should  be  "If  I  mistake  not." 
"It  was  her  who  called"  should  be  "It  was  she  who  called.*' 
"Lay  down  or  set  down"  should  be  "Lie  down  or  sit  down." 
"When  I  get  off  from  a  car"  should  be  "When  I  get  off  a 
car." 

"It  spread  all  over  the  town"  should  be  "It  spread  over  all 
the  town." 

"If  I  was  him  I  would  do  it"  should  be  "If  I  were  he  I  would 
do  it." 

"He  is  down  in  the  basement"  should  be  "He  is  in  the  base- 
ment." 

"I  know  better;  that  ain't  so"  should  be  "Pardon  me,  I  under- 
stand differently." 

"I  see  him  every  now  and  then"  should  be  "I  see  him  occa- 
sionally." 

"I  never  play  if  I  can  help  it"  should  be  "I  never  play  if  I 
can  avoid  it." 

"Look  out  or  you'll  get  hurt"  should  be  "Be  careful  or  you'll 
get  hurt." 

"His  works  are  approved  of  by  many"  should  be  "His  works 
are  approved  by  many." 

"I  went  to  New  York,  you  know,  and  when  I  came  back,  you 
see,  I  commenced  attending  school,"  should  be  "I  went  to  New 
York,"and  when  I  returned  I  commenced  attending  school." 
"It  is  me"  should  be  "It  is  I." 
"We  entefrin"  should  be  "We  enter." 
"I  don't  think  so"  should  be  "I  think  not." 
"What  are  the  news?"  should  be  "What  is  the  news?" 
"He  fell  on  the  floor"  should  be  "He  fell  to  the  floor." 
"He  is  in  under  the  wall"  should  be  "He  is  under  the  wall/' 
"Two  spoonsful  of  tea"  should  be  "Two  spoonfuls  of  tea." 
"A  new  pair  of  boots"  should  be  "A  pair  of  new  boots." 
"I  had  rather  ride"  should  be  "I  would  rather  ride." 
"I  only  want  five  dollars"  should   be   "I  want    only  five 
dollars." 

"Continue  on  in  this  way"  should  be  "Continue  in  this  way." 
"Who  does  this   belong  to?"  should  be  "Whom  does  this 
belong  to?" 

"I  expected  to  have  seen  him"  should  be  "I  expected  to  see 
him." 


8  CATTERED  SEEDS  INCREASE;  BOARDED  SEEDS  DIE.          43 

RESOLUTIONS. 

Resolutions  on  the  Departure  of  a  Teacher. 

Whereas,  Miss  Blanche  Cooley  is  about  to  be  removed  from  our  midst 
and  eever  her  connection!  with  this  school,  in  which  she  has  so  long  and  faith* 
folly  labored  as  teacher ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  we  deeply  regret  the  necessity  of  losing  her  helpful  and 
endearing  presence,  and  most  fervently  wish  for  her  a  future  of  active  useful* 
ness  in  her  chosen  field  of  new  associations  and  interests ;  ever  remembering 
the  good  influence  of  her  well  ordered  life,  etc. 

JULIA  E.  FOBS. 
ERNEST  BEMI8. 
BERT  BOBBINS. 
WALTER  COLLIER. 
H.  E.  RENNELS. 
EMMA  B.  PADDLEFORD. 
EDWIN  WISE. 
ERNEST  CROWN. 
OORA  PECKHAM. 
CARRIE  BELDEN. 


Resolutions  Instructing  Members  of  the  Legislature. 

Resolved,  That  we,  citizens  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  are  opposed 
to  the  present  excessive  rates  and  fares  exacted  by  tho  Boston  &  Maine  Rail- 
road Company,  and  we  hereby  pledge  ourselves  to  vote  for  co  candidate  for 
either  house  of  the  Legislature  who  is  not  pledged  agnintt  this  extortion  ot 
said  Company ; 

Resolved,  That  the  Secretary  is  instructed  to  famish  a  report  of  this 
meeting,  together  with  this  resolution,  to  such  papers  as  will  bring  the  sub- 
ject most  generally  before  the  people. 


Resolutions  of  Thanks  to  the  Officers  of  a  Convention  of  Business 
Men,  Farmers,  Laborers,  etc. 

Ilesolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Convention  aro  hereby  given  to  the 
President,  for  the  able,  dignified,  and  impartial  manner  in  which  he  has  pre- 
sided over  its  deliberations,  and  to  the  other  officers  for  the  satisfactory  man- 
ner in  which  they  have  fulfilled  the  duties  assigned  them. 

N.  B.    For  Death  Resolutions,  see  page  95. 


44       WHEN  THE  FOX  PREACHES  BEWARE  OF 'YOUR  GEESE. 

PETITIONS, 

For  Opening  a  Street. 

To  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  City  of  Portland,  in  Common  Council 
Assembled: 

Gentlemen :— The  undersigned  respectfully  solicit  your  honorable  body  to 
open  and  extend  Walnut  street,  which  now  terminates  at  Adams  street, 
through  blocks  Nos.  10  and  12  to  Benton  street,  thereby  making  Walnut  a 
nearly  Straight  and  continuous  street  for  two  miles,  and  greatly  accommo- 
dating the  people  in  that  portion  of  the  city. 

Portland,  Me.,  Mar.  12, 1905. 

E.  E.  MILLER. 

D.  S.  GRAY. 

FRED  FOSTER. 

W.  R.  HOLLOWAY,  etc. 

To  the  Legislature  of  a  State. 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  State  of 

Vermont,  in  General  Assembly  met: 

The  petition  of  the  subscribers,  citizens  of  Poultnej',  in  County  of  Rut- 
land, respectfully  ehoweth  (stating  the  subject  of  the  petition).  And  your 
petitioners  will  ever  pray,  etc. 

L.  A.  FOSTER. 
.PAUL  G.  ROSS,  etc. 

To  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 

States  in  Congress  assembled: 

The  petition  of  the  subscribers,  citizens  of  Granville,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  respectfully,  showeth :  (stating  the  subject  of  the  petition).  And  your 
petitioners  will  ever  pray,  etc. 

O.  B.  DAVIS. 
W.  B.  AVERY. 
CHA8.  HEARN. 
M.  F.  PARSLEY. 

To  the  Executive  of  a  Etate. 

To  hi?  Excellency,  George  A.  Foster,  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  ot 

Massachusetts: 
Tne  petition  of,  etc.  (a3  foregoing). 


TOIL  IS  THE  PRICE  OF  EXCELLENCE.  46 

AN  ITEMIZED  BILL. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  7,  1906. 
Miss  MARGARITE  ROULSTON, 

To  ABBIE  D.  MERRILL  &  CO.,  Dr. 


To  jr  yards  Silk           @    i  jo 

7 

jo 

"    4     **      Lining       (o»        20 

80 

"10    "      Drilling   @        /d 

i 

60 

"    j  rfbar.     Buttons    @        20 

60 

"    6  yards  Muslin      @        08 

48 

"    j  ^<?/y  Thread   @        od 

jo 

PazW 

II 

28 

^^^z>  Z>.  Merrill  &»  Co. 

MR.  B.  A.  WHITE, 
Terms 


AN  UNRECEIPTED  BILL. 

Plainfield,  Conn.,  July  9,  1905. 

Bought  of  A.  H.  SIMPSON, 


June 

i 

2  doz.  Seamless  Bags          31$ 

7 

44 

« 

4 

4  Ibs.   Brown  Sugar             ?c 

28 

« 

16 

6  "     Rice                            36 

30 

* 

8 

02 

LONG  LOOKING  MULTIPLIES  THE  STARS. 


"OK.UECT   POSITION    AT   TflE  DESK. 


to- 


ff 
j   c)o-    Itj    'W-'L^tfL^ 

,&-t  j   oe-   it   a 


tteA, 


a 
v 


w. 


PENMANSHIP  IS  QUEEN  OF  THE  ARTS. 

A 


4 


47 


^    < 


T  7     -  ~ 


A  bad  handwriting  ought  never  to  be  forgiven;  it  is  shame- 
ful indolence — indeed,  sending  a  badly  written  letter  to  a  fellow- 
creature  is  as  impudent  an  act  as  I  know  of. — Niebuhr. 

The  growth  of  the  country,  and  the  consequent  increase  in 
trade,  commerce  and  all  branches  of  business,  the  greater 
part  of  which  is  done  through  correspondence,  requires  thou- 
sands of  good,  rapid  penmen,  where  one  was  formerly  needed. 

Good  writing  is  a  necessity  in  our  day,  and  yet  how  few 
are  to  be  found  who  write  elegant  and  graceful  hands,  while 
with  many  great  patience  is  required  to  decipher  their  writing. 

Of  the  teachers  of  our  country,  ninety-nine  per  cent,  are 
specially  incompetent  in  the  matter  of  writing.  Many  young 
men  are  standing  on  the  street  corners  or  hanging  to  their 
fathers'  coat  tails,  waiting  for  something  to  turn  up,  who  if 
they  were  good  penmen  might  earn  a  respectable  living.  The 
onward  march  of  civilization  increasingly  demands  good  writers 


GIVING  OEAL,  ASSISTANCE  TO  HIS 


48       WHO  DESPISES  MINUTES  CANNOT  RESPECT  ETERNITY. 

RULES  FOR  POSITION   AND  PRACTICE. 

1.  Sit  in  an  upright  and  easy  position.     It  will  add  to  the 
•ease  and  beauty  of  your  writing.     Keep  both  feet  on  the  floor 

2.  Hold  the  pen  firmly,  but  not  so  tightly  as  to  cramp  the 
lingers. 

3.  Place  the  hand  on  the  paper  so  the  top  of  the  holder 
^.'ill  always  point  over  the  right  shoulder.     This  will  cause  the 
points  of  the  pen  to  press"  equally  on  the  paper. 

4.  Keep  the  wrist  from  touching  the  paper  or  desk,  and  keep 
the  thumb  from  bending  while  writing.     Avoid  the  finger  move- 
ment.    It  is  not  practical. 

5.  Let  every  downward  stroke  of  the  pen  be  drawn  toward 
the  center  of  the  body,  and  the  writing  will  have  the  correct 
slant. 

6.  Never  practice  carelessly.     Always  practice  with  a  free 
and  quick  stroke.     Let  the  movement  be  bold,   free,   offhand, 
resting  the  pen  so  lightly  that  the  arm,  hand  and  fingers  can 
move  freely  together. 

7.  In  making  the  shades,  press  on  the  pen  with  a  gentle, 
springing  movement.     It  will  avoid  heavy  and  irregular  strokes. 

8.  Heavy  shading,  or  shading  every  downward  stroke,  never 
adds  beauty  nor  grace  to  the  writing. 

9.  The   thoughtful   student    in    penmanship,     as    in     other 
studies,    will    win.     Think   and   write.     Practice   with    persever- 
ance, and  your  success  will  be  certain. 

10.  To  make  the  greatest  improvement  in  the  shortest  time, 
practice  upon  the  letters  separately  until  you  can  make  them 
all  correctly. 

11.  Flourishes,  too  heavy  shading,  too  large  or  too  small 
letters,  should  be  carefully  avoided. 

12.  Practice   writing   by   copying    business     letters,     notes, 
drafts,  receipts,  etc.,  and  you  will  improve  your  knowledge  o* 
business   as    well   as   your   penmanship. 


OOB&BOT  POSITION   OF  THE  FEN- 


OOMMA29D  OF  HAND  IS  THE  SOUL  OF  PENMANSHIP.       49 

PRINCIPLES  OF  PENMANSHIP. 

Elements  and  Principles. 


Short-Letter  Group. 


Shaded  Group. 


- 


Third  Principle,  or  "Loop  Group." 


// 


Fourth  Principle,  or  "Base  Oval"  Group. 


Fifth  Principle,  or  "Top  Oval"  Group. 


Sixth  Principle,  or  "Stem  Oval"  Group. 


// 


//  ^—//Ss—////          ^—^  ^->/ 


50 


PRACTICE  MAKES  PERFECT, 

BUSINESS  ALPHABET. 


if    <%>    w    4 


PEDIGREES  SELDOM  IMPROVE   WITH 

CAPITAL  LETTERS. 


51 


52        OULTXVAXK  TO  P&RFECTW*   THE  .ART  OF   WRITING 


BUSINESS   ALPHABET 


^ 


-*^zz^/£'-?^^z^?iS<izh^<4^ 


^ 


WHATEVER  YOU  DO,  DO  WITH  ALL  YOUR  MIGHT.        53 
BUSINESS  WRITING. 


64  THERE  IS  NO  ROYAL  ROAD  TO  EXCELLENCE- 


MOTIVE  IS  A    WELL,  METHOD  A  PUMP. 

VERTICAL  WRITING. 


55 


56  LABOR  JS  A  BETTER  REWARD  THAN  LUCRE. 

PRACTICAL  LESSONS  IN  ORNAMENTAL   PENMANSHIP. 


HOW  TO  HOLD  THE  PEN  FOE  ORNAMENTAL  WORK. 


SETTER  SOLITUDE  THAN  BASE  ASSOCIATIONS  51 

EXERCISES  IN  ORNAMENTAL  PENMANSHIP 


DROP  OF  INK  MAT  MAKE  A  MILLION  TSINS. 


i 


it 

5^ 

tf''*%tfaw^'?y#&&?'7Z&. 

*&$%$$/$$ 


COL.  MILLER,  AT  LUNDTS  LANE:  'TZL  TRY,  SIB."          59 
ORNAMENTAL  PEN  DRAWING. 


60     CHEERFULNESS  IS  AN  EXCELLENT  WEARING  QUALITY 


A  LAUGB  IS  WORTH  A  HUSDRED  GROANS. 


61 


en  "Bruitin. 


Z    F   S 


5    T    If 


2C 


a    b    c    d    e    f    g    K    i 

o  * 

Iclmnopqrst 


u    v 


2° 


B.—  Pen-printing  as  an  exercise  adds  greatly  to  thf 
improvement  in  penmanship. 


6?  A  MAN'S  BEST  FRIENDS  ARE  HIS  TEN  FINGERS. 

ALPHABET  FOR  MARKING  BOXES  AND  PACKAGES 


DELAYS  HAVE  DAXGEKOCS  EXDS. 


•4  GIVE  A  DEAF  EAR  TO  SLANDER, 

THE  DEAF  AND  DUMB  ALPHABET, 


S  T          UfA        V 


SAVING  TIME  IS  LENGTHENING  LIFE.  ?> 

($/iozt/iand   Vvtitlng. 

I  would  advise  all  parents  to  have  their  boys  and  girls  taught 
shorthand  writing  and  type  writing  A  shorthand  writer  who  can 
type  write  his  notes  will  be  safer  from'poverty  than  a  great  Greek 
scholar.  —  Chas.  Reade. 

Shorthand  is  the  general  term  applied  to  all  styles  of  rapid 
writing  as  distinguished  from  the  ordinary  method.  Many  sys- 
tems of  abbreviating  writing  have  been  recommended  from  Soc- 
rates and  Cicero  down  to  the  present  day.  In  the  year  380  the 
Latin  poet  Ansonius  wrote:  "Fly,  young  and  famous  reporter; 
prepare  the  tablets  on  which  you  express,  with  small  dots,  whole 
speeches  as  rapidly  as  others  would  trace  one  single  word." 

A  few  of  the  many  names  by  which  these  systems  were 
known  are  Brachygraphy,  Tachygraphy,  Lemigraphy,  Criptog- 
raphy,  Bodiography,  Polography,  Zeitography,  Radiography, 
Tho-ography,  and  Stenography. 

The  importance  of  shorthand  need  not  be  argued  today.  It 
is  used  by  the  author  in  his  study,  the  clergyman  in  his  library, 
the  editor  in  his  "sanctum,"  the  lawyer  in  his  office,  and  by  busi- 
ness men  everywhere,  until  a  modern  education  almost  seems  to 
class  among  the  indispensables  a  knowledge  of  shorthand.  That 
there  is  a  great  difference  in  the  various  systems  is  seen  from 
the  following  writing  of  the  Lord's  prayer  in  two  different  sys- 
tems. It  can  readily  be  seen  which  is  the  simpler  system. 

MUNSON. 


h 


'O   x 

CBOSSKECLECT1C). 


66        ALL  THINGS  ARE  EASY  THAT  ARE  DONE  WILLINGLY. 

Since  tLe  use  of  shorthand  is  not  confined  to  any  particular 
•cience  or  profession,  but  is  universal,  and  since  any  person  o! 
ordinary  ability  who  is  a  good  speller  may  succeed,  this  art  yields 
remunerative  employment  to  thousands. 

By  permission  of  the  publishers  we  present  the  following 
pages  from  Eclectic  Shorthand  by  J.  G.  Cross,  M.  A.,  and  pub- 
lished by  Scott,  Forsman  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.  This  system  is 
largely  used  throughout  the  country. 

CHARACTERS  AND  THEIR  COMBINATIONS. 
LESSON  I. 

1.  The  alphabetic  characters  used  in  this  system  of 
ihorthand  are  arcs  and  chords  of  the  chirographic  ellipse. 

2.  The  Chirographic  Ellipse  is  an  ellipse  from 
which  are  derived  the  lines  of  the  longhand  alphabet. 

3.  The  following  figures  will  serve  to  show  the  arcs 
and  chords  which  are  appropriated  to  the  alphabet  of 
this  system  of  shorthand. 


4.   These  lines  stand  in  three  directions,  viz. : 

HORIZONTAL.         FORWARD-SLANT.      BACK-SLANT. 


5.   Each  line  is  used  both  long  and  short,  thus  doub- 
Kng  the  number  of  lines. 

LONG   LINES. 


CARS  AND  DILIGENCE  BRIbG  A  SURE  REWARD. 


SHORT   LINES. 


6.  Each  line  has  three  characteristics,   viz.:   form, 
direction,  length. 

7.  There  are  no  perpendicular  characters,  but  some 
are  more  nearly  perpendicular  than  others.     The  natural 
action  of  the  hand  in  the  forward  movement  draws  up- 
ward lines  at  a  greater  slant  than  downward  lines,  and  in 
the  back  slant  characters  those  drawn  by  finger  movement 
stand  more  nearly  perpendicular  than  those  drawn  by  a 
gliding  movement  of  the  hand,  as  illustrated  In  the  fol- 
lowing longhand  characters: 


8.  The  degree  of  slant  of  the  forward  oblique  charac- 
ters when  written  upwards  is  about  thirty  degrees  from 
the  horizontal,  and  when  drawn  downwards  is  about  thirty 
degrees  from  the  perpendicular.  The  slant  of  the  back- 
ward oblique  characters  when  drawn  by  the  finger  move- 
ment is  about  thirty  degrees  from  the  perpendicular,  but 
when  made  by  the  hand  and  arm  movement  is  about 
thirty  degrees  from  the  horizontal,  as  shown  by  the  fol 
lowing  diagrams: 


9.  This  law  of  movement,  adopted  from  longhand,  is 
peculiar  to  this  system  of  shorthand,  and  is  important; 
the  motions  employed  being  so  similar  to  those  used  in 
longhand,  to  which,  by  long  practice,  we  have  become 
accustomed. 


ACCURATE  AND  RAPID  WORK  IS  ALWAYS  IN  DEMAND, 

THE  ALPHABET. 

SMALL  LETTERS. 


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CAPITAL   LETTERS. 

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CoDyrigbt.  189(H  by  8.  C. 


A  Company 


DEPUTATIONS  MAY  BE  RUINED  BY  FOOLISH  LETTERS.      69 

yon&etice. 


Letter  Writing  is  the  conveying  of  thoughts  through  the 
written  page.  To  be  able  to  write  a  good  letter  is  a  qualifi- 
cation much  to  be  coveted.  To  depend  upon  forms  will  never 
give  that  grace  and  ease  that  characterizes  an  appreciated  letter. 
Letter  writers  are  good  only  in  that  they  give  general  instruc- 
tions on  the  subject.  A  letter  that  has  no  soul  or  heart  in  it, 
but  is  stiff  and  formal,  is  not  likely  to  make  a  good  impres- 
sion upon  the  recipient. 

Experts. — We  may  not  all  become  expert  penmen,  but  all 
can  acquire  a  good  legible  handwriting  and  with  care  can 
write  neat,  interesting,  and  intelligent  letters. 

Index  of  Character. — We  judge  a  man  by  his  looks,  man- 
ners, and  words.  A  letter  gives  us  his  words  and  an  illus- 
tration of  his  manners  in  many  ways. 

Many  a  youth  has  been  accepted  or  rejected  because  of  the 
manner  of  his  letter.  Men  judge  us  by  the  letters  we  write. 
Neatness,  order,  and  the  readiness  to  express  one's  thoughts 
or  the  lack  of  these  qualities,  are  all  photographed  on  the  writ- 
ten page.  The  character  of  a  man  is  often  determined  by  the 
manner  and  matter  of  his  letters.  As  the  tasty  arrangement  of 
dishes  adds  to  the  pleasure  of  the  repast,  so  a  neat  and  well 
formed  letter,  with  ideas  clearly  and  agreeably  expressed,  makes 
a  lasting  impression  upon  the  mind. 

Kinds  of  Letters.— Letters  may  be  classified  as  letters  of 
business,  letters  of  courtesy,  and  letters  of  friendship.  Let- 
ters of  business  include  all  correspondence  relating  to  busi- 
ness matters;  letters  of  courtesy  include  invitations  and  ac- 
ceptances, letters  of  introduction  and  of  recommendation,  letters 
of  application  and  of  advice,  letters  of  congratulation  and  of  con- 
dolence; friendship  letters  should  always  be  simple  and  natural. 
The  little  things,  the  incidents  of  everyday  life,  the  happy 
relating  of  the  experiences  of  commonplace  and  routine  occur- 
rences, are  what  make  friendship  letters  interesting. 

Parts  of  a  Letter.— The  parts  of  a  letter  are  the  Head- 
ing, the  Address,  the  Salutation,  the  Body  of  the  letter,  the 
Complimentary  close  and  the  Signature. 


70 


WRITE  BR:EF  LETTERS  AS  A  RULR 


HOW  TO  BEGIN  A  LETTER. 

The  Heading  consists  of  place  and  date.  In  a  city  the 
number  and  street,  city  and  state  should  be  given. 

Arrangement. — The  first  line  on  ruled  paper  is  generally 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  below  the  top  of  the  page.  A 
letter  should  never  begin  much  higher  than  that;  but  if  the  let- 
ter should  be  very  short,  it  may  begin  still  lower,  so  that  the 
spaces  above  and  below  the  letter  would  be  about  equal. 

Punctuation.— Always  punctuate  the  parts  of  the  heading 
as  shown  in  the  models. 

The  Address  consists  of  the  name,  title  and  residence 
(Post  Office)  of  the  persons  written  to.  Except  in  business  let- 
ters the  address  is  frequently  written  at  the  close  of  a  letter. 

Salutation  is  that  term  of  politeness  and  respect  with 
which  we  begin  a  letter;  such  as  Sir,  Dear  Sir,  Dear  Friend,  etc. 
In  writing  to  a  firm  Sirs  or  Gentlemen  should  be  used.  Never 
use  the  abbreviations  of  "Gents"  for  Gentlemen  or  "Dr."  for 
Dear  or  "Sr."  for  Sir. 

In  writing  to  a  stranger,  he  is  addressed  as  "Sir,"  or  "Dear 
Sir."  "My  dear  Sir"  implies  very  friendly  relation.  A  mar- 
ried lady  or  a  single  lady  not  young,  is  addressed  as  "Madam," 
or  "Dear  Madam,"  a  young  unmarried  lady  as  "Miss,"  or  "Dear 
Miss,"  with  her  last  name  affixed,  and  begin  your  letter  with- 
out any  further  introduction.  "Rev.  Sir,"  for  clergymen;  "Es- 
teemed Sir,"  for  formal  friends;  Judges  and  legislative  officers 
should  be  addressed  by  the  title  of  "Honorable." 


ANSWER  ALL  LETTERS  PROMPTLY.  71 

Models  For  Beginning  Letters* 
Form  1. 


.,   Ji 
*.  - 


Form  2. 


Form  3. 


/         / 

V<M   WIV4  4rt4 


,  1901. 


Form  4.    (Social  Form.) 


igor. 


72     AN  ANONYMOUS  LETTER  IS  THE  WEAPON  OF  A  COWARD, 

Form  5. 


HOW  TO  IMPROVE  YOUR  PENMANSHIP  IN  LETTER 
WRITING. 

i.     Never  be  satisfied  with  mere    legibility;    for    neatness, 
elegance  and  correctness  are  equally  important. 

2.  Remember,  carelessness  and  too  much  haste  not  only  fail 
to  improve  your  penmanship,  but  actually  ruin  what  progress 
is  already  attained. 

3.  Many  persons  write  letters  so  hurriedly  as  to  slur  over 
the  words,  half  forming  and  deforming  many  of  the  letters,  or 
making  sort  of  a  wavy  line  to  represent  a  word;   this  is  not 
only  an  injury  to  the  writer,  but  vexatious,  unsatisfactory  and 
disrespectful  to  the  reader. 

4.  Write  plainly  and  neatly  as  possible,  rapidly  if  you  can, 
slowly  if  you  must.     A  neat  and  well  worded  letter  of  one  page 
once  a  month,  is  better  than  a  slovenly  scrawl  of  four  pages 
once  a  week. 

5.  When  persons  contemplate  having  a  photograph  taken, 
they  often  bestow  much  care  upon  their  personal  appearance, 


CIVILITY  COSTS  NOTHING.  73 

in  order  to  heighten  the  effect  of  the  artist  in  the  presenta- 
tion of  their  physical  likeness.  These  same  persons,  however, 
will  often  sit  down  and  write  hurriedly  an  important  letter, 
that  from  undue  haste  abounds  in  blots,  illegible  writing,  era- 
sures, bad  spelling,  and  the  wrong  use  of  capital  letters;  with- 
out once  thinking  they  are  transmitting  to  their  correspondent 
a  kind  of  mental  photograph  of  themselves,  drawn  by  their 
own  hand,  and  one,  too,  which  better  indicates  their  fitness  for 
business  or  for  society  than  the  others. 

THE  BODY  OF  THE  LETTER. 

As  letter  writing  is  "speaking  with  the  pen,"  the  language 
should  not  be  strained  but  natural  and  free  from  all  such  stereo- 
typed phrases  as 

"I  take  my  pen  in  hand  to  let  you  know  that  I  am  well,  and  hope 
you  are  enjoying  the  same  blessing.' 

Originality  is  the  spice  of  a  letter.  Do  not  try  to  imitate 
some  one  else  in  writing  but  be  yourself;  write  as  you  would 
talk.  Do  not  be  afraid  to  write  of  little  things.  Things  that 
are  worth  talking  about  are  worth  writing  about.  Let  your 
language  be  pure  and  chaste  and  beautiful,  always  avoiding  vul- 
gar and  slang  expressions.  Bear  in  mind  that  it  is  possible  to  put 
your  letter  into  print.  After  writing,  think  how  your  letter 
would  read  in  five  years.  Has  anything  been  written  that  might 
cause  the  blush  of  shame. 

Letters  of  friendship  and  love  should  reveal  the  happy  mood 
and  cheerful  spirit  of  the  writer  and  should  carry  hope  and  hap- 
piness to  the  recipient.  A  well  written  letter  may  gain  to  you  a 
life-long  bosom  friend.  A  careless  and  foolish  letter  may  for- 
ever separate  those  who  might  have  been  dearer  to  each  other 
than  ordinary  friends. 

THE  SUPERSCRIPTION. 

The  superscription  is  what  is  written  on  the  outside  of  the 
envelope.  In  writing  the  superscription  commence  the  name 
a  little  to  the  left  of  the  center  of  the  envelope,  the  town  or 
post-office  on  the  line  beneath  and  extending  a  little  to 
the  right  of  the  name.  The  State  next  below  and  still  further 
to  the  right.  In  cities  the  door  number  and  the  name  of  the 


74 


HE  THAT  RESPECTS  NOT  IS  NOT  RESPECTED. 


street  should  come  on  the  second  line.  In  the  country,  the 
county  may  be  on  the  same  line  with  the  state  on  the  left  side 
of  the  envelope. 

Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  addressing  envelopes 
Thirty  thousand  misdirected  letters  reach  the  dead  letter  office 
at  Washington  daily.  Give  the  full  name  and  title  of  the  per- 
son addressed.  If  abbreviations  of  States  are  used,  there  should 
be  especial  care,  for  N.  Y.  may  easily  be  taken  for  N.  J.  ;  Pa.  for 
Va.;  Me.  for  Mo.  and  Cal.  for  Col.  Above  all  let  your  penman- 
ship be  clear  and  distinct  so  that  it  can  be  easily  read  by  the 
postal  employes. 


// 


M. 


Jf  F  ACTIONS  MUST  MAKE  X  Y  LIFE.  71 

HOW  TO  CLOSE  A  LETTER. 

Never  write  a  letter  without  signing  it,  and  write  your  name 
in  full  if  the  letter  contains  important  matter. 

Write  your  name  plainly.  Bad  signatures  often  cause  great 
inconvenience,  and  many  times  result  in  very  serious  mistakes. 

A  lady  writing  to  a  stranger  should  sign  her  name  with  her 
proper  title,  Miss  or  Mrs. 

The  complimentary  close  is  written  on  the  next  line  below 
the  closing  sentence,  and  the  signature  is  written  on  the  next 
line  below  the  complimentary  close. 

The  closing  words  of  respect,  friendship,  etc.,  should  be, 
Yours  truly,  Yours  respectfully,  Yours  very  sincerely,  Respect- 
fully yours,  Yours  ever,  Your  affectionate  brother,  Your  loving 
daughter,  Your  obedient  servant,  etc.,  etc.  A  great  variety  is 
used. 


Models  for  Closing. 


COMMON  FORMS. 


Yours  truly. 


M.  M.  Matter. 


fours  very  truly, 


Miss     ite  Rourke. 


I remain , 

Yours  respectfully, 

J.  C.  Zehnder. 


Sincerely  yours, 

Mrs.  A.  S.  Barnard. 


FORMS  WITH   ADDRESS, 

Please  address, 

B.  F.  Simon, 

West  Salem,  Ohio. 


I  am. 

Yours  truly, 

B.  M.  Worthington. 
To  C.  N.  Smith, 

Berlin.  Ont. 


We  remain,  dear  Sir, 

Your  obedient  Servant, 

C.  W.  Field. 


COMMERCIAL  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Many  business  houses  in  writing  to  their  customers  always 
send  return  envelopes,  and  in  order  to  assist  the  mail  clerk  on 
the  cars,  and  thuC  facilitate  rapid  transit  of  their  mail,  both 
outgoing  and  return,  divide  the  address  as  shown  in  the  following 
forms: 
J  Standard. 


76 


A  ROLLING  STONE   FATHERS  NO  MOSS, 


Stamp. 


Lynn, 


Mass. 


Stamp. 


Toronto, 
Ontario, 

Can. 

J,  L.  Nichols  &  Co., 

33  Richmond  Street,  W. 


It  will  readily  be  seen  that  an  address  naturally  divides  itself 
into  two  distinct  parts  concerning  two  postmasters  remote  from 
each  other.  For  example:  We  mail  a  letter  to  G.  W.  Lascell; 
the  hustling  clerks  on  the  mail  cars  do  not  care  to  see  anything 
but  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  the  postal  clerks  there  do  not  care 
where  the  letter  was  mailed,  they  are  only  concerned  about  its 
delivery. 

The  above  are  valuable  only  for  business  houses  who  have 
their  envelopes  printed  and  properly  ruled;  we  would  not  rec- 
ommend them  for  private  correspondence. 

Forms  of  Superscription  in  Private  Correspondence. 


Stamp. 


To  the  Governor, 

Executive-Department, 

Springfield, 
Ills. 


Stamp. 


To  the  President, 

Executive  Mansion, 

Washington, 
D.  C. 


Stamp 


Miss  Ida  Best, 

09  Ashland  Boul., 

Chicago, 
i,  Es'i.  Ills. 


Letter  sent  by  a  private  party. 


Mrs.  A.  G.  Hall, 

No.  4  Fifth  Ave., 

Canton, 


By  Politeness  of 
Mr.  J.  G.  Ash. 


Ohio. 


CHARACTER  IS  THE  POOR  MAWS  SAVINGS  BANK. 

TITLES  USED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Titles,  their  use  and  abuse,  might  serve  as  a  topic  for  many 
pages.  The  omission  of  titles  of  respect  and  courtesy,  pro- 
fessional and  official,  shows  a  lack  of  refinement  and  gentility. 
In  private  correspondence  writers  should  not  assume  titles. 
"Let  others  praise  thee,  not  thine  own  lips."  If,  however,  it  is 
necessary  to  inform  the  person  to  whom  you  write,  if  he  is  a 
stranger,  then  do  it  with  becoming  modesty.  The  young  man 
who  starts  out  attaching  Rev.,  Hon.  or  Prof,  to  his  name  every 
time  that  he  writes  it,  is  to  be  pitied  for  his  ignorance.  Some 
writers,  when  it  i§  desired  that  the  recipient  shall  understand 
the  office  or  rank  of  the  writer,  inclose  the  title  in  parenthesis, 
thus:  (Rev.)  Thomas  Moore  (sec  page  100). 

When  it  is  desired  to  express  the  title  of  the  husband,  on  a 
letter  or  note  of  invitation  to  the  husband  and  wife,  one  of  the 
following  forms  may  be  used: 

His  Excellency  and  Mrs.  Grover  Cleveland. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  G.  M.  Wilson. 

Rev.  and  Mrs.  W.  P.  Phillips. 

Professor  and  Mrs.  R.  A.  Gault. 

If  the  lady's  husband  alone  has  a  title,  she  is  simply  addressed 
as  Mrs.  Chas.  Morton. 

HOW  TO  WRITE  A  POSTAL  CARD. 

1.  A  card  should  be  dated  either  on  the  upper  right-hand 
corner,  or  on  the  lower  left-hand  corner. 

2.  The  writer's  full  name  should  be  signed  to  it. 

3.  If  an  answer  is  required,  the  writer's  full  post-office  ad- 
dress should  be  given,  unless  it  is  well  known  by  the  person 
to  whom  the  card  is  directed. 

4.  Important  matters  should  not  be  intrusted  to  a  postal 
card,  as  it  is  open  to  inspection,  and  as  the  law  dees  not  provide 
for  its  return  to  the  writer  in  case  of  failure  to  reach  its  destina- 
tion.    Nor  is  it  allowable  to  use  postal  cards  for  notes  of  invi- 
tation, etc.,  in  which  society  prescribes  certain  polite  forms  to 
be  observed. 

5.  Never  write  a  demand  or  request  for  money  on  a  postal 
card.    It  is  disrespectful  to  the  person  receiving  it. 

6    Postal  cards  can  be  sent  to  Canada  and  Mexico. 


78  BUSINESS  BEFORE  PLEASURE. 


The  essential  qualities  of  a  business  letter  are  clearness,  neat- 
ness and  brevky.  The  writing  should  be  so  plain  that  "he 
who  runs  may  read."  Through  a  neglect  to  observe  these  points 
serious  misunderstandings  r.nd  mistakes  have  occurred,  often 
involving  great  loss  to  parties  concerned.  A  wealthy  gentleman 
in  New  York  desiring  to  have  two  monkeys,  wrote  his  agent 
in  Africa:  "Send  me  too  (two)  monkeys."  The  t  was  not 
crossed,  and  the  agent  was  astonished  to  learn  that  his  principal 
asked  for  100  monkeys.  As  he  was  in  no  way  connected  with  a 
menagerie  the  agent  was  perplexed  to  know  why  so  large  a 
number  of  monkeys  was  desired.  After  considerable  effort  he 
shipped  twenty-five  monkeys  stating  that  it  was  impos- 
sible to  fill  the  whole  order  at  one  time.  The  New  York 
gentleman  was  just  as  much  surprised  to  receive  such  a  large 
invoice  of  monkeys  at  so  great  an  expense  and  for  which  he 
had  no  use.  The  fault  was  his  own. 

Clearness  in  expressing  the  thought  or  in  ordering  goods 
should  always  be  aimed  at.  The  amount,  kind,  color,  quality, 
shape,  size  and  terms  should  aii  be  explicitly  stated  by  the  order. 

Flourishing  of  penmanship  or  language  is  out  of  place 
in  a  business  letter. 

Prompt  replies  should  characterize  all  business  letters. 
Neglect  in  this  respect  will  soon  bring  a  business  man  into 
discredit. 

Copies  of  important  letters  sent  and  filing  of  letters 
received  for  future  reference  is  essential  and  often  prevents  liti- 
gation and  loss. 

Ordering  a  Bill  for  Goods. 

Messrs.  L.  E.  Fiant  &  Co.,  Adrian,  Mich.,  Jan.  25,   1901. 

414  State   Street.    Chicago. 

Gentlemen:— Please    ship    me    at    your    earliest    con- 
renience.  by  freight,  per  C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.,  the  following: 
34  brls.   Mess  Pork. 
20   brls.    Coffee   Sugar, 
7   chests   Japan   Tea, 
10   bags   Rio   Coftee, 
3   mats   Cinnamon. 

Hoping  to  receive  the  above  order  of  goods  In  good  condition  and  with- 
out unnecessary  delay,  I  am,  Yours  truly, 

A.  C.  BROWN, 


BUSINESS  IS  THE  SALT  OF  LIFE.  79 

Order  to  a  Store  for  Goods. 

At  Home,   Jan.   11,    1901 
MR.  COUNTER: 

Please  deliver  to  the  bearer  for  me: 
22   Ibs.    Dried   Apples, 
5    Ibs.    Best    Rice, 
$1.00  worth  of  A  Coffee   Sugar, 
1  bar  Rising  Sun  Stove  Polish. 
Charge  the  same  to  my  account,  and  greatly  oblige, 

MRS.    J.    G.    FARMER. 

From  a  Young  Man  Commencing  Business,  to  a  Wholesale  House, 

with  Order. 

Aurora,    111.,   Jan.   4..   1901. 
Messrs.  WILLIARD,   HATCH   &  CO., 

105    State    Street,    Chicago. 

Dear  Sirs: — Having  recently  commenced  business  for  myself,  with 
fair  prospects  of  success,  I  shall  be  pleased  to  open  an  account  with 
your  house,  and  trust  it  will  be  to  our  mutual  advantage.  Should  you 
think  favorably  of  the  matter,  you  will  please  fill  the  accompanying  order 
with  the  least  possible  delay  and  on  your  best  terms. 

*For  testimonials,  I  refer  you  to  J.  R.  Cramer  &  Co.,  of  your  city,  by 
whom  I  have  been,  until  lately,  employed;  but  as  this  is  my  first  trans- 
action with  your  house,  upon  forwarding  me  an  invoice  of  goods  and 
deducting  your  usual  discount  for  cash,  I  will  remit  a  sight  draft  on 
the  First  National  Bank  of  your  city,  for  the  amount,  by  return  mail. 
Expecting  prompt  attention,  I  am,  Yours  respectfully, 

GEO.  VOLK. 
Sending  Draft. 

Messrs.  S.  A.   MAXWELL  &  CO.,  Naperville,  111.,  Jan.  15,  1902. 

134-136   Wabash   Ave.. 

Chicago,    111. 

Gentlemen:— Inclosed  please  find  draft  on  Willard  Scott  &  Co.,  Bank- 
ers, No.  12945,  for  $89.77,  in  payment  of  Bill  for  Stationery,  dated  Jan.  4, 
1902. 

Please  acknowledge  receipt,   and  oblige,         Yours  respectfully, 

J.  H.  RILLING. 
Sending  Receipt. 

Naperville,   111.,   Dec.   1,    1902. 
Mr.   ISRAEL  GROSS, 

Marion,  Marion  Co.,  Kas. 

Dear  Sir:— Your  favor  of  Nov.  29,  1901.  just  received.  Inclosed  please 
find  receipt.  Witjj  thanks  for  your  prompt  remittance, 

I  am  very  respectfully  yours, 

G.    S.    MEDLER. 
A  Resignation. 
TO  THE  DIRECTORS  OF  THE  JOLIET  LOAN  ASSOCIATION, 

Gentlemen:— I  herewith  tender  my  resignation  as  secretary  of  your 
association,  for  reasons  not  altogether  unknown  to  you.  Same  to  take 
effect  on  the  15th  day  of  April  next. 

Respectfully  yours, 
March  10,  1901.  J.  L.  STROHM. 

Advising  Receipt  of  Invoice. 
Mr.  JAMES  L.  KING,  Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  14,   1901. 

Boston. 

Dear  Sir:— Your  favor  of  January  9th,  with  Invoice,  was  received  in 
due  time.  The  goods  are  all  that  we  desired;  and  for  your  promptness 
and  care  in  filling  our  order,  accept  our  thanks. 

Enclosed  find  in  payment  Walker  &  Bros.'  Draft  on  First  National 
Bank  of  Boston,  at  sight,  for  $1950.25.  Please  acknowledge  receipt  per 
return  mail,  and  oblige.  Yours  respectfully, 

.         ^A,    S.    HUDSON    &    CO. 
OF 

UNIVERSITY 


80  DEBT  IS  THE  JAILOR  OF  CREDIT. 

Acknowledging  Remittance. 

New  York,  Jan.  16,   1901. 

Received  from  Messrs.  W.  D.  Wolf  &  Co.,  Five  Hundred  and  Fifty 
26-100  Dollars  on  account. 

550.25-100.  W.    H.    DAY. 

Asking  a  Loan. 

Reading,  Pa.,  Jan.  12,   1901. 

Dear  Sir:— if  write  to  ask  you  a  rather  disagreeable  favor.  A  dis- 
appointment in  the  receipt  of  some  money  due  has  exposed  ine  to  a 
temporary  embarrassment.  Would  you  under  these  annoying  circum- 
stances accommodate  me  with  a  loan  of  Twenty  Dollars  until  pay-day, 
when  I  shall  be  able  to  return  it  without  fail? 

It  vexes  me  much  to  ask  a  friend  such  a  thing,  but  you  will,  I  hope, 
excuse  it  on  the  part  of  Yours,  most  truly, 

F.    D.    VINCENT. 

To  Mr.  William  Williamson,    Mendota,    111. 

Notice  of  Non-Payment. 

To  Messrs.  WILLIAMS  &  FETTERS, 

Chico,  Cal. 

Gentlemen: — You  will  please  to  take  notice  that  a  note  for  $200, 
signed  by  John  H.  Wagner,  dated  May  29,  1900,  due  February  6th,  1901, 
and  indorsed  by  you,  was  duly  presented  by  me,  the  holder,  to  the 
maker  for  payment  and  was  not  paid,  and  that  I  shall  look  to  you  for 
payment  thereof.  Respectfully, 

E.     B.     KNAPP. 
Apologizing  for  Failure  to  Pay  "Money  Promptly. 

Memphis,  Jan.  14,  1901. 
Mr.  J.   K.    WEST, 

Aurora,   111. 

Dear  Sir:— I  must  really  beg  of  you  to  defer  the  settlement  of  your 
account  till  after  the  middle  of  next  month,  when  I  shall  be  in  a  condi- 
tion to  meet  your  demand.  Regretting  that  circumstances  prevent  my 
being  more  prompt  in  attending  to  your  wishes. 

I   remain,    Sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

A.  M.  WINTERS. 
Requesting  Payment. 

Messrs.  DOUGLAS  &  HEARTH.  Naperville,  111..  Jan.  7.  1901. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dear  Sirs: — We  are  obliged  again  to  ask  you  for  the  balance  of  your 
account,  now  four  months  past  due.  We  are  much  inconvenienced  by 
ycur  delay,  and  have  waited  longer  than  we  think  ought  to  be  ex- 
pected. The  account  must  be  speedily  settled,  and,  if  we  do  not  hear 
from  you  by  the  15th  inst.,  will  draw  on  you,  at  five  days'  sight.  If  the 
draft  is  not  protected  at  maturity,  we  shall  be  compelled  to  adopt  some 
other  mode  of  settlement.  Yours  truly, 

A.    F.   LEONARD. 
Requesting  Payment. 

Mr.    M.    B.    FOSTER,  Buffalo,    Dec.    24,    1001. 

Yankton, 

Dear  Sir: — If  convenient,  please  let  us  have  the  amount  of  your  Mil 
March  15th,  for  $225.50.  We  desire  to  close  all  our  accounts  by  the  3Hh 
Inst.,  and  havo  need  of  all  the  funds  due  us.  Please  remit  without  <l9-» 
lay,  and  n-'Th  oblige,  Yours  respectfully, 

T.    L.    HENDERSON    ft    CO 


ECONOMY  IS  OF  PRICELESS  VALUE.  81 

Requesting  the  Payment  of  a  Sum  of  Monay. 

H.    M.    SCHREPFER,    Esq.,  Naperville,    111.,    Jan.    6,    1901. 

Howell,   Mich. 

Dear  Sir: — Although  the  balance  of  the  account  between  us  has  beef 
if  Ipng  standing  in  my  favor,  yet  I  would  not  have  applied  to  you  at 
present,  had  not  a  very  unexpected  demand  been  made  upon  me  for  a 
considerable  sum,  which  without  your  assistance,  it  will  not  b<».  in  my 
power  to  answer.  When  I  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  you,  I  shall 
then  Inform  you  of  the  nature  of  this  demand,  and  the  necessity  of 
my  discharging  it. 

I  hope  you  will  excuse  me  this  freedom,  which  nothing  but  a  regard 
U>  my  credit  and  family  could  oblige  me  to  take.  If  it  does  not  suit 
fou  to  remit  the  whole,  part  will  be  thankfully  received  by 

Your  obedient  servant,        A.    M.    TISDALE, 

Requesting  the  Payment  of  Rent. 

Mr.   D.   P.   COYL,  Peoria,  111..  Oct.  16,   1902. 

Troy,    N.    Y. 

Dear  Sir:— I  have  waited  patiently  for  your  convenience  in  the  pay« 
ment  of  the  rent  for  the  house  you  are  at  present  occupying.  As,  how- 
ever, you  have  now  been  my  tenant  for  four  months  without  meeting 
any  of  the  payments,  which  were  to,  be  made  monthly,  I  feel  obliged 
to  remind  you  of  the  fact  that  there  are  now  $80  due  me. 

Trusting  that  you  will  give  this  subject  your  immediate  attention,  I  am 
Yours   truly,     GEO.    M.    LANNINQ. 

Letter  Complaining  of  Error  in  a  Bill. 

Messrs    HOLMES    &   MILLER.  Abbott,  Iowa,  Aug.  10,    1901. 

Chicago,     111. 

Dear  Sirs:— We  call  your  attention  to  an  error  of  bill  of  Aug.  4,  b> 
which  we  are  charged  $45  50  more  than  the  invoice  actually  amount* 
to.  Please  correct  the  same  and  oblige, 

Yours  very  truly, 

MONROE    &    HIGGINS 

Answer  to  Above. 

Messrs.    MONROE    &    HIGGINS,  Chicago,  111.,  Aug.   12,   1901. 

Abbott,  Iowa. 

Gentlemen :— We  regret  that  an  error  was  made  in  bill  of  Aug.  4.  We, 
onclose  the  corrected  bill  to  you  and  offer  apologies  for  the  error. 

Truly  youse, 

HOLMES  &  MILLER, 
Enclosing  Note  for  Discount. 

Annapolis,  Jan.  14,  1901. 
CHAS.   W.  WARD,   Esq.,   Cashier. 

Dear  Sir:— We  offer  for  discount,  enclosed,  T,.  Brown's  note,  Dec.  20th, 
at  ninety  days,  for  $4  250.75.  By  discounting  .he  same  you  will  greatly 
oblige,  Yours  respectfully, 

L.  L.  ORTH. 
Letter  of  Credit. 

Messrs.    STEINER    &   LEFFLER,  Naperville,    111.,    Feb.    4,    1902. 

New  York. 

Dear  Sirs:— Please  allow  Mr.  J.  A.  West  a  credit  for  such  goods  as 
he  may  select  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  Eight  Hundred  Dollars  ($800.00), 
for  four  months.  I  will  become  responsible  for  the  payment  of  the  same 
should  Mr.  West  fail  to  meet  the  obligation  promptly. 

Please  inform  me  of  the  amount  for  which  you  give  credit,  and  in 
default  of  payment  notify  me  promptly. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Mr.  West's  signature,  G.  E.  ALTSTADT. 

J.  A,  West.) 


82  PRESERVE  TOUR  INTEGRITY  OF  CHARACTER  AT  ANT  COST, 

LETTERS  OF  APPLICATION. 

Business  men  find  it  profitable  at  times  to  advertise  for  em- 
ployes. Letters  in  reply  to  advertisements  should  be  written 
at  once  or  it  may  be  too  late.  Your  application  should  of  course 
be  in  your  own  handwriting.  From  the  letter  the  employer 
can  frequently  judge  whether  the  applicant  has  the  necessary 
qualifications.  In  replying  name  the  paper  in  which  you  saw 
the  advertisement,  or  better  still,  paste  it  at  the  head  of  your 
letter.  If  you  have  testimonials,  send  copies  of  them,  marking 
them  "copy."  The  original  can  be  used  in  an  interview  or 
held  for  future  use.  Do  not  speak  in  praise  of  yourself.  You 
may  state  your  reference,  your  experience,  and  your  intention 
of  endeavoring  to  perform  the  duties  required,  but  let  your  tes- 
timonials state  your  character  and  qualifications.  In  answer  to 
advertisements  in  the  daily  paper,  business  men  sometimes  re- 
ceive hundreds  of  letters/  This 'suggests  the  importance  of  the 
greatest  care  in  the  wording  as  well  as  the  general  appearance 
of  the  letter.  Your  letter  must  represent  your  abilities  and  make 
a  favorable  impression  upon  the  employer  or  some  one  else  will 
fill  the  place. 

Application  for  a  School. 

JAMES  HOSMER,  Esq.,  Peru,  111.,   Jan.  16,   1902. 

Secretary  of  School  Board, 

Yorkville,  111. 

Dear  Sir:— Having  learned  that  thare  is  a  vacancy  in  your  school,  I 
beg  leave  to  offer  myself  as  a  candidate  for  the  position.  I  have  had 
four  years'  experience  in  teaching  and  enclose  testimonials.  I  hold  a  cer- 
tificate of  examination  from  the  Superintendents  of  Kendall  and  Ogle 
counties.  Should  you  see  fit  to  engage  my  services,  I  should  endeavor  to 
fill  the  position  to  the  best  of  my  ability  and,  I  trust,  to  your  entire 
satisfaction. 

Should  a  personal  interview  be  desired,  I  shall  be  glad  to  present  myself 
At  such  time  and  place  as  may  be  most  convenient  to  yourself. 

Yours  respectfully, 

GEO.  C.  MONROE. 

Application  for  an  Increase  of  Salary. 

Chicago,  111.,  Jan.  18,   1902. 
Messrs.  COOK  &  CO. 

Dear  Sirs: — Without  wishing  to  trespass  upon  your  time,  permit  me 
to  ask  your  consideration  of  a  subject  which  to  me  is  very  important, 
but  which  may  have  escaped  your  notice  in  the  pressing  demands  upon 
your  time — namely,  that  of  an  Increase  of  my  salary.  I  have  been  with  you 
nearly  two  years,  so  that  you  are  well  able  to  judge  of  my  ability  to  do  the 
work  required  of  me.  I  trust  my  efforts  have  met  with  your  approval  and, 
therefore,  that  you  will  regard  this  matter  as  liberally  as  possible. 

Yours  respectfully,  ' 

C.  B.  BROWN. 


IT  IS  THE  FIRST  STEP  THAT  COSTS. 

From  a  Boy  Applying  for  a  Clerkship. 

Chicago,  111.,  Jan.  4.    1901. 
Messrs.  A.  S.   KOCH,  187  Madison  St. 

118   Madison   Street,    Chicago. 

Dear  Sir:— I  notice  in  this  morning's  "Clarion"  your  advertisement 
Of  a  boy  wanted  in  a  grain  commission  house;  for  which  position  I 
take  the  first  opportunity  to  apply.  I  am  fourteen  years  old,  have  been 
at  school  the  most  of  the  time,  winters,  for  the  past  seven  years,  and 
understand  bookkeeping  and  conducting  correspondence  pretty  well,  hav- 
ing assisted  my  father  much  of  the  time  while  he  was  in  the  coal 
trade,  which  was  about  three  years. 

I  am  perfectly  willing  and  ready  to  take  off  my  coat  and  go  right  to 
work  at  handling  grain  or  anything  else  in  your  line. 

I  refer  you  to  Mr.  George  Beldon,  Coal  Dealer,  at  65  State  Street, 
Chicago,  who  has  always  known  me. 

Very   respectfully,    yours, 

GEORGE  ARNOLD. 

Advertisement. 

Wanted— A  young  man  of  ability  to  fill  the  position  of  entry-clerk 
4ft  a  dry  goods  house.  One  who  has  had  some  experience  in  dry  goqdr 
business  preferred. 

Address  with  reference,  X.  L.  M.,  Box  1024,  P.  O. 

St.   Louis,  Jan.  13,    1902. 
Mr.  X.  L.  M. 

Sis :— Consider  me  an  applicant  for  the  position  advertised  in  to-day '• 
Tribune.  Am  twenty-two  years  of  age,  have  not  handled  dry  goods, 
but  am  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  technical  terms,  abbreviation*, 
and  calculations  pertaining  to  the  business,  having  completed  a  com- 
mercial course  at  North-Western  Business  College,  NaperviUe,  111.,  the 
professors  of  which  I  am  at  liberty  to  use  as  parties  of  reference. 

Respectfully, 

E.   B.   HARDY. 

Application  for  a  Situation  as  Book-keeper. 

Messrs.   K.   K.   LANGTON  &   CO.,  San  Jose,  Cal.,  Feb.  20,   1900. 

Cincinnati,   Ohio. 

Gentlemen:— Having  learned  from  Prof.  George  Sindlinger  that  you 
desire  the  services  of  a  book-keeper,  I  respectfully  offer  myself  as  an 
applicant  for  the  situation.  I  have  been  engaged  for  two  years  in  the 
wholesale  house  of  Geo.  Reuss  &  Co.,  as  clerk  and  assistant  book-keeper, 
and  have  a  good  knowledge  of  accounts.  My  business  acquaintance  la 
extensive  in  the  western  part  of  Kentucky,  and  I  could  therefore  in- 
fluence considerable  trade.  I  enclose  copy  of  testimonial  from  my  late 
employers,  and  would  also  respectfully  refer  you,  as  to  my  character 
and  ability,  to 

S.  A.  WELTY,  Banker,  Creston,  la. 
Prof.    A.    C.    GEGENHEIMER,    NaperviUe,    111. 

Any  communication  which  you  may  be  pleased  to  make,  addressed 
as  above,  will  receive  prompt  attention. 

Very   respectfully   yours,  F.  T.  GEIST. 

Recommendation  Enclosed  in  the  Above  Copy. 

San  Jose,  Jan.  16,    1900. 

The  bearer,  F.  T.  Geist,  has  been  in  our  employ  as  assistant  book- 
keeper for  over  two  years,  and  we  have  always  found  him  to  be  honest, 
Bteady,  and  correct  in  his  habits  and  deportment,  and  well  qualified  for 
any  position  of  trust  in  a  counting-house.  We  cheerfully  recommend 
him  as  a  competent  book-keeper  and  one  who  will  earnestly  apply  himself 
to  promote  the  interests  of  his  employers.  . 

Respectfully, 

L.  H.  WERNER  A  CO. 


JAT77  . 1  77.' >.V.$r  SHOULD  HA  VE  IMMEDIATE  RESPONSES. 


HOW  TO  WRITE  NOTES  OF  INVITATION.. 

1.  Notes  of  invitation  differ  from  ordinary  letters  in  the  fol- 
lowing ways:    i.     More  formal;  2.     Wholly  or  partly  written  ID 
the  third  person;  3.     Date  is  generally  written  at  the  bottom; 
4.     They  are  without  signature. 

2.  Materials. — The  paper  and  envelopes  used  should  be  oi 
the  finest  quality. 

3.  A  dinner  invitation  should  be  answered  immediately,  oth- 
ers (if  answered  at  all)  not  later  than  the  third  day. 

4.  Regrets. — It  is  more  friend'y  and  courteous  to   state  a 
reason  for  non-attendance,  than  to  decline  without  any  assigned 
cause. 

After  having  accepted  an  invitation,  never  absent  yourseli 
without  the  strongest  reasons. 

Birth-Day  Celebration. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  A.  Matthews  request  the  honor  of  J.  A 
Austin's  company  to  celebrate  their  son's  majority^  on  Wednesday 
evening,  June  tenth,  igoi. 

1402  Arch  St.  R.S,  V.P, 

To  Meet  Visiting  Friends. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  IV.  George  request  the  pleasure  of  IV.  JV 
Towners  company,  on  Friday  evening,  November  igth%from  eighi 
to  eleven  o'clock^  to  meet  IV.  A.  Womer. 
Broad  and  Walnut  Sts.t  Philadelphia. 


Invitation  to  a  Surprise  Party. 

.   . 

us  and  be  at  Mr, 


Dear  Grace  :   We  are  getting  up  a  surprise  party  for  Lucy  ;  join 
".  Brown's  by  1p.  m.t  Wednesday  evening. 


Clara  Poive*, 


THY  LIGHT  IS  NOT  LESS  FOR  LIGHTING  THY  NEIGHBOR, 


EXCURSION. 

Mr.  Smith  would  be  pleased  to 
have  your  company  on  Thursday, 
Sept.  15th,  to  visit  the  park. 
Carriages  wilt  be  in  waiting  at 
the  Continental  Hotel  at  4  o'clock 
P.M. 
Continental  Hotel.    R.S.F.P. 

Mr.  Taylor  solicits  the  honor  of 
attending     Miss    Adams   to   the 
opera  on  Thursday  evening  next. 
Tuesday,  Nov.  3. 
The   bearer  will  wait  for  the 
answer. 

Invitation  to  Spend  the  Evening. 

^n.    3$tM  r?au*i&    t/i«  fi/eatotne    o 

n    J/tunu/ay  evening, 


and 


Acceptance. 

Th'/ion    Jave    rnuct 
tnvt'fa/ton      on 


Regret. 


ana 

,   ttey  aw  unad/e  to  uccefit  ^$n, 
(on*  jAurwtap  evening,    t/ie  30t/i   indant. 


ctoina 


EFFORT  CANNOT  ALWAYS  TAKE  TEE  PLACE  OF  GENIU& 


di^  sf£t<r2^  st<4W~^^ 


CULTIVATE  SYSTEMATIC  HABITS  IN  AFFAIRS. 


If  the  parties  are  very  intimate  friends,  the  formal  and  cere- 
monious style  may  be  dropped,  and  that  of  a  familiar  letter 
adopted,  as  in  the  following  :  — 


//'e  are   pvina  to  ^nw'na'*    w/t'//  Mi*  afternoon   for 
wer  i.       rn/J  you  od/,^j  ee*  fy  mah'np  one  o^  own 
<o,    toe  <oiM  caJJ  foi*  you  at  two  o'c/oc&.        zz)o 


SSa*. 


deader*. 


ou  tan  come  next 

to  tee  you,  /tut  t/o  not  twit  to  any  of  ^lawtin  '* 
fatune.        -&p  °/  {'amd  u*  tefone,    at  Aaty-fiait  /out* 


JMK 


,   4W7. 


CHARACTER  TELLS  IN  ALL  CONDITIONS  OF  LIF» 

How  to  Write  a  Letter  of  Introduction. 


.,         n.    7.     1Q01. 

is&eai*  jt'r  .'  *s/trt  atitt  introduce  to  you.  my  friend,  &*.  £z). 
Vincent,  of  tnil  cit^\  *3%e  intend*  ttauina  a  fixe  t/au*  in  ucui* 
oity,  w/tic/i  /ie  vitf'A  en  Juiineu,  and  Jr  ta&e  tA*  fiJerJu  o/  rvcotn- 
men</ina  utm  to  ucur  Kind  attention. 

J?Ce  &   a  yent/ctnan   o^  exeet/ent  ttcyuinemenft,    and  Jr 
4em  to  4e  ret/iente'J/e  to  t/te  extent  o^  /ti*  enpapementi. 
tention  cr<  favw  t/tat  you  t^endet*  /it'm  wi//  de  cvmidwed  a 

to 


Letter  of  Introduction. 
SHORT  FORM. 

Dear  Friend:— I  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  your  acquaintance 
Mr.  A.  A.  Jenkins,  whom  I  commend  to  your  kind  attention. 

"Very  respectfully  yours, 

To  Bev.  J.  Miller.  W.  H.  BAKER. 

Naperville,  111. 

Letter  of  Apology. 

•    Atlanta,  Ga.,  May  10,   1901. 
Mr.   A.  H.  Brown. 
Athens. 

Dear  Sir:— I  regret  very  much  that  I  am  compelled  to  apologtee  for 
not  meeting  you  at  the  Leland  Hotel  last  evening  as  I  had  expected 
and  agreed  to  do.  The  cause  of  detention  was  the  sudden  and  severe 
Illness  of  my  son  George,  whose  life  for  a  time  we  despaired  of.  I  hope 
that  the  arrangements  we  anticipated  can  yet  be  perfected,  and  shall 
be  pleased  to  have  you  kindly  inform  me  when  it  will  be  convenient  for 
me  to  see  you  Very  respectfully  yours, 

E.  M.  MERRILL. 


HASTY  JUDGMENTS  ARE  RARELY  SOUND  ONES.  89 

LETTERS  OF   RECOMMENDATION. 


Recommendations  are  given  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
the  benefit,  interest,  or  happiness  of  another  and  should  be 
given  only  when  the  integrity  and  uprightness  of  the  individ- 
ual are  known.  In  a  certain  sense  the  individual  giving  the  rec- 
ommendation is  responsible  for  the  character  and  ability  of  the 
person  recommended.  Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  writ- 
ing and  giving  recommendations.  It  may  be  hard  to  refuse  a 
testimonial,  but  in  some  cases  it  may  be  unjust  to  give  it. 

Recommendation  to  a  Young  Man. 

Joliet,    111.,    Feb.    4,   1902. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  bearer,  Mr.  S.  G;  Auer,  has  long  been  known 
to  roe,  and  that  he  is  a  yoong  man  of  good  family,  steady  habits,  and  hon- 
est and  conscientious  in  the  performance  of  every  duty. 

He  sustains  an  excellent  reputation  among  his  associates  and  neigh- 
bors. He  is  highly  respected  by  all,  and  is  possessed  of  a  good  educa- 
tion. I  take  pleasure  in  recommending  him  to  any  who  may  desire  the 
services  of  an  active,  competent,  and  trustworthy  young  men. 

E.  M.  KECK. 
Recommending  a  Salesman. 

Warren,   Oct.   7,   1902. 

To  Whom  It  May  Concern:— The  bearer  of  this,  Mr.  J.  M.  Horton,  has 
been  in  our  employ  for  three  years  past  as  salesman  and  book-keeper, 
and  we  have  ever  found  him  diligent  and  faithful  in  the  discharge  of 
his  duties,  and  one  who  endeavored  to  make  his  employers'  interest  his 
own.  He  is  correct  and  reliable  in  his  accounts,  and  is  weU  qualif?od 
to  act  as  book-keeper  or  correspondent. 

We  cheerfully  recommend  him  to  any  who  may  require  the  service* 
of  a  trustworthy  and  competent  perso'n  as  accountant. 

Very  respectfully, 

MARSHALL  FIELD  &  CO. 

Recommendation  for  a  Farm  Laborer. 

Sycamore,  111.,  Nov.  1,  1C01. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: — 

This  certifies  that  the  bearer,  Jno.  Jones,  has  worked  'or  me  during 
the  last  season  upon  my  farm,  and  that  I  have  found  'a  m  steady,  re- 
liable, strong  and  a  good  workman.  I  recommend  him  to  any  one  who 
wishes  help  that  understands  farming,  as  one  who  is  e,ble  and  willing 
&*  :%rn  good  wages.  THOS.  HALL 


90  TEE  DAYS  OF  CHANCE  ARE  GONE. 

Asking  for  a  Letter  of  Recommendation. 

Sement, 


lt*.  2fluip4*  je  AC  pood  <M  &>  /avot*  me  teitA  a  Jine, 
tnp  in  tc/tat  man  HO*  and  tettn  w/iat  tueceM  J&  dilcAatyett  tnu 
dutie*  tc/ii/e  sewinp  a*  a  Seac/tet*  in  Me  itdoot  in  toAic/t  Ae  it  <fa 
recto*?  jucA  a  testimonial,  i^  at  favwad/e  at  J&  Aave  Beaten  fa 
tac/tect,  may  Je  o/  pt^eat  benefit  to  me  in  fiweuninp  a  detiratte  tot* 
nation  at  teao/ter1. 

Ju/iinif  t/tat  ^vh.    2?lui 

toon  <w  convenient,  JP  remain  /tit  friend 

cy    rv?  * 
*7o  -Ziz/v 


Business  Recommendation. 

Winterset,  Iowa,  May  10,  1901. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern: 

Having  for  many  years  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  and  observed  the 
course  and  conduct  of  Mr.  Dudley  Selden,  and  being  also  acquainted  witfc 
his  financial  circumstances,  I  do  herewith  most  cheerfully  and  unhesitat- 
ingly express  my  entire  confidence  in  his  integrity  as  a  true  Christian 
gentleman  and  a  trustworthy,  reliable  business  man,  bearing  a  gootf 
reputation  for  honesty  and  business  integrity  where  best  known. 

I  can  conscientiously  recommend  him  as  a  safe  man  in  any  line  ol 
business  for  which  he  is  qualified,  being  confident  that  he  will  not 
obligate  himself  beyond  his  ability  to  pay. 

ALVIN  H.  BROWN, 
Cashier  First  National  Bank. 

icecommending  a  Teacher. 

Peoria,    111.,    Feb.    16,   1901. 
W.  O.  Brewer,  Esq.: 

Dear  Sir:—  It  gi«es  me  pleasure  to  recommend  Miss  Lora  Minch  to 
the  position  of  teacher  of  your  school.  I  have  known  Miss  Minch  as 
student  and  teacher.  I  most  cheerfully  bear  record  to  her  untiring 
real  and  close  application  as  a  student.  As  a  teacher  she  has  tact,  en« 
thusiasm  and  patience.  Her  amiable  disposition  has  won  to  her  the 
hearts  of  her  pupils.  She  is  withal  a  strict  disciplinarian.  The  two 
years  sp^nt  with  us  have  exhibited  a  marked  improvement  in  our 
school  in  ^vcry  reepect.  Very  truly  yours, 

IDA    HOFFMAN, 
Chairman  of   School   Board. 

Declining  to  Recommend. 
W.  G.  Brown,  ^sq. 

Sir:—  J  regr  't  that  I  cannot  conscientiously  write  the  testimonial  ty«a 
request  of  me.  1  should  most  gladly  do  so,  if  I  were  not  compelled  to  believe 
that  it  would  be  unjust  and  nn  injury  to  both  of  ns. 

1  am  still  your  sincere  well-wisher, 


MANNERS  OFTEN  MAKE  FORTUNES.  &* 

LETTERS  OF  CONGRATULATION. 

37.  A  Letter  of  Congratulation  is  a  letter  written  to  a 
friend  who  has  met  with  some  special  good  fortune  or  great 
joy.  It  should  be  written  in  a  style  suited  to  the  occasion, 
lively,  cheerful  and  free  from  all  envy  or  prejudice. 

While  an  abundance  of  good-natured  merriment  is  permissi- 
ble, overpraise  or  exaggeration  may  create  doubt  in  your 
friend's  mind  as  to  your  sincerity.  Do  not  insert  any  other 
matter  or  news  in  a  congratulatory  letter. 

Congratulating  a  Friend  on  Obtaining  a  Position. 

Dear  Friend  George:— Permit  me  to  congratulate  you  upon  your  succesa 
In  obtaining  a  good  and  desirable  position.  Hoping  that  it  may  prove 
profitable  to  you  and  be  a  stepping  stone  to  even  greater  prosperity,  I  am. 

Yours  truly, 

CENTIUS  SELDEN. 

Letter  of  Congratulation  Upon  Marriage. 

Naperville,  111.,  Jan.  27.  1901. 
My  Dear  Friend  James: 

Allow  me  to  congratulate  you  on  your  marriage,  of  which  R 
have  just  heard  With  all  my  heart  I  wish  you  a  long,  happy 
and  prosperous  life  with  your  helpmeet.  May  you  share  with  each  other 
many  joys  and  few  sorrows. 

As  ever  your  friend, 

To  J.  A.  Schneider,  JOHN  D.  BREWER. 

Batavia.Ill. 

Congratulating  a  Friend  Upon  the  Birth  of  a  Son. 

Peoria,  111.,  Jan.  3,  1901. 

Dear  George :— Accept  my  warmest  congratulations  upon  the  birth  ot 
your  son.    May  he  always  be  the  source  of  happiness   and   comfort  to 
his  parents  that  he  now  is,  and  be  the  pride  and  help  of  your  old  age, 
My  kindest  regards  to  Mrs.  Jackson.    I  remain, 

Faithfully  your  friend, 

H.  H.  HARDY. 

Congratulating  a  Lady  upon  her  Approaching  Marriage. 

Dixon,   111.,  Feb.  16,   1901. 

Dear  Anna:— Two  beautiful  cards  on  my  table  advise  me  of  youi 
Approaching  nuptials.  Allow  me  to  congratulate  you  upon  the  choice 
of  such  a  noble  man  to  whom  you  are  to  entrust  your  life's  happiness. 
That  the  noon  and  evening  of  your  married  life  may  be  as  cloudless  and 
beautiful  as  the  morning,  is  the  earnest  wish  of 

Your  loving  friend, 

LUCY  SPANGLER. 

Congratulating  a  Friend  on  Recovering  Health. 

Dear  Friend  George:— Permit  me  to  offer  my  heartfelt  congratulations 
on  your  convalescence  from  the  severe  attack  of  fever.  I  trust  yon 
are  again  in  usual  health  and  hope  to  see  you  soon  in  your  usual  hope- 
ful and  cheerful  spirit.  Very  truly  yours, 

7  Standard.  C'   F'   HETCHB 


92  CHAJS&E  OF  FORTUNE  IS  THE  LOl   OF  LIFE. 

LETTERS  OF  SYMPATHY   AND  CONDOLENCE. 

38.  A  Letter  of  Condolence  is  a  letter  written  to  some  friend 
who  has  suffered  some  grievous  loss  or  bereavement.  It  should 
be  consoling,  comforting  and  full  of  sympathy. 

Avoid  calling  up  the  harrowing  details  of  the  sad  event, 
and  do  not  attempt  to  argue  the  sufferer  out  of  his  (or  her) 
sorrow.  The  letter  should  be  short,  but  earnest  and  sincere. 
Such  letters  often  afford  inexpressible  comfort  in  the  hour  of 
affliction. 

Letter  of  Condolence. 

Reese,  Mich.,  Jan.  7,   1901, 
Dear  Friend  Clayton: 

With  feelings  of  deepest  sorrow  I  have  learned  oli 
your  recent  heavy  loss.  You  have  my  sincere  sympathy  in  this  your 
affliction.  With  hope  that  you  may  speedily  retrieve  your  loss,  I  am, 
as  ever,  Your  friend. 

To  C.  H.  Wolf.  R.  R.  BARNARD, 

Naperville,  111. 

A  Letter  of  Condolence  on  a  Cnild's  Death. 

Houston,  Texas,  Jan.  11,  1901. 

My  Dear  Friend: — If  anything  could  have  caused  me  especial  pain,  It 
was  the  news  of  your  sad  bereavement.  How  I  remember  your  dear 
child!  Lovely,  lively,  intelligent,  and  affectionate,  ever  displaying  a 
thoughtfulness  beyond  her  years,  and  to  lose  such  a  promising  child 
truly  brings  a  deep  and  heavy  shadow;  but  remember  that  light  some  time 
will  break  through,  and  there  will  be  a  glad  and  happy  reunion  in  the 
great  beyond. 

It  has,  indeed,  been  a  heavy  blow,  and  I  scarcely  know  how  to  talk 
of  consolation  under  so  bitter  an  affliction.  But  think  of  One  who  careth 
for  us  all  and  who  loves  little  children.  He  has  prepared  a  bright  and 
beautiful  home  beyond  the  grave,  and  the  spirit  of  the  dear  child  wifl 
only  wait  a  brief  period  when  in  sweetness  and  love  she  will  meet  her 
mother  and  father  to  depart  no  more. 

I  can  say  no  more;  human  consolation  is  weak.  May  God  bless  you 
In  your  hour  of  sorrow,  is  the  wish  of  Your  loving  friend, 

MARTHA  COLE. 
To  Mrs.  Henry  Craver. 


Lafayette  to  Jefferson,  Announcing  the  Death  of 
Madame  de  Lafayette. 

Antenil,  Jan.  11,   190L 

My  Dear  Friend:— The  constant  mourning  of  your  heart  will  be  deep- 
ened by  the  grief  1  am  doomed  to  impart  to  you.  Who  better  than  you  can 
•ympathize  for  the  loss  of  a  beloved  wife?  The  angel  who  for  thirty- 
four  years  has  blessed  my  life  was  to  you  an  affectionate,  grateful 
friend.  Pity  me,  my  dear  Jefferson,  and  believe  me  forever  with  all 
my  heart,  Yours, 

LAFAYETTE. 


WEALTH  MAKES  FRIENDS.  93 

LETTERS   OF  FRIENDSHIP. 

Friendship  letters  should  be  written  more  frequently.  Es- 
pecially should  the  young  cultivate  the  art  of  keeping  up  an  in- 
teresting correspondence  with  friends.  Many  a  friend  has  been 
lost  through  neglect  in  correspondence.  An  interesting  and 
lively  correspondence  will  rivet  the  ties  all  the  closer.  You  must 
be  governed  by  circumstances,  but  an  entering  into  the  details 
of  everyday  life  is  often  desirable  and  will  interest  your  friend. 
Do  not  be  foolish,  but  be  explicit  about  the  happenings  of  the 
neighborhood,  especially  if  your  friend  is  acquainted  with  per- 
sons mentioned.  If  the  father  were  to  write  more  frequently 
to  the  son,  the  son  to  the  father,  the  husband  to  the  wife,  the 
wife  to  the  husband,  the  mother  to  the  daughter  and  the  daugh- 
ter to  the  mother,  home  ties  would  be  strengthened  and  many 
of  our  youth  would  be  saved  from  many  evils  and  in  some  cases 
from  ruin.  Keep  home  ties  closely  riveted  by  frequent  corre- 
spondence. The  same  is  true  with  our  friends.  We  may  hold 
our  friends,  be  a  blessing  to  them  and  they  to  us  by  frequent 
correspondence.  At  the  same  time  you  will  be  acquiring  the 
art  of  easy  letter  writing. 

A  Student  at  School. 

North-Western  College,  Oct.  2,  1901. 

My  Dear  Parents:— It  will  doubtless  give  you  much  pleasure  to  le«.rn 
that  owing  to  the  kind  attention  of  my  teachers  I  have  made  so  satis- 
factory progress  that  I  have  not  only  been  promoted  one  class  higher  in 
the  school,  but  have  carried  off  the  first  prize  in  penmanship. 

I  sincerely  hope  that  I  may  keep  up  to  all  the  expectations  you  have 
formed  of  me,  and  which  you  have  spared  no  pains  or  expense  to  realize. 

With  feelings  of  regret  at  leaving  my  kind  teachers  and  school-mates. 
and  delight  at  the  prospect  of  my  return  home,  I  remain,  my  dearest  pa- 
rents, with  kindest  love  to  all  at  home, 

Your  affectionate  child, 

ELMER  BROWN. 
A  Letter  to  a  Lady  Friend. 

Miss  NELLIE  REYNOLDS,  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  Jan.   23,  1901. 

Scotland,  Conn. 

Dear  Friend:— It  no  doubt  will  be  a  great  surprise  to  you  to  receive 
a  letter  from  a  distant  friend  who  has  been  silent  so  long.  I  will  venture 
to  try  to  experiment,  hoping  you  will  recover  from  the  shock  in  season 
to  make  an  early  reply. 

How  has  the  world  prospered  you  all  these  long  years  since  we  last 
met?  I  hope  you  are  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  blessings  of  good  health 
and  find  many  interesting  and  profitable  enterprises  to  engage  your  time 
and  attention. 

Where  and  how  are  all  the  good  people  who  used  to  be  our  neigh- 
bors? Scattered,  no  doubt,  some  to  distant  States,  and  some  to  the  silent 
abodes  of  the  village  burial  ground.  And  thus,  Nellie,  does  time  make 
its  mark,  and  it  writes  upon  all  living  the  sad,  sad  words,  Passing  away. 

But  I  said  I  would  be  brief.  Please  write  to  me,  and  tell  me  all  the 
items  of  interest.  With  many  kind  thoughts,  I  remain,  as  ever. 

Truly  your  friend,  .J.  p,  EYEJIETT. 


94  INVESTMENTS  IN  KNOWLEDGE  PAY  THE  BEST  INTEREST 

John  Quincy  Adams,  when  Seven  Years  Old,  to  His  Father. 


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Dr.  Franklin  to  His  Wife. 

"Easton,  Nov.  13,  1756. 
"My  Dear  Child: 

"I  wrote  you  a  few  days  since,  by  a  special  messenger 
and  inclosed  letters  for  all  our  wives  and  sweethearts,  expecting  to  hear 
from  you  by  his  return,  and  to  have  the  northern  newspapers  and  Eng- 
lish letters  per  the  packet;  but  he  is  just  now  returned  without  a  scrap 
for  poor  us;  so  I  had  a  good  mind  not  to  write  to  you  by  this  opportunity, 
but  I  never  can  be  ill-natured  enough,  even  when  there  is  the  most  oc- 
casion. The  messenger  says  he  left  the  letters  at  your  house,  and  saw 
you  afterwards  at  Mr.  Duche's  and  told  you  when  he  would  go,  and  that 
he  lodged  at  Honey's,  next  door  to  you,  and  yet  you  did  not  write;  so 
let  Goody  Smith  give  me  more  judgment,  and  say  what  should  be  done  to 
you.  I  think  I  won't  tell  you  that  we  are  all  well,  nor  that  we  expect 
to  return  about  the  middle  of  the  week,  nor  will  I  send  you  a  word  of 
news  —  that's  poz. 

"My  duty  to  mother,  love  to  children,  and  to  Miss  Betsy  and  Gracy, 
etc.,  etc. 

"I  am  your  loving  husband, 

B.  FRANKLIN. 

"P.  S.    I  have  scratched  out  the  loving  words,  being  written  iu 
by  mistake,  when  I  forgot  I  was  angry." 


KIND   WORDS  COST  NOTHING.  95 


IN  THE  MIDST  OF  LIFE  THEBE  IS  DEATH." 


HOW  TO  WRITE    RESOLUTIONS. 

1.  Resolutions  of  societies,   clubs,  or  any  organization  on   the  deatfl 
of  a  member  should  always  be  deliberate,  concise  and  consistent. 

2.  Great  care  should  be  taken   that  they  are  not  too   brief  nor  too 
long,  and  be  careful  to  avoid  excessive  exaggerations. 

3.  Resolutions  in  form  are  always  prefaced   with  a  preamble  which 
should  specify  the  occasion  of  what  shall  follow.    The  preamble  should 
begin    with    "whereas,"    and    each    resolution    should  begin    with    "re- 
solved" or  "be  it  resolved." 

4.  When   resolutions    have    been    framed    by    a   committee,    all    their 
•Iguatures  should  be  annexed  to  the  resolutions. 

Form  of  Resolutions. 

Whereas,  The  great  and  supreme  Ruler  of  the  universe  has  in  his 
infinite  wisdom  removed  from  among  us  one  of  our  worthy  and  esteemed 
fellow- laborers,  Henry  A.  Harlow;  and,  whereas,  the  long  and  inti- 
mate relation  held  with  him  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  duties  in  this 
society  makes  it  eminently  befitting  that  we  record  our  appreciation 
of  him;  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  the  wisdom  and  ability  which  he  has  exercised  in  the 
aid  of  our  organization  by  service,  contributions,  and  counsel,  will  be 
held  in  grateful  remembrance; 

Resolved,  That  the  sudden  removal  of  such  a  life  from  among  our 
midst  leaves  a  vacancy  and  a  shadow  that  will  be  deeply  realized  by 
all  the  members  and  friends  of  this  organization,  and  will  prove  a  serious 
loss  to  the  community  and  the  public. 

Resolved,  That  with  deep  sympathy  with  the  bereaved  relatives  of  the 
deceased  we  express  our  hope  that  even  so  great  a  loss  to  us  all  may  be 
overruled  for  good  by  Him  who  doeth  all  things  well; 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  spread  upon  the  records 
of  this  organization,  a  copy  printed  in  the  local  paper  and  a  copy  for- 
warded to  the  bereaved  family. 

Resolutions  of  Thanks. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  convention  are  hereby  given  to 
the  president  for  the  able  and  impartial  manner  in  which  he  has  pre- 
sided over  the  deliberations  of  this  body,  and  to  the  other  officers  for 
U  faithful  performance  of  4tttttn  fulfilled  in  so  satisfactory  a  manner. 


96 


NEITHER  PRAISE  NOR  DISPARAGE  THYSELF, 


VISITING   AND  ADDRESS   CARDS. 

Uses.— A  few  of  the  many  uses  of  cards  are,  to  announce 
a  visitor's  name,  to  make  known  one's  name  to  a  stranger,  to 
serve  as  credentials  or  certificates  of  authority  when  an  indorse- 
ment is  written  upon  it. 

Kinds. — The  business  card  is  valuable  for  advertising,  mak- 
ing known  the  leading  features  of  the  business.  The  visiting 
card  is  used  principally  by  ladies  in  calling  upon  acquaintances 
in  the  city.  The  address  card  is  also  frequently  used  for  the 
same  purpose.  Professional  cards  are  used  by  professional 
men.  The  same  card  is  often  used  for  social  purposes. 

Cards  are  of  various  sizes  to  suit  individual  tastes.  Ladies 
cards  are  a  trifle  larger  than  gentlemen's.  The  most  elegant 
cards  are  engraved  or  written.  They  should  always  be  in  script. 

A  man  and  his  wife  sometimes  use  a  joint  card,  written  Mr, 
and  Mrs.  G.  J.  Lock,  but  more  frequently  each  have  a  sep- 
arate card,  the  gentleman's  card  being  smaller  and  delicately 
engraved  in  script.  Cards  should  not  be  "overloaded"  with 
printed  matter. 

We  append  a  few  models,  which  although  diminished  in  size 
will  give  the  general  form. 


G2       G^     S/ 

&ee.     10.    ^Mcnr^oe, 


<* 


.     TQ. 


WORK  IS  OIL;   WORRY  18  ACID.  9? 

HELPFUL  HINTS  TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

Abbreviations. — Use  abbreviations  very  sparingly.  Be  es- 
pecially careful  in  using  the  abbreviations  of  states.  Avoid 
abbreviations  such  as  "&"  for  "and,"  "xRoads"  for  "Cross 
Roads,"  "Bait."  for  "Bakimore,"  "Phil."  for  "Philadelphia," 
"Cwood"  for  "Collingwood,"  "Wmstown"  for  "Williamstown," 
"Jno'town"  for  "Johntown,"  "ad."  for  "adv."  or  "advertise- 
ment," etc.  , 

Address. — Write  your  name  and  address  plainly  and  in 
full.  N.  Y.  may  look  like  N.  J. 

Anonymous  Letters. — No  gentleman  or  lady  ever  writes  ac 
anonymous  letter. 

Application. — Letters  of  application  should  be  very  care 
fully  written  in  the  applicant's  own  handwriting,  modest  but 
self-respectful. 

Brevity. — In  business  letters  use  as  few  words  as  possible. 

Business  Letters. — Business  letters  often  partake  of  the 
nature  of  contracts,  hence  they  should  be  clear,  brief,  direct 
and  without  ambiguous  terms.  Ambiguous  language  often  re- 
sults in  serious  loss. 

Captain.— When  this  title  is  used  instead  of  "Sir"  in  the 
salutation  or  complimentary  close,  it  should  not  be  abbrevi* 
ated.  The  same  rule  applies  to  "Colonel"  and  other  titles. 

Copying  Letters. — Copy  important  business  letters  and  pre- 
serve them.  A  facsimile  made  with  a  letter  press  is  a  mosl 
satisfactory  means  of  preserving  a  copy  of  a  letter. 

Corporations. — A  petition  or  memorial  to  a  Board  of  Alder- 
men, or  other  officers,  may  begin  with  "Gentlemen*"  and  close 
with  "All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted." 

Dear  Sir. — This  salutation  is  more  intimate  than  "  Sir  **  and 
not  so  officious.  It  is  preferable  to  "Sir"  for  ordinary  busi- 
ness correspondence. 

Degrees — Scholastic  degrees— M.  D.,  D.  D.,  M.  A..  A.  Bn 
etc. — are  always  abbreviated  in  addresses.  Titular  addresses  of 
high  rank,  however — such  as  President,  Governor,  Archbishop, 
etc. — should  never  be  abbreviated  in  such  use.  It  is  not  in  good 
taste  to  address  a  man  as  "Mr.  Charles  King,  M.  A.,"  or 
"Charles  King,  Esq.,  M.  D."  Titles  are  multiplied  on  title- 
pages  and  catalogues,  but  not  more  than  one  should  appear  oo 
letters. 


»8          USEFULNESS  IS  THE  BADGE  OF  TRUE  KNIGHTHOOD. 

Doctor.— Doctors  of  Divinity  may  be  addressed  "Rev.  Dr." 

or  "Rev.—        ,  D.   D."     Doctors  of  medicine  may  be 

addressed  "A B ,  M.  D.,"  or  "Dr.  A B ." 

Don't.— Don't  write  illegibly.  Don't  write  crooked.  Don't 
use  any  other  than  black  ink.  Don't  write  a  lettter  on  foolscap 
paper.  Don't  use  fancy  note  paper.  Don't  grumble  on  paper. 
Don't  flourish  in  a  business  letter.  Don't  use  slang.  Don't  di- 
rect an  envelope  wrong  side  up.  Don't  write  "&"  for  "and." 
Don't  write  a  letter  with  a  lead  pencil.  Don't  write  like  Horace 
Greeley.  Don't  write  "Gents"  instead  of  "Gentlemen."  Don'* 
be  profuse  in  apologies. 

Envelopes.— In  social  correspondence,  the  envelopes,  like 
the  paper,  should  be  white  and  plain,  and  should  corre- 
spond to  the  paper  used  in  size  and  quality.  The  square  en- 
velope is  not  used  for  business  correspondence.  It  is  considered 
bad  taste  to  use  colored  paper. 

Erasures. — Avoid  erasures  or  blots,  even  if  you  have  to 
rewrite  your  letter. 

Esquire. — The  correct  abbreviation  is  "Esq.,"  not  "Esqr." 
In  addresses  this  word  is  accepted  as  the  correct  title  of  a  gentle- 
man who  has  no  professional  title. 

Figures. — Do  not  use  figures  in  the  body  of  a  letter,  ex- 
cept in  writing  dates  and  sums  of  money. 

Folding.— Fold  the  letter  neatly  from  the  bottom  forward 
and  fit  it  to  the  size  of  the  envelope.  A  clumsily  folded  letter  de- 
notes either  ignorance  or  a  want  of  proper  respect  to  the  person 
addressed. 

~  Friendship. — Matters  of  friendship  or  private    confidence 
should  not  be  mentioned  in  business  letters. 

Hostess. — Be  sure  to  write  a  friend,  or  hostess,  after  mak- 
ing a  visit  at  her  house,  thanking  her  for  her  hospitality.  Do 
not  wait  several  weeks  before  doing  so. 

Introduction. — Letters  of  introduction  should  be  left  un- 
sealed and  the  name  of  the  person  introduced  should  be  writ- 
ten on  the  lower  left-hand  corner  of  the  envelope,  in  order 
that  the  persons,  on  meeting,  may  greet  each  other  without  em- 
barrassment. 

Margin. — Always  leave  a  margin  of  a  half -inch  or  more 
at  the  left  of  the  page.  The  margin  should  correspond  to  the 
size  of  the  paper,  < 


PROVIDENCE  PROVIDES  FOR  THE  PROVIDENT.  99 

Mistakes. — Read  your  letter  carefully  when  written,  and 
see  that  you  have  made  no  omissions  and  no  mistakes.  Ex- 
amine carefully  your  envelope  when  addressed.  Millions  of  let- 
ters reach  the  dead  letter  office  every  year  because  of  mistakes  in 
addressing  them.  In  writing  a  number  of  letters  be  careful 
to  enclose  them  in  the  proper  envelopes.  Woeful  mistakes  have 
been  made  this  way.  Don't  make  mistakes. 

Miss. — This  word,  unlike  Sir,  Madam,  and  General,  should 
never  be  used  alone,  hence  cannot  be  used  as  the  salutation  of 
a  letter.  In  addressing  a  young  lady,  use  the  word  with  the 
surname,  as  "Miss  Brown."  In  writing  to  strangers  a  woman 
should  in  her  signature,  indicate  her  sex  and  also  whether  she 
is  a  "Miss  or  a  "Mrs." 

Money. — In  sending  money,  the  amount  should  always  be 
mentioned.  Acknowledge  the  receipt  of  money  promptly. 

Nota  Bene.— The  abbreviation  is  N.  B.  and  the  meaning 
"note  specially."  This,  like  the  postscript,  follows  the  com* 
pleted  letter. 

Numbers.— Numbers,'  except  dates  and  sums  of  money, 
should  be  spelled  in  full,  unless  exceeding  three  words  in  length. 

Officials. — In  letters  to  ordinary  officials,  it  is  customary 
to  begin  with  the  salutation  "Sir,"  and  close  with  "I  have 
the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servant,"  or  "I  beg  to  re- 
main your  obedient  servant." 

Official  Letters. — In  official  correspondence  it  is  better  to 
address  the  office  than  the  officer,  as  "To  the  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture, etc.,  Sir,"  instead  of  "To  the  Hon.  A B ,  Minis* 

ter  of  Agriculture,  etc." 

Paper. — Gentlemen  should  use  white  paper,  ladies  may  use 
delicately  tinted  and  perfumed  paper.  Unruled  paper  is  to  be 
preferred. 

Paragraphs. — Letters  as  well  as  other  compositions  should 
be  divided  into  paragraphs,  and  a  blank  margin  should  always 
be  left  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  page,  and  not  on  the  right, 

Payment. — When  it  becomes  necessary  to  request  pay- 
ment, it  should  be  done  in  the  most  gentlemanly  terms.  There 
is  more  loss  than  gain  in  rash  and  insulting  language. 

Poor  Writing. — It  is  almost  useless  for  a  poor  writer  to 
apply  for  a  situation  in  a  business  house,  for  merchants  do  not 
wish  either  the  discredit  or  the  inconvenience  of  bad  writing. 


!00  BETTER  BE  A  MAN  THAN  A  MILLIONAIRE. 

Postal  Cards. — There  is  no  need  of  salutation  or  com- 
plimentary  close.  The  economy  that  resorts  to  cards  need  not 
waste  time  and  two  lines  on  mere  civilities. 

Postscript.— The  abbreviation  P.  S.  is  usually  made  use 
of.  The  ordinary  use  of  the  postscript  is  to  add  some  after- 
thought to  the  letter.  Use  sparingly. 

Promptness. — Business  letters  should  be  promptly  answered, 

Recommendation. — "It  ought  to  be  the  pride  of  every  man 
who  writes  a  letter  of  recommendation  to  feel  that  his  letter 
will  have  weight,  because  it  is  known  that  he  recommends 
only  the  deserving  and  the  competent,  and  recommends  truth- 
fully." 

Return  Stamp. — In  writing  to  others  for  information  a 
stamp  should  always  be  enclosed. 

R.  S.  V.  P. — French  meaning,  "answer  if  you  please.**  Some 
times  written  at  the  lower  left  hand  corner  of  the  invitations. 

Sir. — This  is  used  alone  while  Mr.  goes  with  the  name.  The 
plural  is  "Gentlemen,"  not  the  vulgar  contraction  "Gents." 

Social  flatters. — Never  discuss  or  refer  to  social  mat' 
ters  in  a  business  letter.  If  necessary  write  two  letters. 

Style — Let  the  style  be  simple,  clear  and  withal  forcible, 
In  a  letter  the  spirit  of  the  writer  should  show  itself. 

Testimonials. — When  these  are  required,  and  you  desire  to 
preserve  the  original,  a  copy  should  be  enclosed,  and  marked 
"copy"  at  the  top  of  the  page. 

Titles. — The  principle  titles  of  honor,  profession  and  re- 
spect used  in  the  United  States  are: 

His  Excellency — President  of  the  United  States,  Governoi 
of  any  state,  Minister  to  foreign  country. 

Honorable — Vice-President,  Senators  and  Representatives  of 
the  United  States,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  a  state,  State  Sen- 
ators and  Representatives,  Judges,  Consuls,  Mayors  and  heads 
of  Executive  Departments  of  the  General  Government. 

Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  D.  D.,  doctor  of  divinity. 

Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  L.L.  D.,  doctor  of  laws. 

Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  minister  of  the  gospel. 

Dr.  Joseph  Smith,  physician  or  surgeon. 

Prof.  Joseph  Smith,  professor  or  teacher  of  any  art  or  science. 

Joseph  Smith,  Esq.,  member  of  legal  fraternity. 

Mr.  Joseph  Smith,  non-professional  gentleman. 


JT  is  EASIER  TO  SIGN  A  NOTE  THAN  TO  PAY  IT       101 

COMMERCIAL    FORMS. 

Hfty  Facts  and  Principles  on  Writing,  Transferring, 
Collecting  and  Paying  Notes. 

1.  Notes  are  very  common,  and  of  great  utility  in  business, 
At  the  present  time  a  large  proportion  of  all  the  business  is 
transacted   on   credit,   that  is,   a  tradesman,   instead  of  paying 
for  his  stock  when  he  buys  it,  promises  to  pay  at  some  future 
time;  that  promise,  whether  oral  or  written,  is  itself  property, 
and  may  be  transferred  from  one  to  another. 

2.  Notes  are  written  and  unconditional  admission  and  evi- 
dence of  a  debt  and  facilitate  the  use  of  credit,  which  is  and  has 
been  a  great  factor  in  the  extension  of  commerce  and  trade. 

3.  A  note  is  a  simple  written  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
at  a  certain  time,  or  on  demand,  or  at  sight  to  a  person  therein 
named. 

The  person  who  promises  is  called  the  maker,  and  the  one 
to  whom  he  promises  is  called  the  payee. 

4.  A  protest  of  a  note  is  a  formal  statement  by  a  notary 
public  that  said  note  was  presented  for  payment  and  was  re- 
fused. 

WRITING  NOTES. 

5.  Notes  are  made  payable  to  bearer  or  to  order. 

6.  If  the  words  "order"  or  "bearer"  are  omitted,  the  note  is 
not  transferable. 

7.  Negotiable  in  a  commercial  sense  means  transferable. 
A  negotiable  note  contains  the  word  order  or  the  word  bearer. 
This  is  the  English  common  law,  but  in  Illinois  and  some  other 
States  the  words  "order"  or  "bearer"  are  not  necessary  to  make 
a  note  negotiable. 

8.  The  name  of  the  place  and  State  should  be  written  on 
the  note.     It  is  as  important  as  the  date. 

9.  A  note  may  be  written  on  any  kind  of  paper  in  ink  or  in 
pencil. 

10.  A  note  made  and  issued  on  Sunday  is  void. 

11.  A  note  negotiable  must  contain  five  things:      (1)  that  the 
date  of  payment  be  certain  to  come;    (2)  that  it  have  one  of 
the  two  words,  "order"  or  "bearer";    (3)    that  the  amount  be 


102          DO  NOT  WASTE  TIME  IN  REGRETS  OVER  LOSSES. 

4 

specified  and  certain;  (4)  that  it  be  payable  in  money  only;  (5) 
that  it  be  an  unconditional  promise.    (See  7  above.) 

12.  A  non-negotiable  note  is  payable  to  a  particular  person 
only. 

13.  The  words  "without  defalcation"  must  be  inserted  in 
Pennsylvania   notes. 

14.  A  promissory  note  does  not  bear  interest  until  after 
maturity  unless   so   specified. 

15.  The  signature  on  a  note  or  bill  need  not  be  proven, 
ui.  less  it  is  first  denied  under  oath. 

16.  The  words  "value  received"  are  not  legally  necessary,  al- 
though they  usually  appear  on  ordinary  promissory  notes. 

17.  When   several   persons   unite   in   a   note   and   say,    "we 
promise"  or  "we  jointly  promise,"  it  is  a  joint  liability  only,  and 
all  must  be  sued;  but  if  they  say  we  or  either  of  us  promise,  or 
*'we  jointly  and  severally  promise,"  the  liability  is  both  joint 
and  several,  and  either  or  all  may  be  sued. 

18.  When  a  note  says  "I  promise,"  but  is  signed  by  two 
or  more,  each  signer  is  bound  for  the  whole  amount,  and  each 
or  all  may  be  sued. 

19.  Promissory  notes  can  be  transferred  after  maturity,  but 
are,  however,  subject  to  any  defense  which  might  have  been 
made  against  the  original  payee. 

TRANSFERRING  NOTES. 

20.  Paper  payable  to  bearer  is  transferred  by  delivery,  pay- 
able to  order  by  indorsement. 

21.  An  indorser  is  a  person  who  writes  his  name  on  the 
back  of  it. 

22.  Indorsement  in  blank  is  writing  only  the  name  without 
the  words,  "pay  to  the  order  of." 

23.  The    indorser   is   liable    for   its   payment   if   the   maker 
fails  to  meet  it. 

24.  An  indorser  who  is  compelled  to  pay  a  note  has  a  just 
claim  against  the  maker  and  against  each  indorser  whose  name 
appears  above  his  own. 

25.  An  indorser  to  whose  order  a  note  is  drawn  or  indorsed, 
can    transfer   it   without   becoming   liable   for   its   payment   by 
writing  the  words  "without  recourse"  over  his  signature  on  the 
back.    See  Form  3,  page  112. 


OAUTION  IS  THE  FATHER  OP  SECURITY,  103 

COLLECTING  NOTES. 

26.  A  note  destroyed  by  fire  can  be  collected  by  proof  of  loss. 

27.  Money  paid  under  mistake  must  be  refunded.  ^ 

28.  If  no  time  is  specified  the  note  is  payable  on  demand, 

29.  The  day  of  maturity  is  the  day  on  which  a  note  be- 
comes legally  due.    In  some  states  three  days,  called  days  of 
grace,  are  allowed  after  the  expiration  of  the  time  given  in 
the  note  before  it  becomes  legally  due. 

30.  In  finding  the  day  of  maturity  actual  days  must  be  count- 
ed if  the  note  is  drawn  days  after  date,  but  months  are  counted 
when  the  note  is  drawn  months  after  date.  ^ 

31.  Days  of  grace  have  been  abolished  in  recent  years  in 
a  number  of  States.    The  States  still  allowing  them  are:   Ala- 
bama,  Arizona,   Arkansas,   Indiana,   Iowa,   Kansas,   Kentucky, 
Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Nebraska,  New  Hamp- 
shire, North  Carolina,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  South  Da- 
kota,  Texas,    Washington,  West  Virginia,   Alaska   except  on 
demand  notes,  Colorado,  Georgia  except  on  sight  paper,  Indian 
Territory,  Louisiana  except  on  sight  paper,  New  Mexico,  Okla- 
homa except    where  expressly  waived  in  the  note,  Wyoming, 
West  Virginia  allows  grace  where  expressly  specified  in  the  note= 

32.  Negotiable  paper  payable  to  bearer  or  indorsed  in  blank, 
which  has  been  lost  or  stolen,  cannot  be  collected  by  the  finder 
or  thief,  but  a  holder  who  innocently  receives  it  in  good  faith 
before  maturity  for  value,  can  hold  it  against  the  owner's  claims. 

33.  A  note  made  in  one  State,  payable  in  another,  must  be 
governed  by  the  laws  of  that  State  in  which  it  is  to  be  paid. 

34.  Demand  for  payment  of  a  note  must  be  made  upon  the 
day  of  maturity  and  at  the  place  named.    If  no  place  is  specified 
then  it  is  payable  at  the  maker's  place  of  business  or  at  his 
residence.     If  it  falls  due  on  Sunday,  demand  must  be  made 
on  the  day  previous.    In  most  of  the  States  where  note  falls  due 
on  Sunday  or  legal  holiday,  by  statute  the  maker  is  given  until  the 
following  day  to  pay  the  same. 

<  35.  An  extension  of  the  time  of  a  note  by  the  holder,  re- 
leases sureties  and  indorsers,  unless  consent  to  such  extension 
has  been  given  by  the  indorsers  or  sureties.  In  some  States 
this  consent  may  be  given  verbally,  in  others  it  must  be  in 
writing.  Safety  would  suggest  that  it  always  be  given  in  writ- 
ing or  that  a  new  note  be  given. 


104  'HE  PRICE  OF  TIME  IS  WILL  AND  SKILL. 

36.  Upon  presentment  for  payment  and  refusal  by  the  maker 
at  maturity,  in  order  to  hold  the  indorser,  suit  should  be  im« 
mediately  instituted  upon  the  note  against  the  maker,  and 
notice  of  default  should  be  given  to  the  indorser,  and  in  some 
States  the  note  should  be  protested  by  a  notary  public. 

PAYING  NOTES. 

£7.  Indorsers.— All  the  parties  who  have  written  their 
names  on  a  note  are  liable  for  the  amount  due;  but  only  one 
satisfaction  can  be  recovered. 

38.  Indorsements. — Payment  made   to    apply    on    a  note 
should  always  be  indorsed    on    the  back    of    the    note.     The 
indorsement  requires  no  signature.    The  usual  form  is  to  give 
the  date  anu  write  "Received  on  within  note"  stating  sum  paid. 
It  is  always  well  to  see  that  the  proper  paper  is  indorsed.     All 
payments  of  principal  and  interest  must  appear  as  indorsements 
upon  the  back  of  the  note.     If  no  indorsement  is  made  and  the 
note  passes  into  innocent  hands  payment  of  the  face  value  with 
interest  can  be  demanded. 

39.  Cancelled  Notes.— When  a  number  of  notes  are  held 
by  parties  and  these    notes    are    secured    by    mortgage  it  is 
best  to  cancel  them  or  mark  them  paid  as  soon  as  they  are  taken 
up,    but   not   to   destroy   or   to   mutilate   them   by   tearing   off 
signatures.     It  is  important  that  every  note  be  kept  until  all 
are  paid  and  the  mortgage  discharged. 

40.  Payment  of  Notes  at  a  Distance.— In  the  ^yment 
of  notes  where  parties  live  at  a  distance,  it  is  best  to  request  that 
the  notes  be  sent  to  the  nearest  bank  for  collection.    Payment 
can  then  be  made  and  the  note  received  in  a  safe  and  business- 
like way. 

41.  Inquiring  for  Notes   at    Bank.— When   calling    at    a 
bank  for  your  note,  always  mention  the  exact  day  on  which 
it  falls  due;    if   the    paper   belongs    to   another  party,  and  is 
held  by  the  bank  for  collection,  then  mention  also  the  name  of 
the  person  to  whom  it  was  originally  given;  if  you  have  received 
a  written  notice  concerning  the  note,  take  this  notice  with  you, 
for  it  will  tell  the  whole  story.     Banks  keep  their  own  notes 
in  one  place,  and  those  of  their  customers  in  another;  they  also 
keep  each  date  by  itself  and  can,  therefore,  find  notes  more 
readily,  if  owners'  names  and  date  of  maturity  are  given. 


&EEP    VALUABLE  PAPERS  IN  A  84FE  PLACE.  10o 

PAYMENT   DEFEATED. 

Many  cases  occur  in  which  notes  are  void  or  in  which 
payment  may  be  defeated  especially  when  held  by  the  original 
parties.  Such  are: 

42.  A  note  given  by  one  who  is  not  of  age,  unless  the  minor 
ratifies  it  after  becoming  of  age. 

43.  A  note  made  by  an  intoxicated  person. 

44.  A  note  given  by  one  who  cannot  write  and  not  witnessed 
to  at  the  time. 

45.  A  note  obtained  by  duress,  in  case  of  compulsion,  by  fear 
or  illegal  imprisonment,  or  by  threats  that  would  lead  an  or- 
dinary person  to  fear  injury  to  his  person,  his  reputation  or  his 
property.     Such  defense  would  be  good  and  would  defeat  pay- 
ment. 

46.  Obtained  by  fraud  or  by  finding.     In  these  cases  the 
original  parties  can  not  collect  anything. 

47.  A  note  that  has  been  stolen  cannot  be  collected  by  the 
party  that  committed  the  theft,  but  if  an  innocent  person  buys 
the  note  for  a  consideration,  he  can  collect  it. 

48.  A  note  given  for  illegal  consideration  is  illegal  every- 
where. 

49.  One  who  receives  a  note  knowing  it  to  have  defects, 
gets  no  better  right  to  collect  it,  than  the  one  from  whom  he 
received  it  had. 

50.  If  a  person  at  the  time  of  taking  a  note   has  notice  that 
it  is  void  through  fraud,  or  upon  any  legal  grounds,  he  cannot 
collect  it. 

These  defenses  would  all  hold  good  unless  transfer  for  con- 
sideration has  been  made  before  maturity  in  which  case  some 
of  them  would  fail. 


THE  HAND  OF  THE  DILIGENT  MAKETH 

DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  NOTES. 

Negotiable  by  Indorsement. 

Jfa/Kwtfa,  M.,   ffct   7.    IQOI. 
/ne  peai*  aftet*  date  J&  fiwmtie  to  /lay  to  fi 
ee   2?&na/>*ea/  and  Seventy-five 
int&^ett  at  MX  fter  cent. 


Negotiable  without  Indorsement. 
$100.00.  Cleveland,   O.,  Aug.  1,  1901. 

Ninety  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  James  Jones  or  bearer,  One 
Hundred  Dollars,  value  received.  E~  M.  KECK. 

Not  Negotiable. 
$100.00.  Chicago,  111.,  Dec.  10,   1901. 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  Geo.  C.  Dixon  One  Hundred 
Dollars,  value  received.  EUGENE  LANSING. 

Note  Payable  in  Gold. 
$200.00.  Sacramento,  Cal.,  June  15,   1901. 

One  year  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  J.  G.  Snyder,  or  order,  Two 
Hundred  Dollars,  in  U.  S.  gold  coin,  with  interest  at  one  per  cent,  per 
month  in  like  gold  coin  until  paid.  W.  F.  TEEL. 

A  Corporation  Note. 
$200.00.  Augusta,   Me.,   Mar.   18,   1901. 

Nine  months  after  date,  the  Granite  Stone  Company  promises  to  pay 
S.  A.  Chilton,  or  order,  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest  at  seven 
per  cent.  Value  received.  GRANITE  STONE  COMPANY. 

Attest:  I.  K.  Dawes,  Secretary. 

O.  R.  Phillips,  President. 

N.  B.  —  If  corporation  notes  are  drawn  and  signed  in  the  above  manner  the  officer* 
•re  not  personally  liable. 

Collaterals.  —  If  a  man  borrows  $2,000  on  his  personal  note 
and  gives  twenty  shares  of  bank  stock  or  other  notes  to  be 
held  as  security,  such  shares  or  notes  are  called  collaterals.  They 
are  still  the  property  of  the  borrower  but  the  lender  is  respon- 
sible for  their  safe  keeping.  The  lender  has  power  to  sell  the 
property  if  the  note  is  not  paid  at  maturity. 

Collateral  Note. 
$500.00.  Mendota,  Tex.,  Sept.  25,  1901. 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  T.  J.  Boyd,  Five 
Hundred  Dollars,  without  defalcation,  for  value  received.  Interest  at 
eight  per  cent, 

Having  deposited  United  States  Bonds  of  the  nominal  value  of  Six 
Hundred  Dollars,  which  I  authorize  the  holder  of  this  Note,  upon  the  non- 
performance  of  this  promise  at  maturity,  to  sell,  either  at  the  Brokers' 
Board  or  at  "public  or  private  sale,  without  demanding  payment  of  this 
Note  or  the  debt  due  thereon,  and  without  further  notice,  and  apply  pro- 
ceeds, or  as  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  to  the  payment  of  this 
Note,  and  all  necessary  expenses  and  charges,  holding  myself  responsible 
for  any  deficiency-  W.  W.  STRATTON. 


BE  SLOW  IN  BECOMING  SECURITY  FOR  ANOTHER.        107 

* 

A  Judgment  Note  differs  from  an  ordinary  promissory  note 
in  Laving  a  clause  appended  giving  the  holder  permission  to  pro- 
ceed without  delay  to  sacrifice  the  property  of  the  debtor  to  satisfy 
the  debt.  This  is  a  very  severe  form  of  contract  and  should  be 
given  only  under  the  most  extreme  conditions. 

Judgment  Note. 

$2,000.00  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  4,  1901. 

Six  months  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  J.  W.  Krasley,  or  order,  Two 
Thousand  Dollars, 

•v::Ine  received,  with  interest:  And  do  hereby  authorize  any  attorney  of  this  county 
.or  any  other  county  In  •"his  state  or  elsewhere,  to  enter  and  confess  judgment  for 
the  above  sum  with  costs  of  saiw  rnd  attorney's  commission  of  five  per  cent  for  collec- 
tion, release  of  errors,  and  without  stay  c*  •zecation,  and  do  waive  the  right  and  ben- 
iefit  of  any  law  of  this  or  any  other  state  exempting  property,  leal  or  personal,  from 
sale,  and  if  levy  is  made  on  land,  do  also  waive  the  rfghc  amc  inquisition  and  consent 
'to  the  condemnation  thereof,  with  full  liberty  to  sell  the  same  ou.fi.  /a.  with  reieas* 
.of  errors  therein. 

GEO  W.  BAIED. 
Payable  at  Bank. 
)$440.00  Chicago,  111.,  Oct.  10,  1901. 

Two  years   after  date,   for  value  received,    I   promise  to  pay  T.  M, 
lver  or  order,   Four  Hundred  Forty  Dollars  at  Second  National  Bank, 


On  Demand. 
($25.6^.  Toronto,  Ont.,  Oct.  12,  1902. 

Oc  Demand  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  J.  T.  Connor,  Twenty-Five 
167-100  Dollars.    Value  received,  with  interest  at  six  per  cent. 

A.  H.  SIMPSON. 

NOTE.—  This  note  answers  the  same  purpose  as   a  note  written  one 
iday  after  date. 

Joint  Note. 
|$200.00.  Lisle,  111.,  Jan.  1,  1901. 

One  year  from   date,   we  promise   to   pay  D.  F.  Shaw  or  order,  Two 
\Hundred  Dollars.    Value  receivsd.    Interest  at  six  per  cent. 

J.  LEWIS  BEAN. 
B.  A.  WHITE. 
Joint  and  Several  Note. 
|$2,000.00.  Ottawa,  Ont.  ,  Nov.  25,  ..  " 

Ten  months   after   date,   we,  or  either  of  us,  promise  to  pay  Maggie 
iPatterson  Two  Thousand   Dollars,   value  received.      Interest  at  five  per 


Principal  and  Surety  Note. 
,$600.00.  Montreal,  Sept.  21,  1901. 

For  value  received,  on  or  before  July  27,  1903,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the 
order  of  Grover  Cleveland,  Six  Hundred  Dollars.  Interest  at  nine  per 
cent.  W.  J.  SHAW,  Principal. 

THOS.  RODDEN,  Surety. 

NOTE.—  The  general  form  of  a  Principal  and  Surety  is  for  the  principal 
to  properly  sign  the  note,  and  the  surety  to  endorse  it. 

A  Note  by  One  who  Cannot  write. 
$49.50.  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Mar.  20,  1901. 

One  year  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  N.  Bowker  or  order  Forty-nine 
50-100  dollars,  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent.  Value  received. 

his 

*  JOHN  x  ROURKE. 

H,  A.  Starr.  Witness.  mark. 

N.  B.—  A  note  made  by  a  person  who  cannot  write  should  always  be 
witnessed  by  a  disinterested  person. 


108  A  JUST  MAWS  WORD  IS  AS  GOOD  AS  HIS  NOTE. 

"Iron  Clad  Form. 

1300.00.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  May  19,  1901. 

Two  years  after  date,  for  value  received,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the 
order  of  L.  B.  Lawson,  Three  Hundred  Dollars,  negotiable  and  payable  at 
the  Commercial  National  Bank  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  without  defalca- 
tion or  discount,  with  eight  per  cent,  interest  per  annum  from  date  until 
paid,  both  before  and  after  judgment,  payable  in  U.  S.  gold  coin;  and  if 
suit  be  instituted  for  the  collection  of  this  note  we  agree  to  pay  Twenty 
Dollars  attorney's  fee.  If  the  interest  be  not  paid  as  herein  stipulated, 
the  legal  holder  of  this  note  may  declare  the  principal  due,  and  .proceed 
by  law  to  recover  both  principal  and  interest. 

T.  C.  HALLETT. 

J.  T.  HALLETT. 

A  Note  by  a  Married  Woman. 

4200.00.  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  15,  1901. 

Two  years  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  Fred.  Lueben,  or  order,  Two 
Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent.,  payable  annually. 
Value  received.  MRS.  MARY  CHANDLER. 

N.  B.— A  married  woman  could  formerly  incur  no  liability,  but  now  the 
etatutes  of  the  various  States  give  her  more  or  less  freedom  to  enter  into 
contracts.and  consequently  her  note  can  be  enforced  against  her.  But 
in  most  States  she  cannot  be  bound  by  a  note  given  to  her  husband,  nor 
can  he  give  a  note  to  her.  If  she  lends  money  to  him  and  takes  his  notes 
a  court  of  equity  will  oblige  the  husband  to  pay  her,  but  the  court  of  law 
will  not. 

Chattel  Note. 

1700.00.  Earlville,  111.,  Aug.  17,  1901. 

Thirty  days  from  date,  for  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  Walter  J. 
Miller  or  order,  Seven  Hundred  Dollars  in  Warrenville  Flour,  at  the  then 
market  rate,  the  same  to  be  delivered  at  the  option  of  the  owner  within 
the  limits  of  the  town  of  Earlville.  C.  D.  CHAMBERS. 

Accommodation  Note. 

4500.00.  Meriden,  Vt.,  March  13,  1901. 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  S.  J.  Umbreit£ 
Five  Hundred  Dollars,  at  the  Earlville  National  Bank,  without  defalca- 
tion. Value  received.  M.  SUNDERMAN. 

Credit  the  drawer,  S.  J.  Umbreit. 

NOTE.— An  accommodation  note  is  where  a  person  gives  his  note  to 
another  person,  who  is  by  agreement  permitted  to  take  it  to  the  bank  and 
have  it  discounted.  In  the  hands  of  the  original  holder  it  cannot  be 
collected. 

Produce  Note. 

437.00.  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Nov.  20,  1901. 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  to  L.  L.  Orth  on  demand. 
Thirty-seven  Dollars,  in  goods  at  our  store.  J.  L.  STROHM. 

My  Own  Order. 

4200.00.  Ottawa,  Ont,  July  20,  1901. 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay,  sixty  days  after  date,  to  my  owr 
order,  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent. 

A.   S.   BARNARD. 

NOTE. — A  note  may  be  drawn  to  the  maker's  own  order,  with  his  in- 
dorsement in  favor  of  the  creditor.  This  note  then  can  be  transferred 
without  indorsement. 


•  This  form  Is  used  by  bankers  and  brokers  In  the  Rocky  Mountain 
<l  Pacific  States;  it  is  really  a  form  of  Judgment  Note. 


LET  TOUR  ACTIONS  BE  EQUAL  TO   TOUR  PROMISES.      10$ 


110 


SEE  DVTT  IN  THE  PRESENT  MOMENT* 


INDORSEMENTS  OF  NOTES. 

1.  The  word  indorsement  signifies  a  writing  on  the  back 
of  a  bill  or  written  instrument. 

2.  Indorsements  are  made  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
the  title  or  ownership  of  notes  from  one  person  to  another. 
This  quality  of  transferring  negotiable  paper  gives  to  it  its  great 
value  and  importance  in  commerce. 

3.  The  payee,  of  a  note  may  transfer  his  title  to  another 
person  by  writing  across  the  back  of  it  his  own  name  and  then 
delivering  it  to  the  other  person. 

4.  Indorsements  are  generally  made  before  the  maturity  of 
the  paper,  but  they  are  sometimes  made  after. 

5.  When  no  date  is  connected  with  the  indorsement  the 
presumption  is  that  it  was  made  before  the  paper  fell  due. 

6.  When  the  payee  of  negotiable  paper  has  indorsed  a  note 
or  bill,  he  is  then  called  the  indorser,  and  the  person  to  whom 
he  transferred  the  title  is  called  the  indorsee. 

7.  The  indorsement  may  be  on  any  part  of  the  note,  or  on 
a  paper  annexed  to  it,  in  ink  or  in  pencil. 

8.  When  note  or  bill  is  drawn  payable  to  a  person  or  his 
order,  it  is  transferable  only  by  his  indorsement.     Nothing  else 
in  law  will  hold  the  parties  to  a  note  directly  liable  to  the  holder. 

9.  When  money  is  received  on  a  bill  or  note,  the  amount 
and  date  of  receiving  shovld  be  plainly  written  on  the  back  of 
the  paper. 

Forms  of  Indorsements. 


1.  Indorsement  in  Blank. 

John  S.  Barton. 

2.  Indorsement  in  Full. 

Pay  to  Jas.  Jones>  or  order. 
John  S.  Barton. 

S.    Qualified  Indorsement. 

Without  recourse. 

John  S.  Barton. 

4.    Restrictive  Indorsements. 
Pay  Robert  Hunter,  for  my  use. 
John  S.  Barton. 

Pay  to  Chas.  Harrison  only. 

John  S.  Barton. 


5.  Conditional  Indorsement. 

Pay  George  Gray,  or  order, 
the  within,  unless  before  due  he 
receives  the  amount  from  my 
agent. 

John  S.  Bartoh. 

6.  Indorsement  by  an  Agent. 

Howard  Chester ; 
By  John  S.  Barton,  his  agent. 

1.    A  Guaranty  on  a  Note. 

For  value  received  in  cash,  7 
hereby  guarantee  the  payment 
of  the  within  note. 

John  S.  Barton. 


BASE  ALL  ACTIONS  ON  A  PRINCIPLE  OF  RIGHT. 


Ill 


1.— Blank  Indorsement. 

A  blank  indorsement  is  writing  the  name  of  the  holder  on 
the  back  of  the  note.  This,  however,  is  not  the  best  form  of 
indorsement,  and  should  rarely  be  used. 

Form  1  (page  106)  is  indorsed  in  blank  as  follows : 


M.  B. — This  note  is  now  transferable  without  further  indorse- 
ment. 

2.— Full  Indorsement. 

When  the  holder  writes  upon  the  back  of  the  note,  or  bill, 
the  name  of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  to  be  paid,  and  makes  it 
payable  to  his  order,  and  signs  his  name  below,  it  is  called  a 
full  indorsement. 


N.  B. — This  note  cannot  be  sold  or  transferred  without  Mr. 
West's  indorsement.  Do  not  write  "Pay  to  J.  A.  West  or 
order."  The  word  "order"  can  easily  be  stricken  and  "bearer" 
written  over  it  and  then  any  one  holding  the  note  can  collect 
it.  Always  write  "Pay  to  order  of,"  as  in  above  form. 

3.— Qualified  Indorsement  or,  How  to  Avoid  Liability. 

This  is  generally  done  by  inserting  the  words  "without  re- 
course" in  the  indorsement.  It  relieves  the  indorser  from  all 
liability  to  pay,  while  at  the  same  time  it  transfers  the  title  per- 
fectly to  the  one  to  whom  it  is  sold. 


112 


BNERQY  OVEBCOMES  DIFFICULTIES. 


3 


4.— Eestrictive  Indorsement. 

A  restrictive  indorsement  is  intended  to  confine  the  payment 
to  some  particular  person  or  purpose.  Form  1  (page  106)  is 
festrictively  indorsed  as  follows: 


N.  B. — This  note  cannot  be  transferred.  The  mere  omission 
of  the  words  "order"  or  "bearer"  in  an  indorsement  on  the  back 
of  a  note  or  draft  does  not  have  the  same  effect  as  the  omission 
of  the  same  words  in  the  face  of  the  note  or  draft.  If  omitted 
on  the  face,  it  restricts  negotiability. 

5.— Conditional  Indorsement. 

Neither  the  original  character  of  the  note  nor  its  negotiabil- 
ity is  affected  by  a  conditional  indorsement.  It  only  affects  the 
title  of  the  one  to  whom  it  is  transferred. 

The  Form  of  a  Money  Indorsement. 


Q1VINQ  CREDIT  HAS  BANKRUPTED  THOUSANDS.          113 

ORDERS. 

An  order  is  a  written  request  to  deliver  money  or  goods  to 
a  person  named,  or  to  his  order,  or  to  bearer,  the  same  to  be 
charged  to  the  person  signing  the  request. 

Orders  are  negotiable,  but  the  person  on  whom  they  are 
drawn  is  not  under  obligation  to  pay  them,  unless  they  have 
been  accepted,  for  an  order  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  draft. 


'fay  &  4 
tn  0<w<&,  <tn</  enaiat  we  torn* 

*n<u  account 

*  < 

In  Full  of  Account. 

$25.00.  St.  Louis,  April  13.  1901. 

C.  A.  Mather,  Esq.: 

Please  pay  John  Rickert,  or  bearer. 

Twenty-five  Dollars  in  goods,  and  this  shall  be  your  receipt  in  full  of  my 
account  P.   D.   CRIMMINS. 

For  Goods. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Waisworth: 

New  Orleans,  March  4,  1901. 

Please  send  me  per  bearer  ten  barrels  of  Genesee  Flour,  and  oblige-, 
Yours  truly,  MINNIE  HOWARD. 

An  "I.  0.  U." 


@0<!&4i  tffr.OOj. 


The  above  is  called  an  I.  O.  U.     It  is  not  a  promissory  note, 
but  is  evidence  of  a  debt  due  by  virtue  of  a  pi  evious  contract. 

HOW  TO  WRITE  ALL  KINDS  OF  DUE  BILLS. 

A  due-bill  is  not  generally  payable  to  order,  nor  is  it  assign- 
able by  mere  indorsement.     It  is  simply  the  acknowledgment 


114     CUT  SHORT  YOUR  LOSSES.  LET  TOUR  PROFITS  GO  O2V. 

of  a  debt;  yet  it  may  be  tfEHsf erred.    It  may  be  payable  in 
money  or  in  merchandise. 

Due-bills  do  not  draw  interest,  unless  so  specified. 


&* 


On  Demand. 

$250.00.  Napervtlle,  J  ll.,  July  1,  1901. 

Due  E.  E.  ."Tiller,  on  demand,  Two  Hundred  Fifty  Dollars  in  goods 
from  my  store,  t^r  value  received.  A.  T.  HANSON. 

In  Merchandise. 
$1,000.00.  Lincoln,  Neb.,  Nov.  1,  1901. 

Due  R.  William,  or  order,  Cue  Thousand  Dollars,  payable  in  wheat  at 
-snarket  price,  on  the  first  day  of  January  next. 

CHARLES  SCHUERER. 

HOW  TO  WRITE  ALL  KINDS  OF  RECEIPTS. 

A  receipt  is  an  acknowledgment  in  writing  that  a  certain 
sum  of  money  or  thing  has  been  received  by  the  party  giving 
and  signing  the  same. 

i.  A  complete  receipt  requires  the  following  statements: 
That  a  payment  has  been  received;  the  date  of  the  payment;  the 
amount  or  article  received;  from  whom  received,  and  if  for 
another,  on  whose  behalf  payment  is  made;  to  what  debt  or 
purpose  it  is  to  be  applied;  by  whom  received,  and  if  for 
another,  on  whose  behalf  it  was  received. 

2.,  If  the  giving  and  receiving  of  receipts  were  more  strictly 
held  to  in  the  transactions  of  the  various  kinds  of  business, 
less  trouble,  fewer  law-suits,  and  the  saving  of  thousands  of  dol- 
Jars  would  be  the  result. 

3.  If  payment  is  made  upon  account,  upon  a  special  debt, 
or  in  full,  it  should  be  so  stated  in  the  receipt. 

4.  When  an  agent  signs  a  receipt,  he  should  sign  his  prin- 
cipal's name  and  then  write  his  name  underneath  as  agent. 

5.  It  is  not  :  .ecessary  to  take  a  receipt  on  paying  a  note, 
4raft,  or  other  instrument  indorsed  by  the  payee,  because  the 
instrument  itself  becomes  a  receipt. 

6.  If  a  receipt  is  obtained  through  fraud,  or  given  under 
»i!Tor  or  mistake,  it  is  void 


TAKING  RECEIPTS  FOR  MONEY  PAID  BARS  ALL  DISPUTES.  115 

* 

ALL  THE  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  RECEIPTS. 

1.  Receipt  for  Payment  on  Account. 


Receipt  for  Settlement  of  an  Account. 


Joliet,  111.,  March  20,  1901., 

Received  of  Thomas  Rourke,  Two  Hundred  and  Twenty  14-100  Dol- 
lars, in  settlement  of  account  to  date.  C.  S.  SELBT. 

3.  Receipt  in  Full  of  all  Demands. 

Meriden,  Conn.,  Jan.  14,  1901. 

Received  of  C.  F.  Hetche,  One  Thousand  Dollars,  in  full  of  all  demands 
to  date.  O.  N.  OBRIGHT. 

4.  Receipt  for  a  Particular  Bill. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1,   1902. 

Received  of  Morris  Cliggitt,  Four  Hundred  Dollars,  in  Payment  for  a 
bill  of  Merchandise.  R.  ZACHMAN. 

5.  Receipt  for  Rent. 

Snydei,  Tex.,  Mar.  20,  190L 

Received  of  L.  Heininger,  Forty  Dollars,  in  full  for  one  month*! 
rent,  to  April  20,  for  residence  at  44  Olive  Street 

J.  LEWIS  BEAN. 

6.  Receipt  for  a  Note. 

Rec'd,  Buffalo,  March  6,  1901,  from  Messrs.  Taylo/  &  Co.,  their  note 
of  this  date,  at  three  months,  our  favor,  for  Twelve  Hundred  and  Twenty 
Dollars;  which,  when  paid,  will  be  in  full  of  account  rendered  to  1st 
instant. 

$1,220.00.  C.  H.  OLIVER. 

7.  Receipt  for  Service. 

Lemont,  111.,  July  23,   1902. 

Received  of  Samuel  Lynn,  Forty-Four  Dollars,  in  full  for  services  to 
date. 

$44.00.  DANIEL  FURBUSH. 

8.  Receipt  for  Money  Advanced  on  a  Contract. 

0,    /P07. 


116  BETTER  HA  VEA  HEAD  AND  HEART  THAN HOUSEb  AND  LANDS. 


9.  Receipt  for  the  Purchase  of  a  Horse. 

$200.00.  Omaha,  Neb.,  March  20,  1901. 

Received  of  J.  Lerch,  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  for  a  black  mare,  war- 
ranted only  six  years,  sound,  free  from  vice,  and  quiet  to  ride  and  drive. 

CHARLES  M.  SMITH. 

*« 

10.  Indorsement  of  a  Partial  Payment  of  a  Note. 

Rec'd,  March  4,  1901,  on  account  of  within  note,  Three  Hundred  Del* 
lars. 

11.  Receipt  for  Borrowed  Money. 

135.00.  Naperville,  Ills.,  July  20,  1901. 

Borrowed  and  received  from  D.  B.  Givler,  Thirty-Five  Dollars,  which 
I  promise  to  pay  on  demand,  with  interest. 

HENRY  RAYMER. 

12.  Receipt  for  Property. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1901. 

Received  of  Louis  Heininger,  the  following  enumerated  articles,  to  be 
held  in  trust  for  him,  and  returned  on  his  demand:  One  Gold  Watch, 
two  Promissory  Notes,  each  dated  March  4,  1901,  and  signed  by  Henry 
Taylor— one  for  Three  Hundred  Dollars,  and  one  for  Seven  Hundred, 
each  due  one  year  from  date.  WILLIAM  PLACE. 

13.  Receipt  for  Payment  by  the  hand  of  a  Third  Party. 

$450.00.  Joliet,  Ky.,  June  4,  1901. 

Received  of  Carl  Cook  by  the  hand  of  Frank  Furbush  Four  Hundred 
Fifty  Dollars,  in  full  for  proceeds  of  salo  of  stock,  sold  May  28,  1901. 

14.  Receipt  for  a  Note  of  Another  Person. 

J200.00.  Aurora,  Ills.,  May  1C,  1900. 

Received  of  Geo.  Volk,  a  note  signed  by  W.  W.  Paxton  for  the  »um 
of  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  which,  when  paid,  will  be  in  full  of  all 
demands  to  date.  WILLIAM  KRUGER. 


IF  YOU  UNDERTAKE  TO  DO  A  THING,  DO  IT-.       U7 


118        FALSE  CONTENTMENT  IS  WORSE  THAN  POVERTY. 


IN  SORROWING  MONET,  BE  PRECIOUS  OF  THY  WORb     119 

BANKS  AND   BANKING. 

1.  History. — The  antiquity  of  banks  is  very  great.    Of  mod- 
ern   banks    the  bank   of   Venice   was   the   first  in   date.    The 
Bank  of  England  is  more  than  two  hundred  years  old.    The  first 
bank  in  America  was  the  Bank  of  North  America,  in  Philadel- 
phia, established  in  1782. 

2.  Value   to    Business  Men.— Banks  are  essential  for  the 
carrying  on    of    modern    commercial     enterprises.      They    pro- 
vide for  the  safe-keeping  of  money  and  securities,   they  give 
business  men  an  opportunity  to  borrow  money,  they  afford  fa- 
cilities for  the  collection  of  notes,  checks,  and  drafts. 

3.  Custodian  of    Money. — A   banker  is  the  custodian  of 
the    money   of   other    persons.     Such    is   his  business,  viewed 
in   its   simplest  aspect.    A  banker,   if  he   hoarded  the   money 
deposited   with   him,    would   be    simply   a    cash-keeper   to    the 
public;  his  bank  would  be  literally  a  bank  of  deposit.     Even 
were  the  business  of  banking  limited  to  the  keeping  of  deposits 
it  would  be  of  no  small  advantage  to  society:  the  depositors 
would  be  relieved  from  the  care  of  their  money,  and  in  many 
cases  from  the  trouble  of  handing  it  to  those  to  whom  they 
required  to  make  a  payment     If  the  person  to  whom,  the  de- 
positor wishes  to  pay  money  intends  also  to  deposit  it,  a  transfer 
in  the  books  of  the  banker  from  the  one  to  the  other,  made  on 
the  order  or  check  of  the  depositor,  would  effect  the  payment. 
The  money  itself  would  lie  undisturbed. 

4.  Loaning  It  Out. — But  the  business  of   receiving   money 
has  almost  always  been,  and  is  now  universally,  combined  with 
that  of  lending  it  out.    A  banker  coes  not  hoard  all  the  money 
deposited  with  him — he  gives  the  greatest  portion  out  in  loans. 
The  lending  of  money  is  as  much  a  part  of  his  business  as  the 
receiving  of  deposits. 

5.  Interest. — For    the  money    he    lends    he    receives    in- 
terest from  the  borrowers;  and  in  this  interest  he  is  paid  for 
his  trouble  in  taking  care  of  the  deposits,  and  for  his  risk  of 
bad  debts.    The  services  that  a  banker  performs  as  the  cash- 
keeper  of  his  depositors  are  great.     In  the  case  of  persons  not 
themselves  in  business  it  is  quite  usual  for  a  banker  to  make 
all  the  money  payments,  beyond  their  small  daily  expenditure, 
and  to  receive  the  money  payable  to  them. 


120  NEVER  FAIL  TO  KEEP  A  PROMISE. 

6.  Discounts.— Banks    make    their   loans    chiefly    in    the 
form  of  discounts;  that  is,  upon  bills  of  exchange.    Commodities 
in  the  wholesale  market  are  generally  sold  on  credit.    The  buyer 
promises  to  pay  the  amount  on  a  certain  date  to  the  seller,  and 
his  promise  is  contained  in  a  bill  Of  exchange.    The  seller  trans- 
fers it  to  a  bank,  which,  on  the  faith  of  it,  advances  the  amount 
in  loan  to  him,  less  discount,  that  is,  interest  of  the  money  till 
the  bill  be  due.    This  is  called  discounting. 

7.  National    Banks — The  system  of    national  banks  was 
established  by  act  of  Congress,  Feb.  25,  1863.    As  amended  by  the 
act  of  1900,  national  banks  may  be  organized  as  follows:  In  towns 
not  exceeding  3,000  in  population,  with  a  capital  of  $25,000;  in 
towns  of  from  3,000  to  6,000,  $50,000  capital;  in  towns  of  from  6,000 
to  50,000,  $100,000  capital;  over  50,000,  $200,000  capital  and  up- 
wards.    National  bank  notes  must  be  issued  by  each  national 
bank  to  the  amount  of  at  least  one-quarter  of  its  capital,  and  such 
notes  may  be  issued  to  the  full  amount  of  each  bank's  capital  at 
the  option  of  the  directors.    These  notes  are  secured  by  U.  S.  bonds 
deposited  in  the  United  States  Treasury.    Only  one-third  of  the 
notes  issued  by  each  bank  can  be  in  five  dollar  bills. 

8.  Aggregate  Circulation.— In  1863  the  aggregate   circula- 
tion allowed  was  $300,000,000,  but  an  act  passed  in  1875  repealed 
all  limitation  on  amount  of  circulation  and  made  national  bank- 
ing practically  free. 

9.  Safety. — The   "National"   bank  is  a  private   institution, 
differing  from  other  banks  only  in  this,  that  bonds  have  been 
deposited  with  the  government  as  security  for  paper  money, 
which  the  bank  may  issue.     It  is  generally  supposed  that  na- 
tional banks  are  more  secure  than  others.    The  examination  of 
these  banks  by  a  government  inspector  has  gained  the  confidence 
of  the  public  in  these  institutions.     We  would  not  depreciate 
the  necessity  or  value  of  these  inspections,  but  that  they  are  no 
guaranty  of  safety  is   seen  from  the  many  "National"   banks 
that  have  gone  into  bankruptcy. 

10.  Circulating    Notes.— National    banks    do    not    always 
issue  the  amount  of  circulating  notes  permitted  by  law.     When 
A  low   rate   of   interest   and    a   high   premium   on  bonds  pre- 
vail it  does  not  pay  banks  to  issue  currency  secured  by  bonds. 

^tate  and  private  banks  do  not  issue  circulating  currency,  they 
are  usually  deposit  banks  only  and  carry  on  a  general  business 
of  loaning  and  dealing  in  money. 


YOUTH  SHOULD  BE  A  SAVINGS  BANK. 


121 


11.  Number.— August,  1900,  there  were  3,858  national  banks, 
with  an  authorized  capital  stock  of  $631,133,095.    The  number  of 
private  banks  in  the  United  States  is  3,552. 

12.  Failures.— From  January  i,  1893,  to  June  30,  1900,  the 
number  of  failures  of  banks,  other  than  national,  was  908;  from 
Octobers!,  1892,10  October  31,  1895,  there  were  120  failures  of 

national  banks. 

I  j.  Banks  that  Nerer  Fail.— The  Chinese  may  be  a  trifle 
slow  in  their  boasted  intention  of  wiping  the  Mikado's  king- 
dom off  the  map,  but  there  are  some  features  of  their  bank" 
ing  system  which  our  boasted  Western  civilization  might  adopt 
with  profit.  Currency,  in  the  form  of  bank  notes,  was  issued 
in  China  as  early  as  the  ninth  century,  although  the  art  of 
printing  was  not  known  in  Europe  till  some  centuries  later. 
Chinese  bank-notes  are  always  redeemed,  because  the  law  in 
China  provides  that,  when  a  bank  fails,  every  man  connected 
with  it,  including  the  managers  and  clerks,  shall  have  his  head 
chopped  off,  and  they  are  all  thrown  in  a  heap,  together  with 
the  books  of  the  firm.  This  law  has  had  such  a  salutary  effect 
that  not  a  single  Chinese  bank  has  suspended  payment  within  the 
last  five  hundred  years. 

14.  Government  Banks.— It  has  been  proposed  that  the 
government  establish   banks   throughout    the    country    for  de- 
posit and  loaning  purposes;  that  in  country  districts  postmasters 
be  authorized  to  receive  money  on  deposit  and  send  the  same 
to  the  nearest  loaning  depositories.    The  profits  arising  to  the 
government  from  loaning  money  at  4  per  cent,  on  this  plan, 
after  all  expenses  are  paid,  is  estimated  at  400  millions  annually 
Some  think  this  a  visionary   scheme,  but  it  might  prove   fa? 
superior  to   our  present  system. 

15.  Savings  Banks   are  intended   to   receive   in  trust  or 
on  deposit  small  sums  of  money,  the  surplus  earnings  of  laborers. 
Every  depositor  is  an  owner  in  the  bank  and  the  profit  is  paid 
to  depositors  in  interest.    At  the  end  of  a  stated  term  the  in- 
ierest  is  added  to  the  depositor's  account.     Savings  banks  are 
generally  under  state  supervision.    They  encourage  the  saving 
of  money  by   the   common   people. 

i6»  A  Bank  Account. — Every  young  man  should  aim  to 
have  a  bank  account,  however  small  the  beginning.  It  wili 
teach  economy  and  has  often  been  the  starting  point  to  success. 


122  DISCOUNT  TOUR  NOTE  BUT  NOT  YOUR   WORD, 

Keeping  a  bank  account  is  not  confined  to  business  men  and 
capitalists.  Many  farmers  and  wage  earners  have  their  bank  ac- 
counts and  everybody  ought  to  know  how  to  do  bank  business. 
At  least  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  medium  of  exchange  consists  of 
bank  checks. 

A  bank  account  is  a  great  promoter  of  self-respect.  To  save 
part  of  one's  earnings  and  have  an  account  in  a  bank  wins  esteem 
from  all  good  people.  It  is  a  distinction  that  also  acts  upon  the 
•o&sessor. 

HOW  TO  DO  BUSINESS  WITH  A  BANK. 

1.  In  beginning  an  account  with  a  bank  a  depositor  is  re- 
quired to  put  on  record  in  the  "signature  book"  his  name  as 
he  intends  to  sign  it  on  his  checks. 

2.  Do  not  wait  until  you  get  to  the  bank  to  count  your 
money  or  to  indorse  your  checks. 

3.  Arrange  your  deposit  at  least  before  you  present  yourself 
at  the  receiving  teller's  window. 

4.  Place  your  bills  all  one  way;  right  side  up. 

5.  Make  your  deposits  in  the  bank  as  early  in  the  day  as 
possible,  and  never  without  your  bank-book. 

6.  Always  use  the  deposit  tickets  furnished  by  the  bank. 
When  checks  are  deposited,  the  banks  require  them  to  be  in- 
dorsed, whether  drawn  to  order  or  not. 

7.  Keep  your  check-book  under  a  lock  and  key. 

8.  Draw  as  few  checks  as  possible;  when  several  bills  are 
to  be  paid,  draw  the  money  in  one  check. 

9.  Do  not  allow  your  bank-book  to  run  too  long  without 
balancing.     Compare  it  with  the  account  of  the  bank. 

10.  In  filling  up  checks,  do  not  leave  space  in  which  the 
amount  may  be  raised. 

11.  Write  your  signature  with  the  usual  freedom,  and  never 
?ary  the  style  of  it. 

12.  Every  check  is  paid  by  the  bank  at  its  own  risk.    If 
forged  the  bank  must  lose  the  amount. 

13.  Always  keep  the  stub  of  your  check-book,  and  in  issuing 
a  check  always  fill  the  stub  out  first. 

14.  Never  make  deposits  without  your  bank-book. 

15.  Always  examine  your  bank-book  after  depositing.     It  in 
the  only  receipt  you  have  for  money  deposited. 


CHARACTER  TELLS  IN  ALL  CONDITIONS  OF  LIFE. 


123 


DOING  BUSINESS  WITH  A  BANK. 

DISCOUNTING   A  NOTE   AT  THE  BANK. 

1.  Discount  is  a  certain  percentage  deducted  from  a  note  or 
debt  for  the  payment  of  same  before  it  is  due. 

2.  Bank  discount  is  simple  interest  on  the  principal,  taken  in 
advance. 

It  is  the  business  of  a  bank  to  loan  money  to  responsible  per- 
sons, within  reasonable  limits.  Regular  customers  receive  first 
consideration.  It  is  proper  for  you  to  offer  any  paper  you  may 
wish  discounted  to  your  banker.  Take  it  coolly  if  you  arc 
refused,  for  the  banker  knows  his  own  business  best.  The  prin- 
cipal profit  in  banking  is  discounting  notes,  which  is  simply  loan- 
ing money  and  receiving  the  interest  in  advance. 

3.  In  discounting  a  note  which  is  drawing  interest,  the  dis- 
count must  be  reckoned  on  the  amount  or  value  of  the  note 
when  due.     (The  interest  for  the  full  time  must  be  first  added  to 
the  face  of  the  note  before  computing  the  discount.) 

Example.— Robert  F.  May,  on  May  2d,  offered  the  following  note  prop- 
erly indorsed,  for  discount: 
|525.  Philadelphia,  March  29,  1901, 

Sixty  days  after  date,  we  promise  to  pay  to  Robert  F.  May,  or  order, 
at  the  Union  National  Bank,  Five  Hundred  and  Twenty-Five  Dollars, 
without  defalcation.  Value  received.  R.  J.  BIRNEY  &  CO. 

How  much  will  he  receive  as  the  net  proceeds  of  the  above  note? 

Sixty  days  from  March  29th  is  May  28th.  From  May  .-  to  May  28th, 
including  the  day  of  discount,  is  27  days. 

Interest  on  $525  for  27  days— 2.3G  discount. 
£25^=2.36— 522.64  net  proceeds. 


124  LITTLE  IS  MUCH  WHEN  GOD  IS  IN  IT. 

VITAL  POINTS  ON  CHECKS. 

1.  A  check  is  a  simple  order  on  a  bank  by  one  who  has 
funds  in  the  bank,  for  the  immediate  payment  of  a  certain  sum 
of  money. 

2.  A  bank  can  stamp  a  check  good,  or  certify  it,  and  thus 
become  responsible  to  the  holder  for  the  amount. 

3.  In  sending  a  check  away  from  your  own  town  or  locality 
it  should  always  be  certified,  as  in  the  above. 

4.  A  check  is  not  due  until  presented.    It  is  negotiable.    It 
has  no  days  of  grace. 

5.  Giving  a  check  is  no  payment  of  an  indebtedness,  unless 
the  check  is  paid. 

6.  The  death  of  the  maker  of  the  check  before  presentment 
to  the  bank  renders  the  check  null  and  void. 

7.  A  forged  check  paid  by  the  bank  is  the  bank's  loss,  and 
not  the  depositor's. 

8.  Payment  of  a  check  may  be  stopped  by  subsequent  order 
to  bank  by  maker  before  presentment  of  check. 

9.  The  amount  of  the  check  should  always  be  written  out  in 
words. 

10.  Every  holder  of  a  check  is  liable  to  a  subsequent  holder 
only  for  the  time  for  which  he  would  be  held,  if  originally 
liable. 

11.  It  is  the  safest  rule  always  to  act  with  diligence  in  pre- 
senting checks  for  payment. 

12.  If  a  raised  check  is  paid  by  the  bank,  it  can  only  charge 
the  depositor  the  amount  for  which  he  drew,  unless  the  raising 
of  the  check  was  made  possible  by  the  carelessness   of  the 
maker.     In  that  case  the  maker  would  be  responsible  for  the 
loss. 

13.  If  you  have  money  in  a  bank  and  you  wish  to  draw  out 
a  certain  sum,  write  "Pay  to  myself,"  instead  of  writing  your 
name  in  the  body  of  the  check,  and  then  sign  it. 

14.  Banks  of  this  country  do  not  cash  a  check  drawn  pay- 
able to  order  unless  the  person  presenting  the  check  is  known 
to  the  bank. 

15.  If  you  write  a  check  for  a  stranger  who  needs  identifica- 
tion at  your  bank,  have  him  indorse  the  check  in  your  pres- 
ence and  under  h»-  :ndorsement  write  "Indorsement  above  guar- 
anteed," signing  your  name.     He  can  then  draw  the  check  with- 
out further  identification  by  signing  his  name  again  in  the 


MUCH  IS  LITTLE  WHEx  GOD  IS  NOT  CONSULTED,         126 

i 

presence  of  the  banker.    Another  method  is  to  write  "Pay  to 
Cash." 

16.  Do  not  draw  a  check  unless  you  have  the  money  on  de- 
posit or  in  your  possession  to  deposit  Do  not  presume  on  the 
generosity  of  your  bank  by  drawing  a  sum  larger  than  your 

balance. 

HOW  TO  INDORSE  A  CHECK. 

1.  The  check  is  the  most  common   commercial  paper  in 
use,  and  it  is  astonishing  to  see  how  many  intelligent  and  edu- 
cated people  lack  the  necessary  information  on  this  subject. 

2.  Write  across  the  back  (not  lengthwise)  near  the  left  end 

3.  Simply  writing  your  name  on  the  back  is  a  blank  in- 
dorsement, and  signifies  that  it  has  passed  through  your  hands, 
and  is  payable  to  bearer. 

4.  If  you  wish  to  make  the  check  payable  to  some  particular 
person,  write:     Pay  to  the  order  of  (person's  name),  and  then 
sign  your  name  below. 

5.  Always  indorse  a  check  just  as  it  appears  on  the  face. 
If  a  check  is  payable  to  F.  Block,  it  cannot  be  indorsed  Frank 
Block.     If  the  spelling  of  the  name  on  the  face  of  the  check  is 
wrong,  indorse  first  as  the  name  appears  on  the  face,  and  below 
this  first  indorsement  write  your  name  correctly. 

6.  If  the  name  on  the  face  of  the  check  is  written  Rev.  W, 
A.  Schutte,  it  must  be  so  written  in  the  indorsement. 

7.  If  you  wish  to  deposit  a  check,  write:     "For  Deposit,** 
and  below  this  your  name.    This  is  not  necessary  if  you  take 
the  check  to  the  bank  yourself. 

8.  Do  not  write  any  unnecessary  information  on  the  back 
of  your  check.    A  story  is  told  of  a  woman  who  received  a 
check  from  her  husband,  and  when  cashing  it  wrote  "  Your  lov- 
ing wife"  above  her  name  on  the  check. 

Form  of  an  Indorsement  When  Transferred. 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


126 


WEATHER  ^EERS  TO  EVERY  POINT  OF  THE  COMPASS, 


RATHER  BE  BEATEN  IN  RIGHT  THAN  SUCCEED  IN  WRONG. 


127 


AIM  TO  BE  AN  EMPLOYER  RATHER  THAN  AN  EMPLOYE. 


ONLY  LIVE  FISH  SWIM  UP  STREAM. 


129 


ISO      DEFEAT  IS  THE  FIRST  STEP  TO  SOMETHING  BETTER* 


WATC&  CPPORTUNI?13R 


181 


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132  HOLD  TOUR  GROUND  AND  PUSH  HARD. 

HINTS    AND    HELPS    FOR    WRITING,   ACCEPTING,   AND 
TRANSFERRING  ALL  KINDS  OF  DRAFTS. 

1.  A  draft  is  a  written  order  by  one  person  on  another  for 
the  payment  of  a  specified  sum  of  money. 

2.  The  one  who  writes  the  draft  is  called  the  "drawer,"  the 
one  on  whom  it  is  written  the  "drawee,"  and  the  one  to  whom 
it  is  to  be  paid  the  "payee." 

3.  Drafts  may  be  made  payable  at  sight,  on  demand,  or  at 
a  certain  time  after  date,  or  after  sight. 

4.  The  person  drawn  upon  is  under  no  obligation  to  tht 
holder  of  the  draft  unless  he  accepts  it. 

5.  The  usual  method  of  writing  an  acceptance  is,  to  write 
across  the  face  of  the  draft,  with  red  ink,  the  word  "Accepted," 
following  with  date  and  signature. 

6.  When  acceptance  or  payment  is  refused  the  draft  is  pro- 
tested. 

7.  A  protest  is  a  formal  declaration  made  by  a  notary  pub- 
lic, under  his  hand  and  seal,  at  the  request  of  the  holder,  for 
non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  and  the  parties  liable  are  form- 
ally notified. 

8.  Drafts  are  negotiable  both  before  and  after  acceptance. 

9.  Drafts  drawn  at  sight  or  on  demand  are  not  presented 
for  acceptance,  but  for  payment  only. 

10.  Drafts  may  be  drawn  to  one's  own  order,  and  then  in- 
dorsed in  favor  of  the  party  to  whom  they  are  to  be  sent. 

11.  In  buying  a  draft  at  the  bank,  it  is  always  best  to  have 
it  made  payable  to  yourself,  and  then   indorse  it  in  favor  of 
the  party  to  whom  you  intend  to  transfer  it.     This  gives  you  a 
good  receipt  for  the  money. 

12.  A  promise  to  accept  a  draft  will  be  equivalent  to  an 
acceptance  if  it  has  given  credit  to  the  bill. 

13.  Should  the  person  upon  whom  the  draft  is  drawn  die 
before  it  was  accepted,  it  should  be  presented  for  acceptance 
to  his  legal  representatives. 

14.  Any  material  alteration  of  a  draft  after  it  has  been  drawn 
or  accepted  makes  it  valueless. 

15.  A  draft  made  by  one  bank  upon  another  is  called  a 
bank  draft. 


MEN  MAKE  ANY  SACRIFICE  FOR  MONEY. 


133 


FORMS  OF  DRAFTS. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  drafts: — Bank  Draft,  On-Demand 
Draft,  Sight  Draft,  and  Time  Draft.  The  Bank  Draft  is  most 
frequently  used.  An  On-Demand  Draft  is  payable  at  once, 
while  a  Sight  Draft  is  allowed  three  days  of  grace  in  some 
States. 


1. 


Bant  Draft. 


flOO.  State  of  Illinois,  May  10,  190L 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Naperville,    Pay  to  the  order  of  F.  A/* 

Lueben  One  Hundred  Dollars. 

To  Union  National  Bank,  W.  L.  HETZ.    Cashier. 

Chicago,  I1L 
No.  46. 

2.  On-Demand  Draft. 

HOO.  Troy  Grove,  111.,  Aug.  1,  1901. 

On  demand  pay  to  the  order  of  Frank  Meyers  at  the  Mendota  First 
National  Bank,  One  Hundred  Dollars. 

Value  received,  A.  S.  HUDSON. 

To  Charles  Lerch, 
Mendota,  111. 

3.  sight  Draft. 

1500.  Naperville,  Tenn.,  July  10,  1901. 

At  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  C.  Parman,  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  and 
Charge  to  the  account  of 

To  Jesse  Lerch,  H.  H.  ZEMMER. 

Meriden,  111. 

4.  Time  Draft. 

Ottawa,  Fla.,  July  5,   1901 
Ten  days  from  date  pay  to  J.  L.  Nichols,  or  order,  Four  Hundred 


Fifty  30-100  Dollars. 
To  Alvin  Brown, 
Ottawa,  Fla. 

6. 


Value  received. 


C.  E.  LAMALE. 


Accepted  Draft. 


1902. 


&&  Sen 

T.   flontt,   Sao 


,  <o/t*c/i  fiJact  to  S&c- 

«.  *.  1Robfn0on  &  Co., 
TKlilmington,  Del. 


ECONOMIZE,  AVOID  DEBT. 


SPEND  LESS  THAN  YOU  EARN  EACH  YEAR. 


135 


LETTERS  OF  CREDIT. 

» 

The  Letter  of  Credit  is  one  of  the  most  useful  of  banking 
instruments.  It  is  of  great  convenience  to  travelers  in  Europe 
and  has  become  such  a  common  feature  of  banking  that  every 
one  should  be  familiar  with  its  purpose  and  form.  The  first 
page  is  the  Letter  of  Credit  proper,  authorizing  the  payment 
of  a  certain  sum.  The  second  page  shows  the  names  of  the 
bankers  and  the  amounts  paid  by  each.  The  third  and  fourth 
pages  give  the  names  of  the  various  bankers  to  whom  the  letter 
is  addressed.  In  this  way  a  traveler  need  carry  with  him  only 
enough  to  meet  local  expenses.  The  person  receiving  a  Let- 
ter of  Credit  gives  the  banker  copies  of  his  signature.  These 
are  forwarded  to  the  bankers  drawn  upon  and  named  on  the 
third  and  fourth  pages.  Signatures  are  then  compared  and 
payment  is  made  upon  their  identification.  We  append  forms 
of  the  first  and  second  pages  of  a  Letter  of  Credit: 

First  Page. 

SMITH   BROS.   &  CO., 

Circular  Letter  of  Credit, 

No.    BB   27,049.  New   York,    May   10,  1901. 

Gentlemen:— We  request  that  you  will  have  the  goodness  to  furnisn 
W.  A.  Schutte,  the  bearer,  whose  signature  is  at  foot,  with  any  f>:uds 
he  may  require  to  the  extent  of  £500  (say  Five  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling) 
against  his  drafts  upon  Messrs.  Smith  Bros.  &  Co.,  London;  each  draft 
must  bear  the  number  (No.  BB  27,049)  of  this  letter,  and  we  engage  that 
the  same  shall  meet  due  honor. 

Whatever  sums  Mr.  Schutte  may  take  up  you  will  please  indorse  on 
the  back  of  this  circular  letter,  which  is  to  continue  in  force  until  March 
15,  1902,    from   the  present  date. 
We  are  respectfully,  gentlemen, 

Your  obedient  servants, 


To  Messieurs 

The  Bankers  mentioned 
on  the  3rd  page  of  this 
Letter  of  Credit. 


SMITH  BROS.  &  CO. 


The  signature  of 

W.   A.    SCHUTTE. 


Second  Page. 


Date 
when 
paid. 

By  Whom  Paid. 

Name  of 
City. 

Amount  Expressed 
in  Words. 

Amount  in 
Figures. 

July  10.. 
*uly  25.. 
lug.  12.. 
Aug.  24.. 
Bept.  1... 
S^-pt.  10.. 
Sept.  24.. 

Brown,  Shipley  &  Co 
John  Newton  &  Co. 
Koch,  Lauer  &  Co. 
L.  Rogers  &  Co. 
London  Banking  Co. 
Nat.  Bank  of  Scot. 
North'n  Bank'g  Co. 

Liverpool 
Paris 
Hamburg 
Geneva 
London 
Edinburgh 
Belfast 

Forty  Pounds 
Twenty  Pounds 
Twenty  Pounds 
Sixty  Pounds 
Ten  Pounds 
Fifty  Pounds 
Twenty  Pounds 

£40  0 
20  0 
20  0 
60  0 
10  0 
50  0 
20  0 

136  LITTLE  THINGS  ARE  GREAT  TO  LITTLE  MEN. 

THE  CLEARING-HOUSE  SYSTEM. 

Almost  every  business  and  professional  man  in  the  coun- 
try keeps  all  the  money  which  he  does  not  need  for  casual  per- 
sonal expenses  on  deposit  in  a  bank;  he  pays  nearly  all  his  bills 
by  means  of  checks;  and  consequently  he  receives  payments  for 
the  most  part  in  checks  drawn  by  those  who  owed  him;  he 
does  not,  on  receiving  a  check,  go  or  send  to  the  bank  to  pro- 
cure the  money,  but  deposits  it  to  his  credit  in  his  own  bank; 
and  there  are  many  banks  in  every  large  city. 

Now  a  wholesale  merchant  may  receive  each  day  a  large 
number  of  checks,  some  on  one  bank,  some  on  another.  Of 
course  his  own  bank,  in  which  he  deposits  these  checks,  prop- 
erly endorsed,  desires  to  collect  the  money  upon  them  at  once, 
because  its  profits  are  made  by  lending  at  interest  the  money 
entrusted  to  it  by  depositors. 

But  in  a  city  where  there  are  twenty  or  forty  or  more  banks, 
it  would  be  a  great  waste  of  time  and  labor,  besides  being  haz- 
ardous, for  each  one  to  send  around  a  messenger  to  each  bank 
to  collect  what  is  due.  To  avoid  this  the  clearing-house  has 
been  devised. 

At  a  certain  hour  on  every  business  day  a  messenger  from 
each  bank  goes  to  "the  clearing,"  carrying  all  the  checks  against 
any  and  every  other  bank  in  the  city  taken  during  the  previous 
twenty-four  hours.  The  checks  are  made  up  into  separate  pack- 
ages, and  each  has  a  statement  oi  the  aggregate  amount  due 
from  the  bank. 

All  the  rest  is  a  mere  matter  of  addition  and  subtraction, 
which  is  done  by  the  clearing-house  clerks.  The  First  Na- 
tional Bank  has  brought  in  checks  against  other  banks  to  the 
amount  of  fifty  thousand  dollars;  other  banks  have  brought  in 
checks  against  the  First  National  to  the  amount  of  fifty-one 
thousand  dollars.  Then  the  First  National  is  debtor  to  the 
clearing-house  in  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars. 

Other  banks  are  creditors.  Of  course  the  debits  and  cred- 
its balance  each  other  to  a  cent.  The  debtor  banks  must  im- 
mediately pay,  in  money,  whatever  they  each  owe  to  the  clear- 
ing-house; the  whole  sum  is  at  once  divided  among  the  creditor 
banks,  and  the  "clearing"  is  over. 

Thus  the  claims   by   each  bank   against  every   other  bank 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


PURSUING  SHADOWS,  YOU  RUN  AWAY  FROM  THE  LIGHT.  137 


in  the  city  have  been  adjusted  at  very  little  expense  of  time  and 
labor,  and  with  the  use  of  a  small  amount  of  actual  money.  The 
checks  and  drafts  settled  are  called  "exchanges,"  and  the 
money  necessary  to  complete  the  settlement  is  the  "balance." 

London  originated  the  clearing-house.  In  times  of  money 
panics  the  clearing-house  has  been  of  great  service  to  banks  and 
communities.  In  good  years  the  exchanges  at  the  New  York 
clearing-house  reach  nearly  forty  thousand  million  dollars  a 
year,  or  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  millions  on  every 
bank  day.  These  vast  accounts  are  settled  by  the  shifting  about, 
-  from  day  to  day,  of  not  more  than  ten  million  dollars. 

This  shows  what  an  immense  saving  in  the  use  of  money 
the  clearing-house  makes.  The  principle  is  applied  to  other 
things  besides  banking.  At  New  York  and  also  at  Boston  the 
brokers  have  a  stock  clearing-house.  Certificates  of  stock  take 
the  place  of  checks.  The  broker  who  has  bought  five  thou- 
sand shares  and  sold  four  thousand  of  "Northwest"  receives 
one  thousand  shares  from  the  clearing-house  and  pays  the  money 
balance  due  on  all  his  transactions. 

But  although  the  clearing-house  principle  is  capable  of  wide 
application,  it  is  chiefly  employed  in  the  bankers'  clearing-houses 
of  this  country  to  the  number  of  about  sixty  in  the  chief  cities 
from  Maine  to  Washington. 

CLEARING-HOUSE   MANAGEMENT. 

In  a  clearing-house  where  a  very  slight  error  may  postpone 
the  settlement  of  all  the  banks  of  the  city,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
rules  be  strict  and  rigidly  enforced.  The  clerks  employed  are 
experts  in  their  work.  Disorderly  conduct  and  errors  are  sub- 
ject to  a  fine.  A  committee  is  empowered  to  remove  any  one 
when  the  interests  of  the  Association  require  it.  Should  any 
bank  fail  to  pay  the  balance  due  from  it  at  the  proper  hour, 
the  balances  due  must  be  paid  by  the  remaining  banks  in  pro- 
portion to  the  respective  balances  against  the  defaulting  bank. 

THE   JOURNEYING  OF  CHECKS. 

A  business  man,  receiving  a  check  in  the  course  of  trade, 
seldom  thinks  of  sending  it  to  the  bank  on  which  it  is  drawn, 
but  deposits  it  in  the  bank  with  which  he  keeps  his  account 
Formerly  banks  collected  these  checks  through  agents,  but 


138  KEEP  SAILING,  NEVEk  DRIFT. 

the  clearing-house  system  has  made  these  collections  more  sim- 
ple. Millions  of  dollars  are  collected  by  banks  daily  n  this  way 
by  the  transfer  of  a  few  thousands. 

Checks  on  local  banks  are  sometimes  sent  to  distant  points  and 
frequently  pass  through  a  number  of  hands  before  they  reach  the 
bank  upon  which  they  are  drawn.  Suppose,  for  instance,  a  mer- 
chant in  Waco,  Texas,  sends  his  check  on  a  local  bank,  which  is 
payable  through  a  bank  in  New  Orleans,  by  mail  to  pay  a"bill  of 
sixtv  dollars  in  Mankato,  Minn.  The  Mankato  merchant  deposits 
the  check  in  a  local  bank  and  receives  credit  for  the  full  arncunt, 
The  Mankato  bank  sends  it  to  its  representative  in  St.  Paul,  and 
he  in  turn  sends  it  to  a  representative  in  Chicago.  The  Chicago 
bank  to  which  it  is  sent  may  have  no  southern  correspondent,  and 
sends  the  check  to  New  York,  where  it  passes  into  the  hands  of  a 
New  Orleans  bank  representative.  At  New  Orleans  it  may  pass 
through  the  clearing-house  to  the  New  Orleans  bank,  through 
which  it  is  payable,  and  then  it  is  sent  to  Waco,  where  it  is 
charged  up  against  the  man  who  issued  it.  If  this  check  had  not 
been  payable  through  a  New  Orleans  bank,  it  probably  would  not 
have  passed  through  the  New  Orleans  clearing-house,  but  might 
have  been  sent  direct  to  Waco  or  to  Austin  and  then  to  Waco  for 
collection.  All  the  banks  and  the  clearing-house  through  which 
this  check  passes  stamp  their  indorsements  upon  the  back  of  the 
check,  so  that  the  back  of  a  check,  through  the  many  indorse- 
ments, presents  a  strange  and  mixed-up  appearance. 


J/e* 


\jotli 


OXE  TODAY  IS  WORTH  TWO  TOMORROWS.  139 

PRACTICAL  INFORMATION   FOR  BUSINESS  MEN. 

TRANSFERRING  COMMERCIAL  PAPERS. 

1.  A  Legal  Transfer. — A  legal  transfer  of  commercial  paper 
is    usually    made    before    it    matures,    and    the    law    protects 
the  innocent  holder  of  it  in  his  possession.     Even  if  he  buys 
it  from  the  thief  who  stole  it,  or  from  the  party  who  found  it 
or  got  it  by  fraud,  it  belongs  to  him,  if  he  knew  nothing  of  the 
illegal  transactions  and  acted  without  knowledge  of  the  theft 
or  fraud. 

2.  Usual  Form. — Paper  is  usually  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment   (the    seller    placing    his    name    on    the    back    of    the 
note  or  bill).     Thus  the   indorser  agrees  to  pay  the  amount 
if  the  maker  does  not,  and  he  is  therefore  responsible,  if  properly 
notified  when  the  paper  is  due  and  is  not  paid. 

3.  Blank   Indorsement. — A  blank  indorsement  most  com- 
monly used  in  business  is  simply  writing  the  name  on  the  back 
of  the  note  or  bill,  and  after    the    first    indorsement    it    may 
be  transferred  by  delivery  the  same  as  a  government  bend  or 
bank  bill. 

4.  Peculiar  Sac  red ness  of  Commercial  Paper.— The  law 
protects    the    holder    of    negotiable    paper    in    his    possession 
of  it,  when  it  would    not    protect    him    in    the    possession   of 
any  other    kind    of    property,    for  there   is  a  peculiar  sacred- 
ness  attached  to  paper.    Thus:     If  A  had  stolen  a  horse  from 
B  and  sold  it  to  C,  the  law  would  not  protect  C,  but  would 
allow  B  to  take  the  horse.     Whereas  in  case  of  a  note,  the  law 
would  protect  C  in   his  ownership  of  the  note  and  he  could 
hold  the  maker  for  the  amount,  if  C  was  innocent  and  knew 
nothing  of  the  way  in  which  A  got  possession  of  the  note. 

5.  The  Purchaser.  — If  the  purchaser  is  aware  that  there 
are    any    defects    about    a    note    or    bill,    or    if    there    is  any- 
thing suspicious,  he  buys  it  at  his  own  risk. 

6.  Transferring  Found  or  Stolen  Paper. — Should  A  lose 
his  note  for  $300  and  B  find  it,  the  latter  could  not  compel 
A  to  pay  it,  unless  he  could  prove  that  he  came  fairly  into  posses- 
sion of  it.    No  thief  could  collect  a  note  himself  which  h^  had 
stolen  if  the  fact  of  this  theft  could  be  proved,  but  if  the  note  had 
&  blank  indorsement  on  the  back  of  it.  he  could  transfer  or  seV 


BUSINESS  NEGLECTED  IS  BUSINESS  LOST. 

the  note  to  an  innocent  party  who  could  collect  the  note  if  he  can 
show  he  made  the  purchase  in  good  faith. 

7.  Void   Paper. — Paper    void    where    made   is    everywhere 
void.     Even  in  case  of  void  paper,  a  party  who  indorses  it  over 
to  an  innocent  holder  would  be  bound  by  his  indorsement,  be- 
cause he  made  a  new  contract  to  pay  it  when  he  indorsed  it. 

8.  Indorsement  of  a   Note  Before  it  is  Made.— When  a 
party  indorses  a  note  before  it  is  made,  and  it  is  afterwards  made 
for  a  larger  amount  than  was  agreed,  he  cannot  escape  his  liabil- 
ity to  an  innocent  holder  by  pleading  that  fact.    The  rule  is  the 
same  when  a  party  accepts  a  blank  draft. 

9.  Avoiding    Liability.— An    indorser    can    avoid    liability 
by    writing    the    words    "  without    recourse,"    or,    "  without    re- 
course to   me."     He  can  also  specify  what  use  is  to  be  made 
of  the  funds  when  the  paper  is  made,  as  for  instance:     "Pay 
Irving  Taylor,  or  order,  for  credit  of  my  account." 

10.  After  Maturity.— Paper  can  be  transferred  after  ma- 
turity   and    usually    no    difficulty  will   arise    over    it,    but    the 
maker  of  the  note  may  make  any  defense  against  the  assignee 
possible  had  the  note  not  been  transferred. 

11.  An   Innocent  Holder.— An  innocent   holder  of   paper, 
having  paid  value  for  it  before  maturity,  can    hold  both  the 
maker  and  indorser  responsible  for  payment. 

12.  General    Rule.— In    the    transfer   of    commercial    pa- 
per the  indorser  is  held  equally  responsible  for  payment  with 
the  maker,  and  it  is  a  safe  rule  to  require  the  indorsement  of 
the  party  who  holds  the  paper  before  accepting  it.     An  indorser 
who  has  paid  a  note  can  afterwards  sell  it.     In  the  case  of  accom- 
modation paper,  however,  when  the  payee  has  once  paid  it  the 
paper  is  canceled,  and  cannot  again  be  transferred  so  as  to  give 
the  holder  a  right  of  action  against  any  one,  except  the  party 
who  paid  and  then  transferred  it. 

DEMAND  OF  PAYMENT. 

1.  Time    and    Place.— Demand    should    always    be    made 
at  the  proper  time  and  place.     If  the  name  of  a  bank  or  any 
other  place  is  mentioned  in  the  paper,  it  should  be  made  there. 

2.  Insolvency. — If  the  debtor  is  bankrupt,  ii  is  ao  reason 
why  a  demand  should  not  be  made  on  him 


CREDIT  18  BETTER  THAN  ILL  LUCK.  1 

3.  In  Person.    Demand  must  be  made  in  person,  and  it 

cannot  legally  be  made  by  mail.  ^ 

4.  Possession  of  Paper. — The  party  making  the  demand 
must  have  possession  of  the  paper,  for  the  debtor  can  insist  on 
having  it  delivered  to  him  when  paidc 

5.  Lost  Paper.— In  case  the  paper  is  lost,  a  bond  of  in- 
demnity must  be  made  and  tendered  to  the  debtor,  as  protection 
in  case  it  is  ever  found. 

6.  Refused   Payment.— If   demand  is   legally    made   and 
it  is  refused,  the  paper  must  be  protested  and  the  proper  parties 
notified.    This  is  usually  the  work  of  a  notary  public. 

THE  CREDIT  SYSTEM— ADVANTAGES   AND 
DISADVANTAGES. 

1.  There  are  many  good  reasons  why  people  should  pay  cash 
for  everything  purchased.     Hopeful  people  will  always  buy  more 
freely  if  they  can  get  it  on  credit,  and  are  never  anxious  for 
pay  day  to  come  around. 

2.  Remember  that  those  who  sell  on  credit  must  charge  from 
IO  to    15   per   cent,    more    for   goods   in    order   to   cover   the 
interest   and   risks.    -It   has   been    found  that   from     7    to     10 
per  cent,  of  trusted  out  accounts  become  worthless. 

3.  It  is  always  uncertain  which  of  the  trusted  persons  will 
fail  to  pay  his  account,   and  consequently  all   persons  buying 
on  credit  have  to  share  the  extra  prices,  in  order  to  meet  the 
losses  which  all  business  men  sustain  that  do  a  credit  business. 

4.  Remember,  the  man  who  can  pay  cash  for  goods,  or  what- 
ever purchases  he  may  make,  can  always  secure  a  better  bargain 
than  the  man  who  buys  on  credit.     It  therefore  would  be  a  great 
saving  if  every  one  could  manage,  by  rigid  economy,  if  necessary, 
to  pay  cash  for  everything  he  buys. 

5.  Persons  who  buy  real  estate,  or  merchants  who  buy  large 
quantities  of  goods,    may   often   find   it   necessary   to   buy   on 
credit.     Many  of  our  wealthiest  farmers  and  business  men  made 
their  money  largely  in  having  the  benefit  of  credit,  but,  at  the 
same   time,   if   cash   could   be   paid   for   everything  purchased, 
whether  real  estate  or  other  articles,  it  would  be  a  great  saving 
Co  the  purchaser. 

6.  Keep  your  word  as  good  as  a  bank  and  you  will  always 
have  credit  when  you  desire  it,  and  friends  when  you  need 


142 


A  DEBT  IS  ADORNED  BY  PAYMENT, 


"HIS  BURDEN  OF  DEBT  HE  BOBE  TO  THE  GKAVE.  " 


HOW  TO    COLLECT  DEBTS. 

While  most  debts  are  paid  voluntarily,  yet  many  men  have 
been  ruined  by  the  failures  of  others  to  pay  their  debts.  This 
suggests  caution  on  the  part  of  all  who  give  credit  or  make 
loans.  The  earnings  of  a  life  time  may  soon  be  swallowed  up 
by  unworthy  and  dishonest  creditors. 

I.  Settlement.  It  is,  however,  necessary  to  extend  credit 
to  others,  and  with  the  greatest  of  precaution  those  who 
can  not  or  will  not  pay  their  debts  sometimes  become  our 
debtors.  When  this  is  the  case  the  best  method  is  to  attempt 
an  adjustment  by  mutual  agreement.  If  your  debtor  is  honest 
and  still  by  some  unfortunate  circumstance  is  unable  to  pay 
his  debts,  it  is  best  to  treat  him  with  respect  and  kindness.  The 
law  of  kindness  has  affected  the  payment  of  many  debts  where 
legal  measures  would  have  wholly  failed.  Every  effort  possible 
should  be  made  to  effect  a  settlement  by  mutual  agreement. 
Rather  suffer  and  lose  what  may  belong  to  you  than  seek  an 
adjustment  by  law. 


THE  SLEEPY  FOX  CATCHES  NO  POULTRY.  143 

2.  Expense.  —  Litigation    is    always    expensive    and    also 
uncertain.     Avoid    it    if   possible.     Settle    without   consulting   a 
lawyer  if  possible.     Go  to  law  as  a  last  resort. 

3.  Collection. — If    it    is    impossible    for    you    to    secure  a 
settlement,    then,    if    the    case    demands,    it   may   be    necessary 
to  place  the  account  with  a  lawyer  for  collection. 

4.  Arrest. —The  arrest  of    the  debtor  can  only  be  made 
to  secure  the  person  of  the  debtor  (or  defendant)  while  the  suit 
for  debt  is  pending,  or  to  force  him  to  give  security  for  his  ap- 
pearance after  judgment,  but  in  some  States  no  arrests  are  al- 
lowed, except  in  criminal  cases. 

5.  Attachment.— This   is  a  writ  issued    by  the  Justice    .-, 
the  Peace  or  Judge,  or  some  other  .officer  having  jurisdiction, 
commanding  the  sheriff  or  constable  to  attach  the  property  of 
the  debtor,  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  the  creditor.     This  writ 
may  be  issued  at  the  beginning  or  during  the  suit.     In  some 
States,  Alabama, -Illinois,   Louisiana,  Mississippi,   Missouri  and 
others,  the  debtor  may  retain  possession  of  the  property  and 
give  a  bond  as  a  guaranty  that  the  property  will  be  held  for 
the  debt  in  case  he  is  defeated  in  the  suit.     All  attachments  lose 
their  validity  in  case  the  debtor  (or  defendant)  wins  the  suit. 

6.  Judgment   and    Execution.— A    suit   is    ended   by  the 
courts  giving  a  judgment,  either  in  favor  of  the  debtor  or  the 
creditor.     If  the  judgment  is  in  favor  of  the  plaintiff  and  the  de- 
fendant refuses  to  pay  the  amount  of  the  judgment,  an  execu- 
tion is  issued  by  the  court  which  commands  the  sheriff  to  take 
sufficient  property  of  the  defendant,  if  it  can  be  found,  to  satisfy 
the  judgment.     The  sheriff  may  also   seize  the  person   of  the 
defendant  and  imprison  him  until  he  pays  judgment  or  the  same 
is  discharged  by  judicial  decision  of  insolvency.     Real  estate, 
however,  cannot  be  sold  on  execution  in  some  States,  unless  a 
jury  should  find  that  the  profits  in  rents,  etc.,  will  not  pay  the 
judgment  within  the  limit  of  seven  years,  or  some  other  time 
fixed  by  law. 

7.  Garnishment.    After  judgment  has  been  rendered,  the 
money  or  goods  due  the  defendant,  if  in  the  hands  of  a  third 
person,   may  be  attached  to   pay  the  plaintiff.     The   person   in 
whose  hands  the  money  or  goods  attached  are,  is  known  in 
law  as  the  garnishee  or  trustee. 


144  PLEASURE  18  THE  HAND  MAID  OF  DUTY. 

HOW  TO  OBTAIN  WEALTH. 

It  matters  not  what  a  man's  income  is,  reckless  extravagance 
and  waste  will  sooner  or  later  bring  him  to  ruin.  The  average 
young  man  of  today  when  he  begins  to  earn  is  soon  inclined 
to  habits  of  extravagance  and  wastefulness.  The  five,  ten  or 
fifteen  cents  a  day  that  is  squandered,  while  a  mere  trifle  ap- 
parently, if  saved,  would  in  a  few  years  amount  to  thousands 
of  dollars  and  go  far  towards  establishing  the  foundation  of  a 
future  career.  In  order  to  acquire  the  dollars  one  must  take 
care  of  the  dimes  and  nickels.  It  is  not  what  a  man  earns  but 
what  he  saves  that  makes  him  rich.  John  Jacob  Astor  said  that 
the  saving  of  the  first  thousand  dollars  cost  him  the  hardest 
struggle.  It  is  the  duty  of  every  young  man  to  begin  to  save 
from  the  moment  he  commences  to  earn,  be  it  ever  so  little. 
This  habit  will  not  only  aid  in  acquiring  wealth,  but  will  give  a 
fitness  for  larger  duties.  He  who  is  not  able  to  manage  a  small 
income  is  not  competent  to  have  charge  of  a  larger  one. 

The  way  to  make  money  is  to  save  it.  Always  remember  and 
practice  the  maxim,  "A  dollar  saved,  a  dollar  earned." 

A  small  sum  of  money  saved  daily  for  fifty  years  will  grow 
at  the  following  rate: 

Daily  Savings. 


One    Cent $     950 

Ten  Cents   9,504 

Twenty   Cents    19,006 

(Thirty   Cents    .........  28,515 

'Forty    Cents    38,015 


Fifty  Cents $47,52O 

jSixty   Cents    57,024 

Seventy  Cents 66,528 

Eighty  Cents  76,032 

Ninety  Cents   85,537 


One  Dollar  $475,208 

HOW  TO   MAKE   CHANGE   QUICKLY. 

1.  Consider  the  amount  of  the  purchase  as  money  already 
counted  out;  for  example,  if  the  purchase  amounts  to  46  cents, 
and  you  are  handed  a  $2.00  bill  in  payment,  count  out  4  cents 
to  make  it  50  cents,  then  count  out  the  other  $1.50. 

2.  Should  the  purchase  amount  to  $2.54,  and  you  are  handed 
$10.00,  count  out  46  cents  to  make  it  $3.00,  then  count  out  even 
dollars  to  make  the  $10.00,  and  your  change  is  correct. 

3.  Always  count  your  change  after  receiving,  and  see  that 
!t  is  correct. 


BEWARE  OF  SURETYSHIP  FOR  THY  BEST  FtilEND.        146 


'MY  SON,  YOU  SHALL,  HAVE  A  HOME  WHILE  i  LIVE.     BUT  i  CANNOT  DEED  YOC 

MY  FARM  ;  IT  IS  ALL  I  HAVE  TO  SUPPORT  ME  IN  MY  OLD  AGE." 

DO  NOT  GIVE   AWAY    YOUR   PROPERTY    IN  OLD  AGE. 

Many  persons,  as  they  advance  in  years,  make  the  fatal 
mistake  of  giving  away  their  property  to  children  and  then 
depend  upon  them  for  support. 

How  many  old  persons  have  gone  to  their  graves  broken- 
hearted and  suffering  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  because  they 
desired  to  help  their  children,  and  gave  them  their  property. 

If  the  weight  of  years  becomes  heavy  and  there  is  plenty  of 
property,  a  portion  may  be  safely  divided  among  the  children, 
but  the  major  portion  should  always  be  held  and  controlled 
directly  or  indirectly'  by  the  old  couple.  ^ 

i.  It  will  insure  good  care  and  plenty  of  the  nfi/efissaries  of 
life 


146  OPPORTUNITY  IS  THE  CREAM  OF  TIME. 

2.  Ihe  devotion  and  love  of  children  will  never  grow  cold 
while  there  is  something  in  store  for  them. 

It  was  the  writer's  experience  in  his  boyhood  to  board  in  a 
family  where  the  father  in  his  old  age  had  bequeathed  his  en- 
tire property  to  his  children.  When  the  same  was  divided  be- 
tween them  their  aged  father  became  a  burden,  and  he  was 
sent  from  daughter  to  son,  as  they  had  all  obligated  themselves 
to  care  in  turn  for  their  aged  father.  But  he  never  entered  the 
home  of  a  son  or  daughter,  where  he  was  a  welcome  guest. 
In  the  family,  where  the  writer  boarded,  where  the  aged  father 
was  then,  if  there  was  a  cup  of  coffee  short  in  the  morning,  it 
was  the  old  man's  cup  that  was  not  filled;  if  meat  or  other  food 
was  short,  it  was  the  old  man's  plate  that  indicated  the  shortage; 
if  the  pie  was  somewhat  deficient,  it  was  the  old  man's  piece 
that  was  cut  in  two,  and  he  was  compelled  to  sleep  in  a  cold 
garret  at  night,  alone  and  deserted,  and  when  the  broken-hearted 
^.d  man  passed  away,  no  doubt  every  child  felt  delight  instead 
of  sorrow  in  his  heart. 

Every  man  should  make  a  will  in  favor  of  his  wife,  so  that 
m  her  old  age  she  shall  not  become  dependent. 

TEACHING    BUSINESS  TO    WIVES    AND   DAUGHTERS. 

Women  are  too  frequently  ridiculed  because  of  their 
ignorance  of  business  matters.  How  can  they  understand  busi- 
ness and  business  methods,  if  they  have  never  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  learn  and  transact  business?  Every  husband  should 
teach  his  wife  some  of  the  more  important  ways  of  business, 
He  should  interest  her  in  his  financial  affairs,  and  show  her  some 
of  the  business  forms  and  business  documents  which  form  a 
part  of  his  business  transactions.  It  is  a  great  advantage  for  a 
wife  to  be  familiar  with  her  husband's  business,  as  she  is  liable 
to  be  called  upon  at  any  time  to  settle  his  estate. 

How  many  burdens  are  annually  thrust  upon  widows,  and 
at  what  a  disadvantage  they  are  in  managing  the  business 
affairs  of  the  family!  Then  why  not  make  the  path  straighter 
and  smoother  by  beginning  now,  by  teaching  your  wives  and 
daughters  practical  business  methods? 

For  family  instruction  we  would  suggest  the  following  rules: 

\.     Assist  your  wife  or  daughter  in  drawing  up  notes,  and 


A  SINGLE  FACT  IS  WORTH  A  SHIPLOAD  OF  ARGUMENT,    147 

teach  her  not  only  the  correct  form,  but  give  her  some  of  the 
laws  bearing  upon  the  legal  relations  of  both  debtor  and  creditor. 

2.  Make  various  indorsements  upon  the  notes  which  have 
been  thus  written  for  copy.     Write  a  note  for  each  indorsement 
and  explain  it.     This  is  a  very  easy  and  simple  lesson  and  cai- 
be  mastered  in  a  very  few  evenings. 

3.  Teach   the   forms   of   receipts.     Write   receipts   for   rent, 
for  money  paid  on  account,  for  money  to  be  paid  a  third  party, 
etc.     This  will  be  found  a  very  interesting  exercise. 

4.  Checks  and  drafts  will,  form  the  same  interesting  exer- 
cise. 

5.  The  next  step  will  be  to  secure  a  few  blank  forms  of  notes, 
checks,    drafts,    deeds,    leases,    etc.,    and    any    husband    will   be 
surprised  what  progress  his  wife  will  make  in  a  few  lessons  in 
filling  out  these  business  documents. 

.  6.  If  you  carry  out  this  plan  your  wife  or  daughter  will 
become  interested  in  your  business,  and  will  understand  the 
different  forms  of  paper  and  will  soon  be  able  to  give  you 
considerable  assistance  as  well  as  safe  counsel. 

HOW  TO  TEACH  BUSINESS  TO  CHILDREN. 

Give  your  sons  and  daughters  some  familiarity  with  the  cus- 
toms of  the  business  world.  Let  them  learn  while  young  how 
to  transact  the  ordinary  forms  of  business.  It  is  probably  best 
to  give  them  opportunities  for  earning  a  little  money  and  tn 
to  teach  them  its  value  in  disposing  of  same. 

It  is  best  to  buy  them  a  little  account  book,  and  make  them 
have  an  account  of  all  the  money  they  receive,  and  the  disposi- 
tion they  make  of  it.  Teach  them  how  to  make  such  entries, 
and  always  insist  upon  their  keeping  a  correct  record  of  all  the 
money  they  receive,  and  upon  giving  an  account  of  the  money 
they  pay  out,  always  showing  a  correct,  itemized  account. 

In  this  way  they  may  receive  a  degree  of  benefit  which  will 
insure  their  business  success  during  life.  This  learned  early 
in  life  will  always  produce  an  abiding  and  substantial  benefit, 
and  no  doubt  give  birth  to  many  practical  ideas  of  business. 


148  HURRIED  RESULTS  ARE  WORSE  THAN  XOXE. 

POINTS  OF  LAW  AND  LEGAL  FORMS. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  legal  and  business  forms,  together 
with  the  important  points  of  law  on  these  subjects,  are  essen- 
tial and  should  be  in  the  reach  of  all.  A  knowledge  of  these  rules 
and  principles  would  prevent  many  mistakes  and  losses.  The 
following  pages  contain  all  the  principal  and  important  forms 
ordinarily  in  use  in  business. 

AFFIDAVITS. 

An  affidavit  is  an  oath  or  affirmation  made  in  writing,  sworn 
to  or  affirmed,  before  an  officer  empowered  to  administer  the 
same.  Affidavits  are  not  testimony  in  courts  of  law,  because 
the  makers  are  not  cross-examined;  but  a  false  affiant  may  be 
punished  for  perjury. 

The  following  is  a  common  form,  and  with  certain  modifica- 
tions can  be  made  to  apply  to  almost  any  case: 

Common  Form  of  Affidavit. 

FTATE  OF  ILLINOIS,  ? 
COUNTY  OF  HENRY.    ) 

John  Jones  being  duly  sworn  on  his  oath  states  that  he  is  well 
acquainted  with  the  handwriting  of  Daniel  Seitz,  one  of  the  subscribing 
witnesses  to  the  deed  hereto  attached;  that  affiant  has  frequently  seen 
him  write  and  knows  his  signature;  that  he  believes  that  the  name  of  the 
said  Daniel  Seitz,  signed  in  the  said  deed,  is  in  the  handwriting  of  the 
said  Daniel  Seitz,  and  further  affiant  says  not. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me    ") 
this  28th  day  of  February,  A.  D. 
1901.  J-  (Signed) 

E.  M.  SCHWARTZ,  «JOHN  JONBS. 

Notary  Public. 


A  Form  attached  to  a  Declaration  of  any  kind. 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS.  >  „_ 

COUNTY  OF  COOK.  J  S8  Chicago,  Nov.  10,  1901. 

The  above  named   John   Saylor  personally   appeared   before   me  and 
made  oath  that  the  following  declaration  by  him  subscribed  is  true. 

L.  B.  LAWSON,  Justice  of  the  Peace, 


ANGER  BLOWS  OUT  THE  LAMP  OF  THE  MIND. 


149 


Think  Twice  Before  You 
Sue  Your  Neighbor. 


HOW  TO  SETTLE  DIFFICULTIES  BY  ARBITRATION. 

Arbitration  is  an  agreement  by  parties  who  have  a  contro- 
versy or  difference  to  submit  the  question  to  the  decision  of  a 
third  party  instead  of  appealing  to  law. 

Arbitration  is  one  of  the  highes4  ourts  for  the  settlement  of 
personal  differences,  and  if  people  would  only  learn  more  of 
its  benefits  and  advantages,  lawyers  by  the  thousands  would  not 
thrive  and  fatten  upon  the  earnings  of  those  who  could  make 
better  use  of  their  money. 

When  the  matters  in  difference  are  simply  those  of  fact,  it 
is  often  more  satisfactory  to  submit  them  to  the  decision  of  mu- 
tual friends,  each  contending  party  choosing  one,  and  the  two 
arbitrators  thus  chosen,  choosing  the  third,  and  the  three  par- 
ties thus  chosen  constituting  the  court. 

The  decision  of  the  arbitrators  is  called  an  award. 

The  award  should  be  specific  and  distinct,  containing  the  de- 
cision of  the  arbitrators  in  as  clear  and  concise  language  as  pos- 
sible. 

Form  of  Submission  to  Arbitration. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN,  That  we,  the  undersigned,  hereby  mutually  agree 
to  submit  all  questions  and  claims  between  us  (or  a  specific  claim  or 
question)  to  the  determination  and  award  of  (here  name  the  arbitrators), 
whose  decision  and  award  shall  be  final  and  binding  on  us.  In  case  of 
disagreement,  the  decision  and  award  of  a  majority  of  said  arbitrators 
Bhall  be  final  and  conclusive.  The  said  arbitrators  shall  make  their  award 
i«  writing  on  or  before  July  10,  1902. 

Done  at  Aurora,  111.,  June  4,  1902. 

JOHN  GLOVER,  lWitnesBea.  THOMAS  Em* 

T.  C.  JONES,      J  Wltl  eS8es-  J.  C.  TETKR, 


150  KEEP  COOL  AND   FOL   COMMAND  EVERYBODY. 

Form  of  Arbitrator's  Oath. 

The  following  oath  should  be  taken  by  the  persons  chosen  to  act  as 
Arbitrators  or  referees  before  entering  upon  the  examination  of  the 
matters  in  dispute:  We,  the  undersigned  arbitrators,  appointed  by  and 
between  Henry  Smith  and  Richard  Brown,  do  swear  fairly  and  faithfully 
to  hear  and  examine  the  matters  in  controversy  between  said  Henry 
Smith  and  Richard  Brown,  and  to  make  a  just  award,  according  to  the 
best  of  our  understanding. 
Sworn  to  this  26th  day  of  May,  A.  D.  )  p.  j)  CRIMMINB 

1901,  before  me.  _   _    ... 

D.  B.  GrvELER,  J-  O.  EVERETT, 

Justice  of  the  Peace.     ;  O.  M.  POWERS. 

Oath. 

To  be  administered  to  a  witness  by  the  arbitrators:  You  do  solemnly 
iwear,  that  the  evidence  you  shall  give  to  the  arbitrators  here  present  in 
A  certain  controversy  submitted  to  them  by  and  between  Henry  Smith 
And  Richard  Brown,  shall  be  the  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  so 
help  you  God. 

ARBITRATION  BEST  FOR  FARMERS. 

Arbitration  is  always  preferable  to  litigation.  It  is  not 
only  the  easiest,  quickest  and  cheapest  way  to  settle  disagree- 
ments, but  saves  much  vexation  and  subsequent  dissension. 
Were  individuals,  corporations  and  nations  to  arrange  their  dis- 
putes by  arbitration,  instead  of  resorting  to  litigation  and  war- 
fare, the  people  would  be  saved  millions  of  treasure,  and  the 
world  spared  much  shedding  of  blood.  A  peaceful  settlement 
of  difficulties  is  usually  followed  by  prosperity,  while  "going  to 
law"  or  war  usually  results  in  loss  and  suffering  to  both  con- 
testants. Indeed,  litigation  and  warfare  are  twin  relics  of  the 
dark  ages,  and  so  long  as  they  continue  in  vogue  we  may  look 
in  vain  for  harbingers  of  the  promised  millennium.  Of  all 
classes,  farmers  should,  so  far  as  possible,  avoid  entering  into 
litigation;  for  whether  they  win  or  lose,  they  are  proverbially 
worsted,  the  lawyers  usually  taking  the  cream,  and  leaving  only 
the  skim-milk  for  the  winning  contestant.  Truly,  there  is 
neither  glory  nor  honor,  profit  nor  pleasure  in  litigation,  and  the 
less  people  who  profess  to  live  "on  the  square,"  and  according 
to  the  Commandments,  have  to  do  therewith,  the  better  it  will 
be  for  both  their  present  and  future  peace  and  prosperity.  Even 
in  the  most  aggravating  case  of  trespass,  and  the  like,  no  good 
citizen  should  resort  to  the  law,  until  all  amicable  attempts  at 
settlement  have  failed.  Indeed,  and  finally,  whatever  may  be 
the  provocation,  don't  get  mad  and  impulsively  prosecute  your 
neighbor,  but  keep  your  temper. 


IS  AS  BAD  AS   UNTHRIFT. 


151 


HON.   WILLIAM   MCKINLEY,  THIRD  MARTYRED  PRESIDENT. 


HOW  TO   DO  BUSINESS   WITH    AN   AGENT. 

1.  Agency. — Agency    is    one   of    the    most    important    re- 
lations which  exist    in  the  transaction  of  the  ordinary  business 
affairs  of  life. 

2.  Implied    Agency. — Agency  may  be  implied  from  pre- 
vious   dealing    and    transaction    between    the    parties.     If    the 
principal    has    held    a    person    out    as    an    agent    he    will    be 
bound  by  his  acts,  even  though  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  agent 
had  no  authority  to  represent  him. 

3.  Agents. — An  agent  is  denned  to  be  one  who  is  author- 
ized to  represent  another,  who  is  called  the  principal,  and  when 
so  authorized  acts  for  and  in  the  place  and  stead  of  the  prin- 
cipal.    A  man  may  do  through  his  agent  whatever  he  may  law- 
fully do  for  himself.  Persons  not  of  age,  married  women  and  aliens 


152  USE  SOFT  WORDS  AND  HARD  ARGUMENTS. 

may  act  as  agents  for  others.  Factors,  brokers,  attorneys,  etc., 
are  but  agents  in  a  business  sense.  The  acts  of  the  agent,  if 
exercised  within  the  powers  delegated,  bind  the  principal  and 
become  the  latter's  acts  and  deeds,  but  the  agent's  authority 
may  be  revoked  by  the  principal  at  any  time.  Authority  given 
to  two  persons  must  be  executed  by  both  to  be  binding  on  the 
principal. 

4.  Special  Agent.— A  special  agent  is  one  authc  ized  to 
do  one  or  more  special  things  in  pursuance  of  particular  in- 
structions, or  within  restrictions  necessarily  implied  from  the 
act  to  be  done. 

5.  General    Agent. — A   general    agent    is   one   authorized 
to    transact    all    his    principal's    business,  or    all  his  business 
of  some  particular  kind,   or  at  some   particular  place.     If  an 
agency  is  proved  without  its  extent  being  shown  it  will  be  pre- 
sumed to  be  a  general  agency.      The  acts  of  a  general  agent 
will  bind  the  principal,  even  though  he  had  no  authority  to  do 
them,  provided  he  acts  in  the  general  scope  of  the  business 
which  he  was  authorized  to  transact. 

6.  Authority  of  Agent.— If  a  special  agent  exceeds  his 
authority,  the  principal  is  not  bound,  but  if  a  general  agent 
exceeds   his    authority   the    principal   is   bound,   provided  the 
agent  acted  within  the  ordinary  and  usual  scope  of  the  busi- 
ness he  was  authorized  to  transact,  and  the  party  dealing  with 
him  did  not  know  he  was  exceeding  his  authority. 

7.  Authority,  How  Given.— The    authority   of  an   agent 
may    be    constituted    in    three    ways :      By    deed    under   seal, 
by  writing,  or  by  mere  word.     Express  authority  is  given  to  an 
agent  by  what  is  called  a  power  of  attorney.     If  the  authority  is 
to  execute  a  writing  under  seal  and  acknowledged,  the  power 
of  attorney  must  be  likewise  under  seal  and  acknowledged.    An 
agent  to  sell  land,  or  to  do  any  important  business,  where  he 
is  required  to  make  contracts,  draw  or  sign  notes,  drafts  or 
checks,  should  be  appointed  by  "power  of  attorney." 

8.  Agent's  Acts  Ratified.— The  acts  or  contracts  of  an 
agent   made  beyond  the   scope   of   his  authority  may  be  rati- 
fied by  the  principal,  and  when  so  ratified  are  binding  on  the 
latter. 

9.  Agent's  Responsibility.— An  agent  concealing  his  prin- 
cipal   is   himself    responsible,  and   if  acting   fraudulently  or 


DELIBERATING  IS  NOT  DELAYING.  153 

deceitfully  !s  himself  responsible  to  third  pnties.  He  can- 
not appoint  a  substitute  or  delegate  his  authority  to  another, 
witiout  consent  of  his  principal.^  If  an  agent  embezzles  his 
principal's  property  it  may  be  reclaimed  if  it  can  be  identified 
or  distinctly  traced. 

10.  Agent  Restricted.— An  agent  employed  to  sell  prop- 
erty  cannot  buy  it  himself,  or  if  employed  to  purchase  property, 
cannot  buy  from  himself. 

11.  Principal's  Liability.— The  principal    is  liable  to  the 
third  person  for  the  negligence  or  unskillfulness  of  the  agent, 
when   he    is    acting    in    the    fulfillment    of    the   agency   busi- 
ness.   The  principal  is  liable  for  all  acts  of  his  agent  within 
the  scope  of  his  agency,  but  money  paid  by  an  agent  can  be 
recovered  by  the  principal,  if  it  has  been  paid  by  mistake.    The 
knowledge  of  the  agent  relating  to  the  business  of  the  agency 
is  binding  upon  the  principal,  and  notice  to  an  agent  as  to  mat- 
ters relating  to  the  agency  is  notice  to  the  principal. 

12.  Authority  May  Be  Revoked.— The    authority   of    an 
agent   may    be    determined:     First,   by    the    express    revoca- 
tion thereof  by  the  principal.    Second,  by  renunciation  of  such 
power  by  the  agent.    Third,  by  the  death  of  the  principal,  which 
also  revokes  the  agency.     Fourth,  by  the  expiration  of  the  time 
within  which  the  agent  was  to  perform  the  acts  which  were  to 
be  done  by  him,  or  by  him,  having  completed  and  fully  per- 
formed the  commission  and  closed  the  business  which  he  was 
to  transact.     Fifth,  by  the  sale  of  the  subject   matter  of  the 
agency. 

13.  Revocation   Takes    Effect    When.— A    revocation   of 
authority  takes  effect,  so  far  as  the  agent  is  concerned,  when 
he  receives  notice  thereof ;  so  far  as  third  persons  are  con- 
cerned, when    they   receive    notice    of   such    revocation.    Per- 
sonal notice  or  Us    equivalent   is   required,   and    is    sufficient 
to   those   who   have   dealt    with    the  agent.     Advertising    the 
fact   would   bi    sufficient   as   to   all    others.    Without  a  suffi- 
cient notice  of  the  revocation,  a  contract  made  in  good  faith 
with  the  agent  after  revocation  will  bind  the  principal  the  same 
iS  before. 

14.  Caution.— Persons   dealing  with   agents  who  are  stran- 
gers should  be  very  careful  to  ascertain    that  the  agent  had 
authority   to   transact   the   business    in    hand.     In   all    trans- 


154  r     O  TOILS  NOT,  TRIUMPHS  NOT. 

actions  in  regard  to  real  estate  the  authority  of  the  agent  should 
be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  owner  of  the  property,  in  order  to 
be  binding  upon  him.  In  all  cases  of  doubt  as  to  the  authority 
of  an  agent  or  the  extent  of  his  authority,  it  would  be  wise 
to  require  of  the  agent  r  written  proof  of  his  agency  and  the 
extent  of  his  authority. 

15.  Power  of  Attorney. — To  delegate  to  an  agent  the 
power  to  sign  notes,  checks,  and  other  legal  documents,  as 
well  as  to  transact  any  business  where  swch  documents  are  nec- 
essary, is  called  power  of  attorney — that  is,  the  power  to  be 
attorney  for  you.  Such  power  or  authority  should  be  given  in 
writing.  It  should  be  witnessed  to  and  should  state  clearly 
what  the  attorney  has  power  to  do. 

Power  of  Attorney,  General  Form. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  James  L.  Binton, 
of  Naperville,  County  of  Du  Page,  _and  State  of  Illinois,  have  made, 
constituted  and  appointed,  and  BY  THESE  PRESENTS  do  make,  consti- 
tute and  appoint,  Chas.  A.  Lerch  true  and  lawful  attorney  for  me  and 
in  my  name,  place  and  stead,  [here  state  the  purpose  for  which  the 
power  is  given],  giving  and  granting  unto  my  said  attorney  full  power 
and  authority  to  do  and  perform  all  and  every  act  and  thing  whatsoever, 
requisite  and  necessary  to  be  done  in  and  about  the  premises,  as  fully, 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  I  might  or  could  do  if  personally  present, 
with  all  power  of  substitution  and  revocation,  hereby  ratifying  and 
confirming  all  that  my  said  attorney  or  his  substitute  shall  lawfully  do 
or  cause  to  be  done  by  virtue  thereof. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  the 
2nd  day  of  January,  one  thousand  nine  hundred. 

Signed,  Sealed  and  Delivered     1 

in  Presence  of  I  JAMES  L.  BINTON.  (SeaL) 


To  be  properly  acknowledged  before  an  officer,  the  same  as  a  deed, 
uccorr'jng  to  the  law  of  the  State. 

Proxy  or  Power  of  Attorney  to  Vote. 

Kno?r  all  men  by  these  presents:  That  I,  David  E.  Hughes,  do  hereby 
constitute  and  appoint  C.  A.  Brown  my  true  and  lawful  attorney,  for  me 
and  in  my  name,  place  and  stead,  to  vote  as  my  proxy  and  representa- 
tive at  the meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  the 

,  a  corporation,  and  at  any  adjourn- 
ment of  said  meeting,  all  of  the shares  of  the  capital  stock 

of  said  corporation  standing  on  the  books  of  said  corporation,  as  fully 
and  amply  as  I  could  or  might  do  were  I  personally  present;  with  full 
power  of  substitution  and  revocation. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  at  Aurora,  Illinois,  this  26th  day  of  June. 
A.  D.  1900.  DAVID  E.  HUGHES.  (Seal.) 

N.  B.  A  seal  is  an  impression,  or  writing  (seal),  placed  at  the 
right  of  signature  confirming  authority  of  same. 


RESPECT  A  MAN  AND  HE  WILL  DO  THE  MORE,  155 

Eevoking  of  Power  oi  Attorney. 

Whereas,  I,  Sylvester  Jones  of  Aurora,  County  of  Kane,  and  State  of 
Illinois,  did  on  the  tenth  day  of  June,  1901,  by  my  letter  or  power  of 
attorney  appoint  John  C.  Cook  of  Chicago  my  true  and  lawful  attorney, 
for  me  and  in  my  name  to  [here  state  in  precise  language  what  he  was 
authorized  to  do]  as  by  the  said  power  of  attorney,  reference  thereunto 
being  had,  will  fully  appear; 

Therefore,  know  all  men  by  these  presents,  That  I,  Sylvester  Jones, 
aforesaid,  have  revoked  and  recalled  the  said  letter  of  attorney,  and  by 
these  presents  do  revoke  and  recall  all  power  and  authority  thereby 
given  to  the  said  John  C.  Cook. 

Given  this  tenth  day  of  October,  1902. 

Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  SYLVESTER  JONES.    (Seal.) 

of 

16.  Brokers   are   agents    who   buy   and    sell    real    estate, 

notes,  stock,  bonds,  mortgages,  etc.,  or  who  make  contracts  for 
their  principals  and  in  their  names.  They  are  often  employed  to 
transact  business  or  to  negotiate  bargains  between  different  in- 
dividuals. Their  attention  being  given  to  one  class  of  business, 
they  acquire  a  knowledge  and  skill  that  an  average  merchant 
does  not  possess.  It  is  often  advantageous  for  large  firms  to  em- 
ploy brokers  to  buy  their  raw  material.  In  our  large  cities 
brokers  in  anything  and  everything  that  is  bought  and  sold  in 
large  quantities  are  extensively  employed. 

17.  Commission  Merchants  are  agents  in  large  cities  who 
sell  goods  on  commission  for  fruit   raisers,  farmers,  and  manu- 
facturers. 

APPRENTICESHIP. 

1.  Definition. — This    is    a    contract    by   which   one   per- 
son who  understands  some  art,  trade,   or  business,   and  who 
is  called  the  master,  undertakes  to  teach  the  same  to  another 
person,  a  minor,  who  is  called  an  apprentice.       The  latter  is 
bound  to  serve  the  master  during  the  period  fixed  by  the  con- 
tract in  such  art,  trade,  or  business.     This  method  of  binding 
minors   out  for  the  purpose   of  learning  different  trades  ana 
callings  was  formerly  very  common,  but  late  years,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  United  States,  it  has  fallen  into  disuse,  and  is 
a  form  of  contract  very  seldom  used. 

2.  Duties  of  the  Master.— To  instruct  the  apprentice  in 
the   art   or   trade   which    he    has   undertaken   to    teach    him. 
It  is  his  duty  also  to  watch  over  his  conduct,  giving  him  pru- 
dent advice,  setting  him  a  good  example,  and  virtually  exer- 


156  SUCCESS  RIDES  ON  EVERY  HOUR. 

cising  over  him  the  rights,  duties,  and  obligations  of  the 
parent.  He  had  no  right  to  dismiss  the  apprentice  except  by  con- 
sent of  all  the  parties,  or  to  remove  him  from  the  State  un- 
less such  removal  was  authorized  in  the  contract. 

3.  Duties  of  Apprentice.— He  is  bound  to  obey  his  master 
in  all  lawful  commands,  to  take   care   of  his  property,  to  en- 
deavor to  the  best  of   his  ability  to  learn   the  trade,  business, 
or  occupation  to  which  he  was  apprenticed,  and  to  perform  all 
the   covenants   contained   in   his  contract.    He  was   originally 
required  to  assent  to  the  contract  by  signing  the  same. 

Form. 

This  indenture  made  this  14th  day  of  July,  1901,  between  John  Smith 
of  the  city  of  Naperville,  County  of  Du  Page,  and  State  of  Illinois,  party 
of  the  first  part,  with  whom  joins  George  Smith,  minor,  son  of  said 
John  Smith,  for  the  purpose  of  showing  his  assent  to  this  article  of 
agreement,  and  Charles  Jones  of  the  same  place,  party  of  the  second 
part,  Witnesseth:  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  does  hereby 
bind  and  apprentice  unto  the  party  of  the  second  part  the  said  George 
Smith,  age  10  years,  for  and  during  and  until  the  said  George  Smith 
shall  attain  to  the  age  of  sixteen  years  to  learn  the  art  and  trade  of  a 
barber;  and  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  covenants  and  agrees 
that  the  said  George  Smith  shall  faithfully  serve  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part  and  that  he  shall  obey  all  the  lawful  commands  of  the 
said  party  of  the  second  part  and  preserve  and  care  for  his  property 
and  use  all  diligence  to  learn  the  said  art  and  trade  of  a  barber  for 
and  during  the  term  aforesaid;  that  he  will  not  use  intoxicating  liquors 
or  tobacco  in  any  of  its  forms  during  the  said  term,  and  shall  in  all 
things  properly  conduct  himself.  And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part 
hereby  agrees  that  he  will  teach  and  instruct  the  said  George  Smith  in 
said  art  and  trade;  that  he  will  during  the  term  of  his  apprenticeship 
furnish  him  with  board  and  lodging  and  suitable  clothing,  washing, 
medicine,  and  other  necessaries  suitable  to  the  condition  of  life  of 
said  minor;  that  he  will  teach  or  cause  to  be  taught  to  the  said  George 
Smith  reading  and  writing  and  the  ground  rules  of  arithmetic;  and 
also  that  he  will  at  the  expiration  of  said  term  give  to  said  apprentice  a 
new  Bible,  two  complete  new  suits  of  wearing  apparel  suitable  to  his 
condition  in  life  and  twenty  dollars  in  money. 

In  testimony  whereof  the  parties  hereto  have  hereunto  set  their  hands 
and  seals  the  day  and  year  above  written;  and  the  said  George  Smith 
has  signed  these  premises  for  the  purpose  of  showing  his  assent  thereto, 

JOHN  SMITH.  (Seal.) 

CHARLES   JONES.    (Seal.) 
GEORGE   SMITH. 

4.  Dissolution.— The    articles   of   apprenticeship    may  bfc 
canceled  by  the  mutual  consent  and  agreement  of  all  the  parties. 
The  better  way  would  be  to  have  such  cancellation  made  in  writ- 
ing.    Any  form  of  contract  clearly  showing  the  intentions  of 
the  parties  to  dissolve  the  articles  of  agreement,  and  signed  by 
the  parties  to  the  original  contract,  would  be  sufficient.    The  con- 
tract of  dissolution  might  well  be  written  on  the  back  of  original 
contract. 


GRAPPLE  IT  AND   YOU  MAT  WI1..  157 

AGREEMENTS   AND    CONTRACTS. 

1.  A  contract  is  a  mutual  agreement  between  two  compe- 
tent parties  for  a  valuable  consideration  to  do  or  not  to  do  a 
particular  thing. 

2.  It  must  have,  i.  Parties;  2.  Subject  Matter;  3.  Considera- 
tion; 4.  Assent  of  the  parties.     There  cannot  be  a  contract  when 
any  of  these  are  wanting. 


IT  TAKES  TWO  TO  MAKE  A  CONTRACT. 

HOW  TO  WRITE   A   CONTRACT. 

1.  The  parties  to  a  contract  are  taken  in  the  order  in  which 
they  are  written  and  referred  to  as  "the  party  of  the  first  part," 
"the  party  of  the  second  part,"  without  repeating  their  names. 
It  matters  not  which  name  is  written  first. 

2.  After  writing  the  date,  names  of  the  parties  and  their 
places  of  residence,  state  fully  all  that  the  first  party  agrees  to 
do,  and  then  state  all  that  the  second  party  agrees  to  do. 

3.  Next  state  the  penalties  or  forfeitures  in  case  either  party 
does  not  faithfully  and  fully  perform,  or  offer  to  perform,  his 
part  of  the  agreement. 

4.  Finally,  the  closing  clause,  the  signatures  and  seals,  the 
signatures  of  witnesses  are  written.     (A  seal  is  simply  the  mark 
of  a  pen  around  tke  word  "seal,"  written  after  the  signature.) 

5.  No  particular  form  of  legal  language  is  necessary.     Use 
your  own  words  and  state  in  a  plain  way  just  what  you  want 
done.     Any  one  who  can  write  a  letter  and  express  his  desire 
in  an  intelligent  manner  can  write  a  contract. 

6.  Errors  in  grammar  or  spelling  do  not  affect  the  legality 
of  the  agreement. 


158      A  PURPOSE  ONCE  FIXED,  THEN  VICTORY  OR  DEATH. 

7.  If  the  language  should  be  obscure  on  certain  points,  the 
"court"  will  always  interpret  the  intent  of  the  parties,   when 
they  entered  into  the  agreement,   provided  the  intent  can  be 
gathered  from  the  terms  of  the  instrument  itself. 

8.  When  an  agreement  is  written  it  must  all  be  in  writing. 
It  cannot  be  partly  written  and  partly  oral. 

THE  VITAL  PART  OF  A  CONTRACT-CONSIDERATION. 

I.  Definition. — A  consideration  is  the  thing  which  indu- 
ces parties  to  make  a  contract.  It  is  the  substantial  cause 
or  reason  moving  parties  to  enter  into  an  agreement. 

a.  A  Sufficient  Consideration.— The  law  does  not  re- 
quire that  the  consideration  should  be  a  good  or  bad  bar- 
gain. As  long  as  something  is  done  or  suffered  by  either 
party,  the  consideration  is  good.  The  smallest  consideration  is 
sufficient  to  make  it  legal.  The  value  of  the  consideration  is 
unimportant.  For  instance:  $10,000  worth  of  property  can  be 
sold  for  $i. 

3.  Promise  of  flarriage. — If  a  man   promises   a   woman 
auy    certain    sum    of    money    if    she    would    agree    to    marry 
him,  he  can  be  made  to  fulfill  his  promise,  and  the  court  will 
hold  that  the  promise  of  marriage  was  a  sufficient  considera- 
tion for  the  money.     Marriage  contracts  may  be  entered  into 
under  age.  < 

4.  A  Valuable  Consideration.— A    valuable   consideration 
is  one  which  is    equal    to    money    or   may   be   changed    into 
moE  ey. 

5.  A  Good  Consideration. — A  good  consideration  is  one 
which  is  based  upon  love,  gratitude  or  esteem,  or  blood  re- 
lationship.      But    in    order    to    make    a    good    consideration 
legal,   the   agreement   has   to   be   performed   by   one   or   both 
parties.     For  instance:  If  a  man  should  promise  to  give  a  lady 
$500  because  he  loved  her,  it  could  not  be  collected,  but  if  the 
money  was  once  paid  to  the  woman  it  could  not  be  recovered. 

6.  Gratuitous  Consideration. — A  gratuitous  consideration 
is  a  consideration  where  something  is  done  or  money  prom- 
ised  on    account    of    some    affection    or    charity,    and    like    a 
good  consideration  the    act    must    be    performed    in   order   to 
hold  the  party.    For  instance:    If  a  father  gives  his  son  a  note 


WORK  IS  THE  WEAPON  OF  HONOR,  159 

on  account  of  his  affection  for  him,  the  son  cannot  force  the 
*ather  to  pay  it;  so  also  if  a  person  subscribes  for  a  church  ,«?r 
charitable  society  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  pay  it,  unless  the 
church  or  charitable  society  can  show  that  it  depended  upon  that 
money  when  it  entered  upon  some  contract,  or  assumed  some  ob- 
ligation on  account  of  it. 

7.  Immoral  Consideration. — All  considerations  which  are 
immoral  are  consequently   illegal. 

8.  Impossible  Consideration.— If  a  man  should  promise 
to  cross  the  ocean    in    one    day,  or    walk    from    Philadelphia 
to  New  York  in  two  hours  or  any  consideration  of  such  an 
impossible  character,  is  illegal  and  void. 


THE  LAW  GOVERNING  ALL  KINDS  OF  CONTRACTS. 

1.  An  alteration  of  a  contract  in  a  material  part,  after  its 
execution,  renders  it  void. 

2.  A  contract  made  by  a  minor,  a  lunatic,  or  aa  idiot  is  not 
binding  upon  him,  yet  he  can  hold  the  party  with  whom  he 
contracts,  to  all  the  conditions  of  the  contract. 

3.  A  fraudulent  contract  may  be  binding  on  the  party  guilty 
of  fraud,  although  not  laying  any  obligation  on  the  part  of  the 
party  acting  in  good  faith. 

4.  A  contract  for  the  sale  or  purchase  of  personal  property 
over  a  certain  amount — ranging  from  $30  to  $100  in  the  different 
States — must  be  in  writing. 

5.  A  contract  which  cannot  be  performed  within  a  year  must 
be  in  writing. 

6.  If  no  time  of  payment  is  stated  in  the  contract,  payment 
must  be  made  on  the  delivery  of  the  goods. 

7.  A  contract  totally  restraining  the  exercise  of  a  man's  trade 
or  profession  is  void,  but  one  restraining  him  in  any  particular 
place  is  not  void. 

8.  An  offer  or  proposal,  which  includes  the  essential  parts 
of  a  contract,  becomes  a  contract  as  soon  as  accepted. 

g.  A  contract  required  by  law  to  be  in  writing  cannot  be 
dissolved  by  verbal  agreement. 

10.  A  contract  cannot  be  partly  written  and  partly  verbal. 
It  must  be  wholly  written  or  wholly  verbal. 


160  TIME  IS  MONEY,  BUT  MONEY  IS  NOT  TIME. 

11.  A  contract  cannot  be  rescinded  except  by  consent  of  both 
parties. 

12.  An  oral  contract  must  be  proved  by  evidence. 

13.  A  contract  binding  in  the  place  where  it  is  made  is  bind- 
ing everywhere. 

14.  Each  party  to  an  agreement  or  contract  should  retain  a 
copy. 

15.  While  signatures  or  contracts  written  with  a  pencil  are 
good  in  law,  it  is  always  safer  to  write  them  in  ink. 


JUSTICE. 


CONTRACTS  THAT  ARE  NOT  LAWFUL. 

1.  A  contract  to  commit  a  breach  of  peace. 

2.  Contracts  made  on  Sunday,  are,  in  most  of  the  States,  now 
held  to  be  legal  and  binding. 

3.  An  agreement  for  immoral  purposes. 

4.  All  agreements  in  which  there  is  fraud. 

5.  An  agreement  made  by  threats  or  violence. 

6.  Wagers  or  bets  cannot  be  collected  by  law. 

7.  More  than  legal  interest  cannot  be  collected. 

8.  If  any  part  of  a  contract  is  illegal,  the  whole  is  illegal. 

9.  A  contract  with  an  intoxicated  person,  lunatic,  or  minor. 

10.  A  contract  in  violation  of  a  statute  in  the  State  in  which 
it  is  made. 


A  CHEERFUL  FACE  JS  EVERY  MAFS  DEBT  TO  THE  WORLD.    161 

11.  An  agreement  to  prevent  competition  on  a  sale  under  an 
execution. 

12.  An  agreement  to  prohibit  the  carrying  on   of  a  trade 
throughout  the  State. 

13.  A  contract  impossible  in  its  nature;  such  as  crossing  the 
ocean  in  one  day,  is  void. 

14.  Where  consent  to  an  agreement  is  given  by  mistake,  it 
cannot  become  a  contract. 

15.  The  right  to  vote  or  hold  office,  etc.,  cannot  be  sold  by 
contract. 

16.  Contract  without  a  consideration;  such  as  a  promise  to 
make  a  gift,  cannot  be  enforced. 

17.  Two  or  more  persons  cannot  intentionally  make  a  con- 
tract to  the  injury  of  a  third  person. 

18.  Contracts  for  concealing  felony  or  violating  public  trust, 
for  bribery  and  extortion,  are  prohibited. 

19.  Useless  things  cannot  become  the  subject  of    a  contract; 
such  as  agreeing  not  to  go  out  of  the  house  for  a  month. 

20.  Money  borrowed  for  the  purpose  of  betting,  the  lender 
knowing  it  to  be  for  that  purpose,  cannot  be  collected. 

21.  A  verbal  release  without  payment  or  satisfaction  for  the 
debt  is  not  good.    Release  must  be  under  seal. 

22.  If  there  are  two  parts  to  a  contract,  and  one  conflicts 
with  the  other,  the  first  part  holds  good  in  preference  to  the 
last. 

23.  Contracts  in  which  there  is  misrepresentation  or  con- 
cealment of  material  facts  cannot  be  enforced.     It  is  fraud  to 
conceal  a  fraud. 

24.  If  a  thing  contracted  for  was  not  in  existence  at  the  time 
of  making  the  contract,  such  as  buying  a  horse  and  not  know- 
ing that  he  was  dead  at  the  time,  is  not  good. 

25.  If  a  person  agrees  to  serve  as  a  laborer  or  clerk,  he  can- 
not be  compelled  to  fulfill  his  agreement;   damages,  however, 
can  be  recovered  for  a  failure  to  perform. 

26.  An  agreement  with  a  thief  to  drop  a  criminal  prosecu- 
tion, by  his  bringing  back  the  goods  and  paying  all  damages,  is 
not  good,  and  will  be  no  bar  to  a  future  prosecution.  •* 

27.  Guardians,  Trustees,  Executors,  Administrators  or  At- 
torneys cannot  take  advantage  of  those  for  whom  .they  act  by 
becoming  parties  to  contracts  in  which  their  wards  are  interested 


J62    FREE  TRADE  WILL  NOT  LOWER  THE  PRICE  OF  BRAIN& 

DAMAGES   FOR  VIOLATION  OF  CONTRACT. 

1.  It  is  the  very  essence  of  a  contract  that  some  penalty 
attaches  to  its  violation.     Otherwise  it  is  no  contract  at  all. 
Herein  an  agreement  resembles  a  law.    A  statute  which  provides 
no  penalties  for  the  law-breaker  is  merely  the  expression  of  a 
wish,  or  the  giving  of  advice.    The  contract  that  binds  must  be 
binding  on  both  parties.    This  element  of  mutual  obligation  is 
also  the  very  essence  of  a  contract. 

2.  Where  no  actual  loss  has  been  sustained  by  the  violation 
of  a  contract,  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  nominal  damages  only. 

3.  Actual  expenditures  under  the  contract  may  be  recov- 
ered. 

4.  Expected  profits  or  speculations  in  real  property  cannot 
be  recovered  in  case  of  a  violation  of  contract. 

5.  Failure  to  convey  real  estate  according  to  covenant  en- 
titles plaintiff  to  the  value  of  the  land  at  the  time  the  transfer  was 
to  be  made. 

6.  Failure  to  deliver  property  at  the  time  and  place  named 
in  the  contract  entitles  the  plaintiff  to  the  value  of  the  property 
at  the  time  and  place  fixed  for  deliverance. 

7.  In  loss  of  goods  by  common  carrier  the  plaintiff  is  en- 
titled to  the  value  of  the  goods  where  they  were  to  be  delivered, 
less  the  freight  on  such  goods. 


A  Broken  Contract. 

Parent:— You  have  violated  my  command. 

Small  Boy:— I  should  think  you  would  be  ashamed  to  strike  me  when 
my  baok  is  turned  toward  you. 

8.  If  a  party  contracts  to  employ  another  for  a  certain  time, 
at  a  specified  compensation,  and  discharges  him,  without  cause, 
before  the  expiration  of  time,  the  plaintiff  can  obtain  judgment 


NOR   WILL  HIGH  TARIFF  RAISE  THE  PRICE,  163 

for  full  amount  of  wages  for  the  whole  time,  provided  he  does 
not  engage  in  any  other  business. 

9.  In  Illinois  the  penalty  for  a  railroad  for  the  killing  of  a 
passenger  is  fixed  by  statute  at  $5,000,  and  the  only  question  that 
is  allowed  to  arise  in  such  a  case  is  whether  the  railroad  company 
was  at  all  responsible  for  the  disaster. 

10.  To  prevent  lawsuits  and  disputes  the  amount  of  damages 
for  the  violation  of  contracts  is  sometimes  fixed  by  inserting  in 
the  contract  the  following  clause: 

And  it  is  further  agreed  that  the  party  that  shall  fail  tc 
perform  this  agreement  on  his  part  shall  pay  to  the  other  the 
Jull  sum  of  [here  state  amount],  as  liquidated,  fixed,  and  settled 
charges. 

General  Form  of  Agreement. 

This  agreement,  made  the  tenth  day  of  June,  19 — ,  between  Clarence 
Ranck  of  Aurora,  County  of  Kane,  State  of  Illinois,  of  the  first  part, 
and  Charles  Vandersall  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  ot  the  second  part:  Wit- 
nesseth,  that  the  said  Clarence  Ranck,  in  consideration  of  the  agree- 
ment of  the  party  of  the  second  part  hereinafter  contained,  contracts 
and  agrees  to  and  with  the  said  Charles  Vandersall,  that  (here  insert 
the  agreement  of  Clarence  Ranck].  And  the  said  Charles  Vandersall 
in  consideration  of  the  fulfillment  of  this  contract  on  the  part  of  the 
party  of  the  first  part,  contracts  and  agrees  with  the  said  Clarence 
Ranck  [here  insert  the  agreement  on  the  part  of  Charles  Vandersall]. 

In  case  of  failure  of  agreement  by  either  of  the  parties  hereto  it  is 
hereby  stipulated  and  agreed  that  the  party  so  failing  shall  pay  to 
the  other  Two  Hundred  Dollars  as  fixed  and  settled  damages. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  ind  seals,  the 
flay  and  year  first  above  mentioned. 

Signed  and  sealed  CLARENCE  RANCK. 

In  presence  of  CHARLES  VANDERSALL, 

John   Rutter. 

Contract  for  Sale  of  Land. 

This  agreement,  made  this  first  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1901,  between 
John  Brown,  of  the  City  of  Dunkirk,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  party 
of  the  first  part,  and  Norman  C.  Stull,  of  the  City  of  Buffalo,  of  the 
same  State,  party  of  the  second  part,  Witnesseth,  That  if  the  said  party 
of  the  second  part  shall  make  the  payments  and  perform  the  covenants 
hereinafter  mentioned  on  his  part  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  here- 
by agrees  to  convey  and  assure  to  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  in 
fee  simple,  clear  of  all  incumbrances  whatsoever,  by  a  good  and  suffi- 
cient warranty  deed  the  following  described  premises  to  wit:  [Here 
describe  property  to  be  conveyed],  and  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part  covenants  and  agrees  to  pay  to  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  the 
sum  of  two  thousand  ($2,000.)  dollars  as  follows: 

Five  hundred  ($500)  dollars  cash  In  hand  paid,  the  receipt  whereof 
is  hereby  acknowledged,  balance  on  March  1,  1902,  with  interest  at  the 
rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  annually  after  the  date  hereof, 
and  all  taxes  and  assessments  legally  levied  or  imposed  upon  said  land 
subsequent  to  the  year  1899.  A  complete  abstract  of  title  brought  down 
to  date  to  be  furnished  by  said  party  of  the  first  part  on  or  before 
days  from  the  date  hereof.  In  case  title,  on  examination,  shou  A 


164 


THE  ROAD  TO  SUCCESS  IS  HARD  TO  CLIMB. 


prove  to  be  defective,  then  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to 
perfect  the  same  within  a  reasonable  time,  and  in  case  of  failure  so 
to  do,  or  in  case  said  title  cannot  be  perfected,  the  cash  paid  hereon 
shall  be  refunded  and  this  contract  shall  become  null  and  void.  Deed 
to  be  delivered  March  1,  1901,  deferred  payments  to  be  secured  by  note 
and  first  mortgage  by  the  party  of  the  second  part  on  the  premises  here- 
by sold.  This  contract  shall  extend  to,  and  be  obligatory  upon,  the 
heirs,  administrators,  executors,  and  assigns  of  the  respective  parties. 

In  testimony  whereof  the  parties  have  hereunto  set  their  hands  and 
^eals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 


(Signed) 


Witness:    Richard  Peck. 


JOHN  BROWN, 
NORMAN  C.  STULL. 


(Seal.) 
(Seal.) 


An  Agreement  to  Build  a  House. 

This  agreement,  made  this  16th  day  of  July,  1901,  between  John  Reid, 
Of  Lisle,  Illinois,  party  of  the  fir!;t  part,  and  C.  Cooper,  of  Naper.ville, 
Illinois,  party  of  the  second  part,  Witnesseth:  That  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred 
($1,500)  dollars,  to  be  paid  as  hereinafter  stated,  covenants  and  agrees 
with  the  party  of  the  first  part  that  he  will  within  the  space  of  six 
iiionths  from  the  date  hereof  in  a  good  substantial  and  workmanlike 
manner  erect,  build,  and  finish  on  Lot  Two  (2)  in  Block  Three  (3)  of 
Park  Addition  to  Naperville,  Illinois,  a  dwelling  house  in  accordance 
with  the  plans  and  specifications  hereunto  annexed  and  made  a  part 
hereof. 

It  Is  further  agreed  that  the  party  of  the  first  part  shall  at  all 
times  furnish  to  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  all  such  stone,  brick, 
lime,  cement,  lumber,  and  such  other  materials  as  may  be  required 
by  him  for  the  construction  of  said  house,  and  such  lumber  and  ma- 
terials to  be  delivered  upon  said  lot  from  time  to  time  as  required  by 
said  party  of  the  second  part.  Said  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  pay 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part  the  sum  of  five  hundred  ($500)  dollars 
when  the  building  is  enclosed  and  the  roof  is  on.  Five  hundred  ($500) 
dollars  when  the  house  is  plastered  and  the  chimneys  erected,  and  the 
remainder  upon  the  completion  of  the  contract. 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  have  hereunto  set  their  hands  and 
seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 


(Signed) 


JOHN  REID.    (Seal.) 
C.  COOPER.     (Seal.) 


yiME  AND  PATIENCE  CHANGE  MULBERRY  LEA  VES  TO  SATIN.     165 


A  Contract  for  Hiring  a  Farm  Hand. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN   BY  THESE   PRESENTS: 

That  Fred  J.  Dolan  agrees  to  work  faithfully  for  E.  E.  Hull,  as  a 
general  laborer  on  his  farm,  and  to  do  any  work  that  he  may  be  called 
upon  to  do  in  connection  therewith,  in  the  township  of  Freedom,  County 
of  La  Salle,  and  State  of  Illinois,  for  the  period  of  one  year,  beginn  ng 
the  first  day  of  March  next,  1901,  for  the  sum  of  Twenty  Dollars  per 
month. 

In  consideration  of  the  services  to  be  performed,  the  said  E.  E.  Hull 
agrees  to  pay  Fred  J.  Dolan,  Twenty  Dollars  per  month. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  the  said  parties  have  hereunto  set  their 
aands  this  first  day  of  January,  1901.  FRED  J.  DOLAN 

E.   E.   HULL. 

Agreement  for  the  Hiring  of  a  Clerk. 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  this  twenty-eighth  day  of  June,  one  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  one,  between  John  Smith,  of  the  Town  of  Naperville,  in 
the  County  of  Du  Page,  and  State  of  Illinois,  of  the  first  part,  and  RirhaH 
Brown,  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  in  the  County  of  Cook,  State  of  Illinois,  of  tne 
second  part,  Witnesseth: 

That  the  said  John  Smith  has  agreed  to  enter  the  service  of  the 
said  Richard  Brown  as  clerk,  and  covenants  and  agrees-  to  and  with  the 
Said  Richard  Brown,  that  he  will  faithfully,  honestly,  and  diligently 


136    BLANK  CARTRIDGE,  BIG  GUN;  ALL  TALK,  LITTLE  DONE. 

apply  himself  and  perform  the  duties  of  a  clerk  in  the  store  of  the  said 
Richard  Brown,  and  faithfully  obey  all  the  reasonable  wishes  and  com- 
mands of  the  said  Richard  Brown,  for  and  during  the  space  of  one  year 
from  the  thirtieth  day  of  May  next  for  the  compensation  of  Six  Hundred 
Dollars  ($600)  per  annum,  payable  monthly. 

And  the  said  Richard  Brown  covenants  with  the  said  John  Smith 
that  he  will  receive  him  as  his  clerk  for  the  term  of  oue  year  aforesaid 
and  will  pay  him  for  his  services  as  such  clerk  the  sum  of  Six  Hundred 
Dollars  ($600)  annually,  in  monthly  payments. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  this 
twenty-eighth  day  of  Jane,  A.  D.  1901. 

JOHN  SMITH.  (Seal.) 

RICHARD  BROWN.    (Seal.) 
JOHN  H.  WAGNER. 
A  Contract  for  Laying  Tile  or  Building  Fence. 

This  agreement,  made  this  first  day  of  July,  1901,  between  W.  J. 
Shaw,  of  the  first  part,  and  A.  N.  Jenkins,  of  the  second  part,  Witness- 
eth:  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  lay  upon  the  farm 
of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  of  Nap«rville  Township,  Du  Page 
County,  Illinois,  120  rods  of  six-inch  tile  at  such  places  on  said  farm 
as  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  may  designate  for  the  sum  of  forty 
cents  per  rod,  said  tile  to  be  so  laid  that  there  shall  be  sufficient  fall 
to  properly  drain  the  land  through  which  the  same  is  laid.  And  all 
ditches  to  be  properly  filled  by  the  party  of  the  first  part;  and  the 
said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  pay  said  party  of  the  first  part 
one-half  the  consideration  above  expressed  when  he  has  laid  60  rodi 
of  said  tiling  and  the  remainder  on  completion  of  the  contract- 
Witness  the  hands  of  the  parties  hereto  the  day  and  year  above 
written.  (Signed)  W.  J.  SHAW, 

A.  N.  JENKINS. 
A  Contract  for  the  Sale  of  Horses,  Cattle,  or  other  Personal  Property. 

This  agreement,  between  A.  B.  Johnson  and  C.  D.  Coddington,  made 
this  nineteenth  day  of  October,  1901,  witnesseth: 

That  said  A.  B.  Johnson,  for  the  consideration  hereinafter  men- 
tioned, shall  sell  and  deliver  on  the  first  day  of  November  next  to  said 
C.  D.  Coddington  at  his  residence,  One  Double  Wagon,  Two  Four- Year- 
Old  Colts  and  Six  Yearling  Heifers. 

That  said  C.  D.  Coddington,  in  consideration  thereof,  shall  pay  said 
A.  B.  Johnson  Three  H  andred  Dollars,  upon  the  delivery  of  said  prop- 
erty. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  this  day  set  our  hands  and  seal. 

A.  B.  JOHNSON, 
C.  D.  CODDINGTON. 

Estray  Notice. 

Take  Notice!— On  the  3rd  day  of  June,  1901,  there  strayed  onto  my 
inclosed  land  in  the  town  of  Van  Wert,  County  of  Du  Page:  One  two- 
year-old  colt,  a  dark  bay,  with  small  star  in  the  forehead,  and  left  hind 
foot  white;  and  one  dark-brown  calf,  with  black  spots  on  each  side. 
Any  one  claiming  the  above-described  animals  can  obtain  possession 
of  same  by  furnishing  suffi.cien>.  proof  of  ownership,  and  paying  all  ex- 
pense and  cost.  R.  ZACHMAN. 

1.  The  above  notice  may  be  printed  in  the  local  paper,  or 
written  out,  and  tacked  up  in  three  or  four  prominent  places  in 
the  vicinity  where  the  stray  animal  was  taken  up. 

2.  No  one  can  claim  a  stray  without  advertising  the  same, 
and  giving  the  proper  notice,  such  as  the  statutes  of  the  State 
require. 

3.  If  the  stray  is  not  redeemed  by  the  owner,  it  may  be  sold 
at  public  auction  to  pay  cost  and  expense. 


RI VULETS  FILL  A  BOTTOMLESS  CUP  AS  WELL  AS  NIA  GAR  A.    167 

PROPERTY,   REAL    AND    PERSONAL. 
Property  is  either  Real  Estate  or  Personal  Property. 

Real  Estate  is  fixed  property,  such   as  houses  and   lands. 

Personal  Property  consists  of  all  movable  material,  such 
as  horses,  cattle,  furniture,  merchandise,  notes,  cash,  mort- 
gages, etc.  The  capital  stock  of  corporations  is  personal  prop- 
erty. 

Personal  property  may  become  real  estate  by  being 
attached  to  the  ground,  and  real  estate  can  be  made  personal 
property;  as  coal  taken  from  a  mine  or  trees  that  have  been 
cut  down. 

THE  LAW  GOVERNING  THE  SALE  AND  TRANSFER 
OF  PROPERTY. 

1.  A  sale  is  the  exchange  of  property  for  money,  which  is 
either  paid  at  once  or  is  to  be  paid  in  the  future.    An  agreement 
to  sell  at  a  future  date  is  not  a  sale. 

2.  There  are  many  complicated  things  pertaining  to  the  sale 
of  property  which  every  thoughtful  man  should  understand. 

3.  The  thing  sold  must  either  exist  at  the  time  of  the  sale 
or  there  must  be  a  well-founded  reason  that  it  will  be  in  exist- 
ence and  in  possession  of  the  seller.     For  example:     If  a  man 
sold  a  horse  for  $100  and  it  transpires  that  the  horse  died  before 
the  actual  time  of  the  sale  the  transaction  would  not  be  a  sale, 
otherwise  it  would. 

4.  Grain  or  other  produce  not  yet  sowed  or  planted  can  be 
sold  because  the   seller  may  reasonably   expect  a   crop.     Ma- 
chinery or  other  manufactured  goods  may  be  sold  before  they 
are  made  and  the  seller  can  be  held  to  perform  his  part  of  the 
contract  the  same  as  though  the  articles  actually  existed  at  the 
time  of  the  sale. 

5.  The  thing  sold  must  be  specified  and  set  apart  as  the 
property  of  the  buyer.     For  example:     The  sale  of  ten  bushels 
of  wheat  from  a  certain  bin  would  not  be  a  sale  unless  the 
grain  was  measured  and  set  apart. 

6.  The  price  must  be  fixed  by  mutual  consent,  or  be  under- 
stood by  the  terms  of  the  sale. 

7.  Any  defects  which  can  be  seen  in  property  or  in  animals 
when  sold  do  not  relieve  the  buyer  from  meeting  his  contract 
though  he  claims  that  he  did  not  see  the  defects.    The  law  does 
not  furnish  eyes  for  the  purchaser  of  property. 


168  EGOTISTS  FIND  THE   WORLD   UGLY. 

8.  But  defects  in  property  or  animals  which  cannot  be  seett 
and  of  which  the  seller  makes  no  statement,  but  recommends 
is  as  good  or  sound,  relieves  the  buyer  from  his  contract. 

9.  When  nothing  is  said  as  to  the  time  of  payment  when  the 
sale  is  made  the  law  presumes  that  the  property  must  be  paid 
for  before  the  purchaser  can  secure  possession.  If  credit  is  agreed 
upon  the  buyer  is  entitled  to  immediate  possession. 

10.  The  purchaser,  in    order    to    make  good  his  bargain, 
should  always  advance  a  small  amount,  to  bind  the  seller  to  the 
bargain. 


.Form  of  Bill  of  Sale. 

KNOW  ALL,  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  Jared  K.  Long, 
of  Aurora,  Kane  County,  Illinois,  in  consideration  of  six  hundred  ($600) 
dollars  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  F.  A.  Lueben,  of  the  same  place,  the  re- 
ceipt of  which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  do  hereby  grant,  sell,  assign, 
transfer  and  deliver  unto  the  said  F.  A.  Lueben,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
the  following  goods  and  chattels,  to  wit: 

Four    Oxen,  at  $50.00  each $200.00 

30    head  of  Sheep,  at  $4.00  each 120.00 

Five    sets  of  Harness,  at  $20.00  each 100.00 

Two   Farm  Wagons,  at  $35.00  each 70.00 

One   Corn   Planter,    at   $20.00 20.00 

Six    Plows,  at  $15.00  each 90.00 

To  have  and  to  hold  all  of  the  said  goods  and  chattels  to 
che  said  F.  A.  Lueben,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever.  And  I  do 
hereby  covenant  to  and  with  the  said  F.  A.  Lueben  that  I  am 
the  legal  owner  of  said  goods  and  chattels;  that  they  are  free 
and  clear  from  all  other  and  prior  sales  and  incumbrances;  that  I 
have  good  right  to  sell  and  convey  the  same  as  aforesaid,  and  that  in 
the  peaceable  possession  of  the  said '  F.  A.  Lueben  I  will  forever  war- 


BECAUSE  THEY  SEE  ONLY  THEMSELVES.  169 

rant  and  defend  the  same  against  the  lawful  claims  and  demands  of  all 
persons  whomsoever. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  29th 
day  of  June,  A.  D.  1901.  (Signed)  J.  K.  LONG.  [Seal.] 

In  the  presence  of 

T'-F.  Teel. 

bn.1  of  Sale.    Special  Form  for  the  West. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  James  C.  Smith, 
of  Great  Falls,  County  of  Cascade,  and  State  Montana,  in  consideration, 
of  eighty  dpllars  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  D.  C.  Robert  of  the  same  place, 
the  receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  do  hereby  grant,  sell, 
transfer  and  deliver  unto  the  said  D.  C.  Robert,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
the  following  chattels,  to  wit: 

One  Black  Mare,  warranted  only  four  years 

old,  sound  and  gentle,  branded  (X) $60.00 

One  Red  Heifer,  branded  (L) 20.00 

And  I  hereby  guarantee  these  chattels  to  be  in  every  way  as  above, 
described;  that  they  are  my  lawful  property,  free  from  all  incum- 
brances,  and  that  I  have  a  good  right  to  sell  and  convey  the  same 
as  aforesaid;  and  further,  that  I  will  defend  the  same  against  all  claims 
whatsoever. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  -and  and  seal  this  19th 
day  of  June,  A.  D.  1900.  (Signed)  JAMES  C.  SMITH.  [Seal.] 

in  the  presence  of 

Walter  J.   Miller. 

BANKRUPTCY. 

i.  A  Bankruptcy  Act  was  passed  by  Congress  and  went 
into  force  July  i,  1898,  which  virtually  supersedes  and  does  away 
with  all  state  insolvency  laws  and  proceedings.  While  this  act 
is  in  force,  all  such  acts  are  suspended. 

a.  Courts. — The  courts  having  jurisdiction  in  bankruptcy 
cases  are  the  District  Courts  of  the  United  States,  in  the  several 
States  and  Territories,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

3.  Acts  of  Bankruptcy , — (a)  Acts  of  bankruptcy  by  a  per- 
son consist  of  fraudulently  Conveying,  transferring,  concealing,  or 
removing  property  wita  intent  to  hinder,  delay,  or  defraud  cred- 
itors,    (b)  Making  transfers  of  property  when  a  person  is  insol- 
vent,    (c)  Suffering  a  creditor  to  obtain  a  preference  when  the 
debtor  is  insolvent,      (d)  General  assignment  for  the  benefit  of 
creditors.     (<?)  Admitting  in  writing  inability  to  pay  debts. 

4.  Bankrupts. — Bankrupts  are  of  two  kinds,  voluntary  and 
involuntary.      Involuntary  bankrupts  are  those  declared  bank- 
rupts by  the  proper  courts  on  petition  of  creditors  who  have  com- 
mitted one  or  more  of  the  acts  of  bankruptcy  hereinbefore  speci- 
fied.     Voluntary  bankrupts  are  those  who  are  declared  to  be 
bankrupts  on  their  own  motion  or  petition.      Any  person  who 
owes  debts,  except  a  corporation,  may  become  a  voluntary  bank- 


*TO  SCHOLARSHIP  IS  FINE; 

nipt  Any  person,  except  a  wage-earner,  farmer,  any  uniucor 
porated  company  and  any  corporation  engaged  in  manufactur- 
ing, trading,  printing,  publishing  or  mercantile  proceedings, 
owing  debts  to  the  amount  of  One  Thousand  Dollars  or  over 
and  private  bankers,  may  be  declared  involuntary  bankrupts. 

5.  Exemptions. — Bankrupts  are  allowed  the  same  exemp- 
tions as  against  executions  or  attachments. 

6.  Discharges  in  Bankruptcy,  which  protect  persons  from 
all  debts  except  those  hereinafter  mentioned,  may  be  secured  on 
petition  to  the  proper  court  after  the  expiration  of  one  month 
and  within   twelve  months  after  being  adjudged  a  bankrupt 
Such  discharge  releases  a  bankrupt  from  all  of  his  debts,  except 
taxes,  judgments  for  fraud,  debts  not  scheduled,  debts  created 
by  embezzlement,  misappropriation  or  defalcation. 

7.  Officers  in  Bankruptcy. — The  principal  officers  in  bank  - 
ruptcy  proceedings  are  the  referee  and  trustee.     The  referees 
are  appointed  by  the  District  Judge,  hold  their  terms  for  two 
years,  and  are  practically  assistant  judges  to  the  court,  and  have 
general  charge  of  bankruptcy  proceedings.      Their  number  is 
determined  by  the  amount  of  business,  and  is  largely  discretion- 
ary with  the   United  States  District  Judge.      Their  fee  is  Ten 
Dollars,   which  must  be  paid  when  the  proceedings  are  com- 
menced.    The  trustee  is  appointed  by  the  creditors  at  their  first 
meeting  after  the  person  has  been  declared  a  bankrupt,  and  their 
duties  are  largely  the  samt>  as  those  of  receivers  or  assignees  in 
insolvency  proceedings.     Both  rererees  and  trustees  are  required 
lo  give  bond. 

8.  Meetings    of   Creditors. — After    the    party    has  been 
adjudged  a  bankrupt,  a  meeting  of  all  creditors  must  be  called 
not  less  than  ten  days  nor  more  than  thirty  days  after  such 
adjudication,  at  the  county  seat  of  the  county  where  the  bank- 
rupt has  his  principal  place  of  business  or  resides.      At  the  first 
meeting  of  the  creditors,  the  referee  presides,  allows  or  disal- 
lows claims  of  creditors,  and  may  publicly  examine  the  bankrupt. 
At  this  meeting  the  trustee  is  appointed.      All  claims  must  be 
presented  under  oath  in  writing,  setting  forth  his  claim  to  the 
referee. 

9.  Notices.— Ten  days'  notice  by  mail  of  all  the  principal! 
proceedings  in  bankruptcy  are  given  to  creditors  by  the  referee. 

10.  How  Commenced. — Proceedings  in  involuntary  bank- 
ruptcy are  commenced  by  filing  a  petition  with  the  Clerk  of  the 


SDT  IT  DOES  SOT  ATONE  FOR  ILL  BREEDING.  171 

District  Court,  setting  forth  the  name  and  residence  of  the  bank- 
rupt, an  accurate  list  of  all  his  property,  and  a  schedule  of  all  his 
debts,  giving  the  name  and  address  of*all  his  creditors.  The 
time  is  then  fixed  by  the  court  for  a  hearing  upon  said  petition, 
due  notice  thereof  being  given.  On  such  hearing,  the  question 
of  whether  the  person  is  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the  act  is 
decided,  and  the  judgment  of  the  court  declares  the  person  a 
bankrupt  or  not,  as  the  case  requires,  and  then  the  proceedings 
take  the  usual  course  under  rules  which  have  been  adopted  by 
the  Suprr  me  Court  of  the  United  States.  These  rules  are  toe 
numerous  and  extensive  to  be  recited  here. 

COAL  LANDS. 

1.  Application  for  Entry.— Every  person  above  the  age  of  twenty 
ane  years,  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  who  has  declared  his 
intention  to  become  such,  or  any  association  of  persons  severally  qualified 
•is  above,  shall,  upon  application  to  the  Register  of  the  proper  Land  Office. 
t*ave  the  right  to  enter  by  legal  subdivisions  any  quantity  of  vacant  coal 
Ian-    of  the  United  States,  not  otherwise  appropriated  or    reserved  by 
jompetent  authority,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  sixty  acres  to  each  indi- 
vidual or  person,  or  three  hundred  twenty  acres  to  such  association,  upon 
^-.vment  to  the  receiver  of  not  less  than  Ten  Dollars  ($10.00)  per  acre  for 
such  land  where  the  same  shall  be  situated  more  than  fifteen  miles  from 

ny  completed  railroad,  and  not  less  than  Twenty  Dollars  ($20.00)  per  acre 
for  su?I.  land  as  shall  be  within  fifteen  miles  of  such  road. 

2.  Settlers  Preferred.— Any  person  or  association  of  persons,  sev- 
erally qualified  as  above  provided,  who  have  opened  and  improved,or  shall 
nereafter  open  and  improve,  any  coal  mine  or  mines  upon  public  lands,  and 
sha*l  be  in  actual  possession  of  the  same,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  preference- 
tight  of  entry,  under  the  preceding  section,  of  mines  so  opened  and  im- 
proved, provided,  that  when  any  association  of  no  less  than  four  persona 
fiev  rally  qualified  as  above  provided,  shall  have  expended  not  less  than 
Five  Thousand  Dollars  ($5,000.00)  in  working  or  improving  any  such  mine 
or  mines,  such  association  may  enter  not  exceeding  six  hundred  forty 
ucres,  in^lnding  such  mining  improvements. 

'  3.  Land  Office  Proceedings.— All  claims  under  the  preceding  sec- 
tions must  be  presented  to  the  Register  of  the  proper  land  district  within 
sixty  days  after  the  date  of  actual  possession,  and  the  commencement  of 
improvements  on  the  land  by  the  filing  of  a  declaratory  statement  there- 
for but  when  the  township  plat  is  not  on  file  at  the  date  of  such  improve- 
menV  filing  must  be  made  within  six  d  -ys  from  the  receipt  of  auch  plat 
trom  the  Land  Office. 

4.  Entry  Limited.— The  three  preceding  sections  shall  be  held  to 
4Htho-'ize  only  one  entry  by  the  same  person  or  association  of  persons,  and 
no  association  of  persons,  any  member  of  which  shall  have  taken  the  ben- 
efit of  such  sections,  31  .her  as  an  individual  or  as  a  member  of  any  othe- 
association,  shall  enter  or  hold  any  other  lands  under  the  provision  thereof, 
and  no  member  of  any  tssociation,  which  shall  have  taken  the  benefit  of 
scch  sections,  shall  enter  or  hold  any  other  lands  under  their  provisions, 
and  all  persons  claiming  under  Section  1  shall  be  required  to  prove  their 
respective  rights  and  pay  for  the  lands  filed  upon,  within  one  year  from  the 
time  prescribed  for  filing  their  respective  claims,  and  upon  failure  to  file 
the  proper  notice  or  to  pay  for  the  land  within  the  required  period,  the 
same  shall  be  subject  to  entry  by  any  other  qualified  applicant. 

6.  Conflicting  Claims.— la  case  of  conflicting  claims  upon  coal  lands 
where  improvements  shall  be  commenced,  priority  of  possession  and 
improvements,  followed  by  proper  filing  and  continued  good  faith,  shall 
determine  thj  preference-right  to  purchase  The  Commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office  is  authorized  to  issue  all  needful  rules  and  regulations 
tor  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  and  the  four  preceding  sec- 
tions. 

NOTE.—  The  proceedings  to  enter  coal  lands  under  the  above  section* 
Are  regulated  Dy  a  circular  of  the  General  Land  Office  of  July  31, 1882.. 


172  DO   YOU   WISH  MEN  TO  SPEAK  WELL  OF  Y9Ut 


NOKTHWESTEEN   COLLEGE,   NAPERVILLE,  ILL. 


Proposal  to  Erect  a  Public  Building. 

To  the  Directors  of  School  District  No.  7,  Township  of  Milton,  Du 
Page  County,  Illinois: 

We  propose  to  erect,  complete  and  finish,  on  the  lots  owned  by  you 
In  your  district,  a  schoolhouse  according  to  plans,  specifications  and  de- 
tails this  day  furnished  to,  us,  and  from  which  these  estimates  are  pre- 
pared, and  upon  which  they  are  based. 

We  propose  to  furnish  all  materials  of  every  kind  and  charart  r   re- 
quired to  be  used  in  the  construction  and  the  completion  of  sal ' 
Ing,   and   we  agree  that  the   work,   when  completed,   and  all   ma1,  rii's. 
shall  fully  and  strictly  comply  with  the  plans  and  specifications 
before  mentioned,   and  that   said   building  shall   be  completed  an^ 
for  occupancy  on  or  before  six  months  from  the  date  hereof. 

We  propose  to  construct  said  building  and  complete  it  in  acco 
•with   the    foregoing   proposition    for    the    sum    of    ten    thousand 
dollars,    payable   as   follows:    $5,000.00   when    the   walls   are   up    and    roof 
Is  on:  $2,000.00  when  the  plastering  is  completed,  and  the  remainder  on 
completion  of  the  building. 

We  hope  this  proposition  may  be  accepted  by  your  honorable  board. 

Dated  this  13th  day  of  May,  1C01.  JAMES  HARRIS  &  CO. 


HOW  TO  SECURE  A  LIEN  ON  PROPERTY. 

1.  A    Lien    is   a   legal   claim.     It    includes    every    case    in 
which  either  real  or  personal  property  is  charged  with  any  debt 
or  duty.     In   other  words,   it  is   the  right  to  hold   possession 
of  property  until  some  claim  against  it  has  been  satisfied. 

2.  Possession    is    always    necessary    to  create  a  lien  ex. 
cept  in  case  of  mortgages.     The  lien  simply  extends  to  the  right 


TEEN  NEVER  SPEAK  WELL  OF  YOURSELF  173 

of  holding  the  property  until  the  debt  is  satisfied.  The  prop* 
erty  cannot  be  sold  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  except 
by  order  of  the  court. 

3.  Law.— The  existence  of  a  lien  does  not  prevent  the  party 
entitled  to  it  from  collecting  the  debt  or  claim  by  taking  it  into 
court. 

4.  Parties  Entitled  to    Liens.— Warehouse    men,  carpen- 
ters, tailors,  dyers,  millers,  printers,   etc.,  or  any  persons  who 
perform    labor  or   advance   money   on    property    or    goods    of 
another  have  a  lien  on  same  until  all  charges  are  paid. 

5.  Hotel  Keepers  have  a  lien  upon  the  baggage  of  their 
guests,  whom  they  have  accommodated. 

6.  Common    Carriers   have    a    lien  on  goods  carried  for 
transportation  charges. 

7.  Agents  have  a  lien  on    goods  of    their  principals  for 
money  advanced. 

8.  How  to   Hold   the    Lien. — Never   give    up    possession 
of  the  property  until  the  debt  is  paid. 

9.  Real    Property.— If    the    debt  is  on   a  house,    barn  or 
other  real    property,  file    a    lien   on    the  whole   property,  and 
have  it  recorded  in  the  County  Recorder's  office.    The  claim 
then  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  mortgage. 

10.  Mechanic's    Lien.— Nearly    all    the    States    have    en- 
acted special  laws  to  protect  mechanics  and  material  men,  who 
may  furnish  material  and  labor  for  the  erection,  construction, 
repair  and   improvement   of  buildings   situated   thereon.     The 
method  of  securing  these  liens  and  enforcing  them  in  the  dif- 
ferent States  varies  so  widely  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
give   such  a  statement  as  will   cover  all   States.  '    The  courts 
have  construed  such  laws  very  strictly  and  in  order  to  entitle 
a  person  to  such  lien  the  provisions  of  the  law  granting  the 
same  must  be  strictly  complied  with.     Mechanics  and  material 
men  desiring  to  avail  themselves  of  these  statutes  would  better 
consult  some  good  lawyer  and  have  him   prepare  the  neces- 
sary papers.    The  following  form  is  the  one  commonly  in  use 
in  the  State  of  Illinois: 

Form  of  Mechanic's  Lien. 

SDT? PAGE^COUNTY!  1 ss>  In  the  circuit  Court* Du  Pa«e  Bounty. 

/TJLICS  WARREN,  ) 

vs.  >  Claim  for  Lieu. 

MARTIN  SMITH.     ) 


174     NOT  WHAT  COMES  INTO  A  MAN'S  HAND,  BUT  WHAT 

Julius  Warren,  being  first  duly  sworn,  on  oath,  says  that  ne  is  the 
claimant  above  named,  and  that  the  attached  "Exhibit  A,"  is  a  just  and 
true  statement  of  the  account  due  him  from  said  Martin  Smith  for  labor 
and  materials  furnished  said  Martin  Smith  at  the  times  in  said  statement 
mentioned,  which  various  amounts  are  due  and  payable  to  him  from  and 
after  the  respective  dates  thereof;  and  affiant  says  that  the  labor  and 
materials  in  said  statement  mentioned  were  used  in  the  construction  and 
improvement  of  a  two-story  frame  building  situate  upon  the  following 
described  premises  in  the  County  of  Du  Page  and  State  of  Illinois,  to  wit: 
Lot  two  (2),  in  Block  three  (3),  of  the  original  town  of  Hinsdale. 

And  affiant  says  that  there  is  now  due  and  owing  to  said  Julius  Warren 
from  said  Martin  Smith,  at  whose  request  said  material  and  labor  was 
furnished  as  aforesaid,  after  allowing  to  him  all  just  credits,  deductions, 
and  set-offs,  the  sum  of  $500,  for  which  amount  said  Julius  Warren  claim* 
a  lien  upon  the  above  described  premises. 
Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  29th  day  of  "1 

February,  A.  D.  1901.  Jmrm  WARHFN 

JOHK  SMITH,  JULIUS  WARREN. 

Notary  Public.  J 

N.  B. — The  foregoing  statement  should  be  signed  and  sworn  to  before 
•ome  officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths,  and  filed  with  the  Clerk  of 
the  Circuit  Court  of  the  County  where  the  real  estate  is  situated,  and  a 
•nit  to  enforce  the  same  must  be  begun  within  two  years  from  the  data  of 
the  completion  of  the  contract. 

LAW    ON   GUARANTEES. 

1.  A  guarantee  (also  spelled  guaranty)  is  a  written  promise 
that  a  person  will  perform  some  duty  or  answer  for  the  pay- 
ment of  some  debt,  in  case  of  the  failure  of  another  person. 

2.  The  person  who  guarantees  the  faithfulness  of  another  is 
called  the  guarantor. 

3.  The  guarantee  is  the  person  to  whom  the  pledge  is  made. 

4.  All  guarantees  must  be  in  writing. 

5.  A  guarantee,  to  be  binding,  must  be  for  a  consideration. 
The  consideration  should  be  named  or  expressed  as  "for  value 
received." 

6.  A  mere  accommodation  or  overture  is  not  sufficient  to 
hold  a  guarantor. 

7.  A   guarantee  must   be  accepted  to  make   it  a   contract, 
and  the  guarantor  must  have  notice  of  its  acceptance  within  a 
reasonable  time. 

8.  A  guarantor,  after  paying  the  debt,  has  the  right  to  sub- 
stitute himself  in  place  of  the  creditor. 

g.  Guarantees  of  commission  merchants  binding  them  to 
warrant  the  solvency  of  the  purchaser  of  goods  they  sell  on 
credit,  need  not  be  in  writing. 

10.  The  terms  of  the  contract  of  guarantee  are  to  be  strictly 
construed. 


BE  SAVES  FROM  SLIPPING  THROUGH,  ENRICHES  HIM.    175 

11.  In  the  sale  of  a  horse  the  purchaser  can  only  hold  the 
guarantor  for  defects  of  the  horse  when  sold. 

12.  In  case  of  a  cough  the  horse  must  have  been  heard  to 
cough  previous  to  the  purchase.     If  lame,  the  lameness  must 
be  proved  to  arise  from  a  cause  that  could  not  have  occurred 
after  the  purchase.     A  guarantee  after  the  sale  of  the  horse  is 
of  no  effect. 

FORMS  OF  GUARANTEES. 
A  Guarantee  for  the  Purchase  of  a  Horse. 

Osage,   Kansas,  June  30,  1901. 

In  consideration  of  One  Hundred  and  Fifty  Dollars,  for  a  bay  mare, 
I  hereby  guarantee  her  to  be  only  six  years  old,  Bound,  free  from  vice 
and  quiet  to  ride  or  drive.  RALPH  GOOD. 

N.  B. — This  guarantee  embraces  every  cause  of  unsoundness  that  can 
be  detected,  and  the  seller  will  be  held  for  all  the  defects  in  the  animal 
at  the  time  of  sale.  This  is  the  only  safe  and  satisfactory  way  for  a  man 
to  purchase  a  horse  who  is  not  an  experienced  judge  of  horses. 

Guarantee  on  Back  of  a  Note. 

For  value  received,  I  hereby  guarantee  the  payment  of  the  within 
note.  JAMES  GLOVER. 

Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  Oct.  12,  1901. 

Guarantee  for  Payment  of  a  Bill. 
W.   Reinke,   Esq.  Dayton,  Ohio,  Aug.  30,  1902. 

Dear  Sir:— I  hereby  guarantee  the  payment  of  any  bill  or  bills  of  mer- 
chandise Mr.  John  A.  Dahlem  may  purchase  from  you,  the  amount  of 
this  guarantee  not  to  exceed  five  hundred  dollars  ($500),  and  to  expire  at 
the  end  of  three  months  from  date.  Respectfully  yours, 

CHAS.   ADAMS. 

Guarantee  of  a  Debt  Already  Incurred. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  10,  1901. 
Messrs.  H.  E.  Bechtel  &  Co.,  West  Salem. 

Gentlemen:— In  consideration  of  one  dollar  paid  me  by  yourselves, 
the  receipt  of  which  I  hereby  acknowledge,  I  guarantee  that  the  debt  of 
four  hundred  dollars  now  owing  to  you  by  Ira  J.  Ferry  shall  be  paid  at 
maturity.  Very  respectfully  yours, 

W.  A.  PIPER1. 

LANDLORD  AND  TENANT. 

i.  Definition. — This  is  a  term  used  to  denote  the  rela- 
tion which  exists  by  virtue  of  a  contract  expressed  or  implied 
between  two  or  more  persons  for  the  possession  or  occupation 
of  lands  or  tenements  either  for  a  definite  period  of  life  or  at 
will. 

The  LANDLORD  is  the  person  who  lets  the  premises.  The 
TENANT  is  the  one  who  occupies  fhe  land  or  premises  in  sub- 
ordination to  the  Landlord  only.  The  contract  between  the 
two  is  called  a  LEASE.  The  party  granting  the  possession 
and  profit  is  called  the  LESSOR,  and  the  party  to  whom  the 


liO  IF  LITTLE  LABOR,  LITTLE  ARE  OUR  GAINS. 

grant  is  made  is  called  the  LESSEE.  The  most  common  torrns 
of  tenancy  are  for  life  or  for  a  definite  term.  Either  so  many 
years,  so  many  months,  or  so  many  weeks. 

2.  Leases. — Leases   which   are  to   run    for   more   than    a 
year  or  which  are  not  to  be  performed  within  a  year  must  be 
in  writing,  or  they  are  absolutely  void.     Leases  for  a  year  or 
less  and  which  can  be  performed  within  a  year  are  valid  if  not 
in  writing.     To  avoid  misunderstandings,  disputes,  and  possible 
litigation   it  is  always  best  that  the   Lease  be   in  writing  and 
signed  by  both  parties. 

3.  Leases   for  life  are  those  which  are  terminated  either 
by  death  of  the  Lessee  or  of  some  other  person  living  at  the  date 
of  the   Lease.     Unless   such   Leases   contain   covenants   to   the 
contrary  the  life  Tenant  or  the  Lessee  is  required  to  pay  all  taxes 
on  the  premises  and  keep  the  same  in  repair. 

4.  Leases  for  Years. — The  Lessor,  unless  it  is  otherwise 
expressly  provided  in  the  Lease,  is  under  obligations  to  put 
the    Tenant    in    possession   and  see    that  his  possession  is  not 
disturbed  by  any  title  paramount  to  his  Landlord's.     He  is  not 
required  to  make  repiirs  unless  he  so  stipulates  in  the  Lease, 
nor  is  there  an  implied  contract  on  his  part  that  the  premises 
are  fit  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  are  let.     He  must  pay  all 
taxes  regularly  levied  and  assessed  against  said  premises  and 
keep  the  buildings  on  said  premises  insured  at  his  own  expense 
if  he  desires  to  carry  insurance. 

5.  Implied  Agreement  by  Tenant.— Where   there    is   no 
agreement    to    the    contrary,    the    Tenant    is    bound    to    take 
possession  of    the  premises,  take  ordinary  care  of   the  same, 
keep  them  in  a  tenantable  condition,   and  make  repairs  made 
necessary  by  his  negligence,  except  injuries  resulting  from  wear 
and  tear  and  inevitable  accident. 

If  the  premises  leased  be  a  farm,  he  is  also  required  to  culti- 
vate the  same  in  the  manner  required  of  good  husbandry.  He 
must  not  commit  waste,  alter  buildings  or  fences,  and  must  sur- 
render up  the  premises  at  the  end  of  his  term  in  as  good  con- 
dition as  when  entered  upon  originally,  wear  and  tear  excepted. 
Ho  is  not  required  to  pay  taxes  or  keep  buildings  insured,  and 
must  pay  the  stipulated  rent  at  the  time  it  becomes  due  by  the 
terms  of  his  Lease.  If  i  o  time  i?  specified  in  his  Lease,  then  the 


MAN'S  FORTUNES  ARE  ACCORDING  TO  HIS  PAINS.         177 

rent  is  due  at  the  end  of  the  term.  He  may  underlet  the  prem- 
ises or  assign  the  Lease  unless  his  Lease  contains  covenants  to 
the  contrary. 

If  he  places  permanent  improvements  upon,  the  premises 
which  are  so  attached  to  the  buildings  or  land  that  they  can- 
not be  removed  without  injury,  he  has  no  right  to  remove  the 
same  unless  his  Lease  so  provides.  He  m»iy  remove  trade  fix- 
tures if  the  same  are  removed  from  the  premises  before  the  ex- 
piration of  his  Lease. 

6.  Special  Covenants. — The  usual  covenants  contained  in 
the  ordinary  Lease  provide  for  the  yielding  up  of  the  pos- 
session of  the  premises  at  the  end  of  the  term  without  notice, 
in  as  good  condition  as  when  the  same  were  entered  upon  by 
the  Lessee,  loss  by  fire,  inevitable  accident  and  ordinary  wear 
excepted.  There"  is  also  usually  a  covenant  providing  against 
underletting  or  assigning  the  Lease,  and  a  covenant  that  in  case 
of  non-payment  of  rent,  or  failure  to  perform  any  of  the  cov- 
enants of  the  Lease  the  Lessor  shall  have  the  right  to  deter- 
mine said  Lease  and  recover  possession  of  the  premises. 

Farm  leases  usually  provide,  in  addition  to  the  covenant 
above  mentioned,  that  the  Tenant  shall  keep  the  fruit  and  orna- 
mental trees,  vines  and  shrubbery,  free  from  injury  of  stock 
and  from  plowing  or  otherwise;  that  the  Lessee  will  draw  out 
the  manure  and  spread  it  on  the  premises;  that  no  straw  shall 
be  sold  and  removed  from  the  premises  during  the  term  or  at 
its  termination^  that  the  Tenant  will  keep  the  buildings  aiul 
fences  in  repairs,  the  Landlord  to  furnish  necessary  material; 
that  the  Landlord  may  do  fall  plowing  on  the  stubble  ground 
after  the  grain  has  been  removed  thereirom,  and  that  he  may 
enter  for  the  purpose  of  making  repairs,  viewing  the  premises 
and  sowing  timothy  seed. 

Sometimes  the  Landlord  covenants  to  make  all  new  fences, 
to  furnish  water  and  many  other  provisions  which  may  be  in- 
serted  as  the  occasion  may  require. 

A  Lease  for  Renting  a  House. 
KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS: 

That  I  have,  this  sixth  day  of  September,  190L  let  and  rented  unto 
Andrew  Jay  my  house  and  premises,  number  142  on  Archer  Street,  in  th6 
town  of  Livermore,  and  State  of  Iowa,  with  the  sole  and  uninterrupted 
use  and  occupation  thereof  for  one  year,  to  commence  the  first  day  o' 
May  next,  at  thft  monthly  rent  of  twenty  dollars,  payable  in  advance. 
Witness  my  hand  and  seal, 

J.  W.  GLASGOW.   (Seal.) 


178  POSSESSION  IS  NINE  POINTS  OF  THE  LAW. 

Short  Form  of  Lease. 

John  Parks  leases  to  J.  B.   Moulton   [description  of  premises]   foi   _ 

t»«"m  of upon  the  payment  of Dollars. 

Dated  this  1st  day  of  August,  1901.  J.  K.  MILLER. 

The  following  is  a  form  of  Lease  in  common  use  for  both 
Ctty  and  country  property: 

THIS  INDENTURE,  Made  this  15th  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1901,  between 
John  Doe  of  Decatur,  111.,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  Richard  Roe  of  the 
wune  place,  party  of  the  second  part,  Witnesseth,  That  the  party  of 
the  first  part,  in  consideration  of  the  covenants  of  the  party  of  the  second 
part,  hereinafter  set  forth,  does  by  these  Presents,  lease  to  the  party  of 
the  second  part  the  following  described  property,  to  wit:  Lot  one  (1)  In 
Block  Ten  in  the  original  Town  of  Decatur  in  the  City  of  Decatur  and 
State  of  Illinois,  TO  HAVE  AND  TO  HOLD  THE  SAME,  To  the  party 
of  the  second  part,  from  the  15th  day  of  July,  1901,  to  the  15th  day  of 
January,  1902.  And  the  party  of  the  second  part,  in  consideration  of  the 
leasing  the  premises  as  above  set  forth,  covenants  and  agrees  with  the 
party  of  the  first  part  to  pay  the  party  of  the  first  part,  at  First  National 
Bank,  Decatur,  as  rent  for  the  same,  the  sum  of  Sixty  Dollars,  payable  as 
follows,  to  wit:  $10  on  the  15th  day  of  each  and  every  month  during  the 
t**m  commencing  on  the  date  hereof. 

AND  THE  PARTY  OF  THE  SECOND  PART  covenants  with  the  party 
of  the  first  part,  that  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  this  lease 

....he will  yield  up  the  premises  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  without 

further  notice,  in  as  good  condition  as  when  the  same  were  entered 
upon  by  the  party  of  the  second  part,  loss  by  fire  or  inevitable  accident 
and  ordinary  wear  excepted. 

IT  IS  FURTHER  AGREED  by  the  party  of  the  second  part,  that 

neither he nor  his  legal  representatives  -will  underlet  said 

premises  or  any  part  thereof,  or  assign  this  lease  without  the  written 
aswent  of  the  party  of  the  first  part  first  had  thereto. 

AND  IT  IS  FURTHER  EXPRESSLY  AGREED  between  the  parties 
hereto,  that  if  default  shall  be  made  in  the  payment  of  the  rent  above 
reserved,  or  any  part  thereof,  or  any  of  the  covenants  or  agreements 
herein  contained  to  be  kept  by  the  party  of  the  second  part,  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  the  party  of  the  first  part  or  his  legal  representatives,  into 
and  upon  said  premises  or  any  part  thereof,  either  with  or  without 
process  of  law,  to  re-enter  and  re-possess  the  same  at  the  election  of  the 
party  of  the  first  part,  and  to  distrain  for  any  rent  that  may  be  due 
thereon  upon  any  property  belonging  to  the  party  of  the  second  part. 
And  in  order  to  enforce  a  forfeiture  for  non-payment  of  rent  it  shall  not 
be  necessary  to  make  a  demand  on  the  same  day  the  rent  shall  become 
du?,  but  a  failure  to  pay  the  same  at  the  place  aforesaid  or  a  demand 
fcn-i  a  refusal  to  pay  on  the  same  day,  or  at  any  time  on  any  subsequent 
day,  shall  be  sufficient;  and  after  such  default  shall  be  made,  the  party 
of  the  second  part  and  all  persons  in  possession  under  him  shall  be 
defined  guilty  of  a  forcible  detainer  of  said  premises  under  the  statute. 

AND  IT  IS  FURTHER  COVENANTED  AND  AGREED  between  the 
pat  iies  aforesaid 


Tho  covenants   herein    shall   extend   to   and   be   binding   upon    the   he»r», 
•xt  jutors  and  administrators  of  the  parties  to  this  Lease. 

WITNESS  THE  HANDS  AND  SEALS  of  the  parties  aforesaid,  the  day 
*tt   year  first  above  written. 

JOHN  DOE.  (Seal.) 
RICHARD  ROB.    (Seal.; 


ALWAYS  BE  PUNCTUAL  AT  THE  TIME  APPOINTED.      H9 

Farm  Lease,  Money  Rent. 

The  following  form  for  farm  lease,  money  rent,  is  a  good  one 
and  contains  the  usual  special  covenants  required  under  ordinary 
circumstances: 

THIS  INDENTURE,  Made  this  second  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  between  Henry 
Williams  of  the  Town  of  Milton,  in  the  County  of  Du  Page  and  State  of 
Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  John  Carter  of  the  same  place,  party 
of  the  second  part,  WITNESSETH,  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part 
for  and  in  consideration  of  the  covenants  and  agreements  hereinafter 
mentioned,  to  be  kept  and  performed  by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
his  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  has  demised  and  leased  to  the 
•aid  party  of  the  second  part  all  those  premises  situate,  lying  and  being 
in  the  Town  of  Milton,  County  of  Du  Page,  State  of  Illinois,  known  and 
described  as  follows,  to  wit:  The  North  West  quarter  of  Section  ten  (10) 
in  Township  39,  north  range  10,  east  of  the  3d  principal  meridian. 

TO  HAVE  AND  TO  HOLD  the  said  above  described  premises,  with  the 
appurtenances,  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors, 
administrators  and  assigns,  fnom  the  2d  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  for  and  during  and 
until  the  2d  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  nine 
hundred,  yielding  possession  and  paying  rent  therefor  as  hereinafter 
stated. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  in  consideration  of  the  leasing 
of  the  premises  aforesaid  by  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  to  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  does  covenant  and  agree  with  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators  and  assigns,  to 
pay  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  as  rent  for  the  said  demised 
premises  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars,  as  follows:  $200  on  the 
1st  day  of  October,  1897,  $300  Jan.  1,  1898,  $200  Oct.  1,  1898,  $300  Jan. 
1,  1899,  $200  Oct.  1,  1899,  $300  Jan.  1,  1900,  payable  at  the  First  National 
Bank,  Naperville,  111. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  preserve  and  keep 
the  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  vines  and  shrubbery,  that .  now  are  or 
shall  be  planted  on  the  premises,  from  injury  by  plowing,  or  from 
cattle,  horses,  sheep  or  otherwise. 

To  scatter  and  expend  upon  said  premises  all  the  manure  and 
compost,  suitable  to  be  used;  such  manure  as  is  unfit  for  use  to  leave 
upon  said  premises  for  future  use  thereon;  and  not  to  burn  any  stalks 
or  straw  or  stubble  on  said  premises.  No  straw  to  be  sold  or  removed 
from  said  premises  or  at  its  termination. 

To  keep  said  premises,  including  the  hedges  and  fences,  in  proper 
and  necessary  repair,  provided  that,  if  necessary,  the  landlord.  -  shall 
furnish  such  materials  as  shall  be  needful  to  repair  the  fences  within  a 
reasonable  time  of  being  notified  of  its  want. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  further  covenants  with  the 
said  party  of  the  first  part  that,  at  the  expiration  of  the  time  in  this 
lease  mentioned,  he  will  yield  up  the  said  demised  premises  to  the 
said  party  of  the  first  part  in  as  good  condition  as  when  the  same  were 
entered  upon  by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  loss  by  fire  or 
inevitable  accident  and  ordinary  wear  excepted. 

It  is  further  agreed  by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  that 
neither  he  nor  his  legal  representatives  will  underlet  said  premises. 
or  any  part  thereof,  or  assign  this  lease  without  the  written  assent  of 
said  party  of  the  first  part  had  and  obtained  thereto. 

The  said  party  of  the- first  part  reserves  the  privilege  of  plowing  the 
stubble  ground  when  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  may  have  secured 
the  grain  grown  thereon.  The  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to 
keep  said  premises  free  from  burs,  and  to  keep  all  necessary  ditches 
and  drains  plowed  out  during  this  lease.  Also  agrees  that  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part  may  enter  said  premises  for  the  purpose  of  viewing 
•nd  sowing  timothy  seed  and  making  repairs. 


180  REST  NOT,  LIFE  ito  SWEEPING  BY; 

IT  IS  EXPRESSLY  UNDERSTOOD  AND  AGREED  by  and  between 
the  parties  aforesaid,  that  if  the  rent  above  reserved,  or  any  part  thereof, 
shall  be  behind  or  unpaid  on  the  day  and  at  the  place  of  payment 
whereon  the  same  ought  to  be  paid,  as  aforesaid, '  or  if  default  shall  be 
mkde  in  any  of  the  covenants  herein  contained,  to  be  kept  by  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  it 
shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs, 
executors,  administrators,  agent,  attorney  or  assigns,  at  his  election,  to 
declare  said  term  ended,  and  the  said  demised  premises,  or  any  part 
thereof,  either  with  or  without  process  of  law,  to  re-enter,  and  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  or  any  other  person  or  persons  occupying,  in 
or  upon  the  same,  to  expel,  remove  and  put  out,  using  su,?h  force  as 
may  be  necessary  in  so  doing,  and  the  said  premises  again  to  re-possess 
acd  enjoy,  as  in  his  first  and  former  estate;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors,  administrators  or  as- 
signs, to  be  and  appear  at  the  said  place  above  specified  for  the  payment 
of  said  rent,  and  then  and  there  tender  and  pay  the  same  as  the  same 
shall  fall  due  from  time  to  time,  as  above,  to  the  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  his  agent  or  assigns;  or  in  his  absence,  if  he  shall  offer  to  pay  the 
§ame  then  and  there,  such  offer  shall  prevent  said  forfeiture. 

And  it  is  expressly  understood  that  it  shall  not  be  necessary,  in  any 
event,  for  the  party  of  the  first  part,  or  his  assigns,  to  go  on  or  near  the 
Bald  demised  premises  to  demand  said  rent,  or  elsewhere  than  at  the  place 
aforesaid.  And  in  the  event  of  any  rent  being  dne  and  unpaid,  whether 
before  or  after  such  forfeiture  declared,  to  distrain  for  any  rent  that  may 
be  due  thereon,  upon  any  property  belonging  to  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part.  And  if  at  any  time  said  term  shall  be  ended  at  such  election  of 
said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators  or  assigns, 
as  aforesaid  or  in  any  other  way,  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his 
executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  do  hereby  covenant,  promise  and 
agree  to  surrender  up  and  deliver  said  above  described  premises  and 
property  peaceably  to  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors, 
administrators  or  assigns,  immediately  upon  the  determination  of  said 
term  as  aforesaid;  and  if  he  shall  remain  in  the  possession  of  the  same 
five  days  after  notice  of  such  default,  or  after  the  termination  of  this 
lease,  in  any  of  the  ways  above  named,  he  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a  forcible  detainer  of  said  demised  premises,  under  the  statute,  and 
shall  be  subject  to  all  the  conditions  and  provisions  above  named,  and 
to  eviction  and  removal,  forcibly  or  otherwise,  with  or  without  process 
of  law,  as  above  stated. 

And  it  is  further  covenanted  and  agreed  by  and  between  the  parties, 
that  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  pay  and  discharge  all  costs  and 
attorney's  fees  and  expenses  that  shall  arise  from  enforcing  the  covenants 
of  this  indenture  by  the  party  of  the  first  part. 

IN  TESTIMONY  WHEREOF,  The  said  parties  have  hereunto  set  hands 
and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written  in  duplicate. 

In  presence  of  HENRY  WILLIAMS.     (Seal.) 

Centius   Seldon.  JOHN   CARTER.  (Seal.) 

7.  Termination  of  Lease. — Under  the  strict  rules  of  the 
common  law  the  Landlord  might  terminate  the  lease  for 
non-payment  of  rent,  but  in  order  to  do  so  it  was  necessary  for 
him  to  go  upon  the  premises  and  make  a  demand  for  the  exact 
amount  of  rent  due  upon  the  very  day  that  the  rent  came  due, 
and  a  failure  to  do  this  waived  the  right  to  declare  forfeiture. 
This  strict  rule  of  the  common  law  has  been  modified  in  nearly 
all  the  States  so  that  it  is  no  longer  necessary  to  make  a  de- 
mand for  the  rent  on  the  day  the  rent  comes  due.  Instead  of 
this  aiost  of  the  States  provide  that  before  the  Landlord  shall ' 


GO  AND  DARK  BEFORE  YOU  DIE,  181 

declare  a  forfeiture  a  demand  in  writing,  for  the  amount  of 
rent  due,  shall  be  served  upon  the  Tenant,  and  he  be  notified 
that  in  case  he  fails  to  pay  the  same  within  a  fixed  time,  general- 
ly five  or  ten  days,  the  Landlord  will  elect  to  terminate  his 
lease;  in  such  cases  the  Tenant  has  until  the  end  of  the  last  day 
fixed  in  the  notice  to  pay  the  rent  and  save  the  forfeiture. 

The  statutes  of  the  various  States  also  provide  that  in  case 
of  breaches  of  other  covenants  contained  in  the  lease,  no- 
tice of  such  breach  and  intention  of  the  Landlord  to  declare  for- 
feiture of  the  same  shall  be  served  upon  the  Tenant  to  quit  and 
deliver  up  possession  of  said  premises  within  a  time,  generally 
not  less  than  ten  days. 

The  following  are  the  forms  of  notices  above  referred  to  in 
common  use: 

Landlord's  Five  Day  Notice. 
To   John    Doe : 

YOU  ARE  HEREBY  NOTIFIED    that  there  is  now  due  me  the  sum  of 

One  Hundred   Dollars   and Cents,    being     rent    for    tho 

premises  situated  in  the  City  of  Chicago,  in  Cook  County,  in  the  State 
of  Illinois,  and  known  and  described  as  follows,  viz:  Lot  one  (1)  in 
Block  two  (2)  of  the  Original  Town  of  Chicago. 

And  you  are  further  notified  that  payment  of  said  sum,  so  due,  has 
been  demanded  of  you,  and  that  unless  payment  thereof  is  made  on  or 
before  the  21st  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1900,  your  lease  of  said  premises  will  be 
terminated.  Richard  Roe  is  hereby  authorized  to  receive  said  rent  so 
due,  for  me. 

Dated  this  15th  day  of  July,  1900.  JAMES  SMITH,    . 

Landlord. 

Ten  Days'  Notice  to  Quit. 

To  John  Doe: — You  are  hereby  notified  that  in  consequence  of  your 
default  in  payment  of  rent  and  also  to  keep  the  buildings  and  fences  on 
the  premises  hereinafter  described  in  proper  repair,  being  Lot  One  in 
Block  Ten  of  the  original  town  of  Aurora,  Kane  County,  Illinois,  I  have 
elected  to  terminate  your  lease,  and  you  are  hereby  notified  to  quit  and 
deliver  up  possession  of  the  said  premises  to  me  vithin  ten  days  of  thi» 
date. 

Dated  this  21st  day   of  July,  1900. 

(Signed         RICHARD  ROE, 

Landlord. 

8.  Termination  of  Tenancy  from  Year  to  Year  and 
Month  to  Month. — Where  a  Tenant  has  a  Lease  for  a  year 
of  premises  with  annual  rent,  and  at  the  end  of  his  term 
holds  over  without  a  new  agreement,  the  law  construes  this 
to  be  a  leasing  from  year  to  year,  and  such  tenancy  at 
common  law  could  only  be  terminated  by  either  party  giving 
the  other  six  months*  notice  prior  to  the  end  of  any  year. 


182  SBUN  ALL  TEMPTATIONS  TO  ILLICIT  GAIN8. 

This  notice  has  been  changed., by  a  statute  in  Illinois  to  sixty 
days  prior  to  the  end  of  any  year,  and  a  shorter  time  has  also 
been  fixed  in  many  other  States. 

A  Tenant  who  has  a  Lease  of  property  for  one  or  more 
months  with  monthly  rent,  who  holds  over  after  the  termination 
of  his  Lease,  it  termed  a  Tenant  from  month  to  month,  and  such 
relation  can  only  be  terminated  by  either  party  giving  the  other 
thirty  days'  notice  of  his  intention  to  terminate  the  tenancy. 
Such  notice  to  be  given  thirty  days  prior  to  the  end  of  any 
month. 

9.  Demand.— It  is  a  general  rule,  subject  to  few  excep- 
tions, that  in  order  to  get  possession  of  property  where  the 
inception  of  the  Tenant  was  lawful,  either  a  notice  to  quit   or  a 
demand  for  possession  is  necessary  on  the  part  of  the  owner 
before  commencing  proceedings  to  get  possession. 

10.  Securing  Possession.— When  a  Lease  has  been  ter- 
minated either  by  its  term  or  by  notice,  and  the  Landlord  is 
entitled  to  possession,  the  most  common  method  of  recovering 
possession  is  to  commence  an  action  of  forcible  entry  and  de- 
tainer against  the  Tenant  for  the  possession  of  the  premises. 
This  may  be  done  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  by  filing  a  com- 
plaint and  having  a  summons  issued.     If  the  possession  of  the 
Tenant  was  lawful  in  its  inception  the  Landlord  has  no  right  to 
forcibly  dispossess  him,  and  if  he  does  so  it  is  at  his  peril.     Tak- 
ing possession  by  force  subjects  the  Landlord  to  an  action  for 
heavy  damages. 

Leases  sometimes  contain  clauses  that  where  a  forfeiture  has 
taken  place  the  Landlord  shall  have  the  right  to  take  possession 
of  the  premises  leased  by  force  if  necessary.  Such  covenants, 
however,  cannot  be  enforced  and  do  not  justify  the  Landlord  in 
using  force,  and  the  only  course  to  pursue  is  to  begin  an  action 
and  recover  a  judgment  for  possession  and  have  the  conc*able  or 
shgrirT  legally  put  the  Landlord  in  possession. 

DISTRESS  FOR  RENT. 

I.  'ihe  usual  and  most  effective  method  of  colleciing  rent 
is  by  distress  warrant.  This  is  a  warrant  issued  by  the  Landlord 
to  some  third  person,  authorizing  and  empowering  such  third 
person  to  levy  said  warrant  upon  any  property  of  the  Tenant 


'JONSC1ENCE  AND  WEALTH  ARE  NOT  ALWAYS  NEIGHBORS,  183 

for  the  satisfaction  of  the  rent.  This  remedy  is  the  most  com- 
mon and  effective,  as  it  enables  the  Landlord  to  get  a  lien  upon 
the  property  of  the  Tenant  without  delay,  and  the  process  is  of 
very  ancient  origin. 

The  statutes  of  most  of  the  States  provide  for  this  remedy 
and  the  mode  of  procedure  after  the  levy  of  the  warrant  is 
generally  prescribed  by  the  statute.  In  general  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  officer,  as  soon  as  the  levy  is  made,  to  file  an  inventory 
of  the  property  levied  upon  with  some  court  together  with  a 
copy  of  his  warrant,  and  usually  a  summons  from  said  court 
is  issued  against  the  Tenant  in  favor  of  the  Landlord  and  the 
suit  then  proceeds  much  after  the  manner  of  suits  in  attach- 
ment. 

2.  Time  of  Levy.—  Under  the  Common  Law  the  Tenant 
had  all  of  the  day  on  which  the  rent  came  due  within  which  to 
pay  the  same  and  a  distress  could  not  be  levied  until  the  day 
after  the  rent  came  u^e.  In  Illinois,  however,  in  case  the  Tenant 
sells  or  attempts  to  dispose  of  the  crop  grown  upon  the  prem- 
ises so  as  to  endanger  the  Landlord's  lien  for  his  rent,  a  distress 
warrant  may  be  levied  before  the  rent  comes  due.  Many 
of  the  statutes  of  the  other  States  contain  provisions  of  a  similar 
character.  The  person  making  the  levy  should  be  careful  not  to 
levy  on  more  property  than  is  necessary  in  order  to  satisfy  the 
rent  due,  otherwise  he  will  be  liable  to  the  Tenant  for  making 
an  excessive  levy. 

LANDLORD'S  LIEN. 

Under  the  Common  Law  the  Landlord  had  no  lien  upon  the 
property  of  the  tenant  until  a  distress  warrant  was  actually  levied 
upon  the  property  of  the  Tenant.  Most  of  the  States,  however, 
now  provide  that  the  Landlord  shall  have  a  lien  upon  all  the 
crops  grown  upon  the  leased  premises  until  the  rent  of  the  year  in 
which  said  crop  was  grown  has  been  paid,  and  this  lien  is  ahead 
of  all  other  liens;  even  though  an  execution  may  have  been 
levied  upon  such  crops,  the  Landlord's  lien  is  paramount  until 
his  rent  is  satisfied.  The  usual  method  of  enforcing  the  lien  of 
the  Landlord  is  by  distress  warrant  levied  in  the  mrnner  here- 
inbefore described, 


JlKMt,—  - 


184  THE  DAY  NEVER  BECOMES  BRIGHTER 

DEEDS,  HOW  WRITTEN,  AND  LAWS  GOVERNING  THEM. 

1.  Deeds  must  be  written  or  printed  on  piper  or  parchment 

2.  The  names  of  the  parties  and  places  of  residence  are  writ- 
ten first. 

3.  The  property  must  be  fully  described.    The  description 
should  be  by  bounds,  or  by  divisions  of  United  States  surveys, 
or  by  subdivisions  into  blocks  and  lots,  as  shown  on  the  records. 

4.  The  deed  must  express  a  consideration,  also  a  covenant 
to   "warrant  and   defend,"   and  be   signed  and   sealed  by  the 
grantor  or  grantors.     A  deed  without  consideration  is  void. 

5.  Deeds  must  be  completely  written  before  delivery. 

6.  Numbers  should  always  be  written  in  words  followed  by 
figures  in  parentheses. 

7.  If  the  grantor  is  married  both  he  and  his  wife  should 
join  in  the  grant  and  in  the  execution  of  the  deed,  signing  and 
acknowledging. 

8.  Where  forms  are  prescribed  by  the  statutes  of  a  State, 
they  must  be  followed. 

9.  The  acknowledgment  of  a  deed  can  be  made  only  before 
certain  persons  authorized  to  take  the  same,  such  as  justices  of 
the  peace,  notaries,  masters  in  chancery,  judges  and  clerks  of 
the  courts,  commissioners  of  deeds,  etc. 

10.  Any  person  of  legal  age,  competent  to  transact  business 
and  owning  real  estate,  may  convey  it  by  deed. 

11.  The  deed  takes  effect  upon  its  delivery  to  the  person 
authorized  to  receive  it,  and  should  be  recorded  at  once. 

12.  After  the  acknowledgment  of  a  deed  the  parties  have  no 
right  to  make  the  slightest  alteration. 

13.  The  person  making  the  deed  is  called  the  grantor,  the 
person  to  whom  the  deed  is  delivered  is  called  grantee. 

14.  A  Warranty  Deed.— The  grantor  warrants  the  title  to  be 
good,  and  agrees  to  defend  the  same  against  all  persons. 

15.  A  Quitclaim  Deed  releases  only  what  interest  the  grantor 
bas  in  the  property. 

16.  Never  purchase  real  estate  without  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  title,  either  by  yourself  or  a  trusty  attorney. 

17.  Always  procure  an   abstract   of  title   before   advancing 
or  signing  contract  for  purchase  of  land  or  loTt 


BY  FINDING  FAULT   WITH.  THE  SUN.  135 

18.  The  deed  of  a  corporation  must  be  signed  by  an  agent 
or  attorney  and  should  be  carefully  executed.     The  seal  is  prop- 
erly a  piece  of  paper  wafered  on,  or  sealing  wax  pressed  on. 
Li  the  Eastern  States  nothing  else  satisfies  the  legal  requirement 
of  the   seal.     In   other   States   the   word   "seal"    inclosed   in   a 
square  or  any  line  drawn  around  it  is  regarded  in  law  as  a  seal. 

19.  The  ::cecution  of  a  deed  is  generally  attested  by  witness- 
es.    In  many  States  two  witnesses  are  required.     In  New  York 
one  is  sufficient.     In  some  States  a  witness  is  not  .'equired  by 
law  but  It  is  always  safer  to  have  witnesses. 

20.  To  have  full  effect  a  deed  should  be  acknowledged  and 
recorded.     It  is  considered  recorded  as  soon  as  it  reaches  the 
recording  officer,  \vlio  generally  notes  upojn  it  the  day,   hour, 
and  minute  \vhei.  it  \vas  received. 

21.  If  the  Ian  '  is  a  gift  and  no  price  is  paid  for  it,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  insert  "in  consideration  of  one  dollar  paid  me,  the 
receipt  of  which  I  acknowledge." 

22.  Deeds  are  of  a  great  variety.    The  forms  vary  greatly  in 
the  different  States. 

23.  Forms   of  acknowledgments   also   differ   greatly.       The 
fuller  forms  are  generally  safer.     For  Forms  of  Acknowledg- 
ment see  page  196. 

Warranty  Deed.-Long  Form. 

This  Indenture,  made  this  second  day  of  March,  in  the  year  of  out 
Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  one,  between  Andrew  Samson  and 
Polly  Ann  SaoMoou  hi&  wife,  of  the  Village  of  Naperville,  in  the  County 
;>r  Dn  Paue  and  State  of  lilinoi'  party  "of  the  first  purl,  and  Eberi^zer 
r,  Stonght,  of  the  City  of  Chic  .go,  in  the  County  of  Cook  and  State  o* 
Illinois,  party  of  the  second  part: 

Witnesseth.  That  the  *o.id  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  con- 
sideration of  the  sum  <-.i  ten  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety 
($10,890)  dollars,  in  hand  paid  by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
the  rr-roipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  and  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part  forever  released  and  discharged  therefrom,  have  granted, 
bargained,  sold,  remised,  released,  conveyed,  aliened  and  confirmed,  and 
b\  4;hes^  presents  do  grant,  bargain,  sell,  remise,  release,  convey,  alien, 
•and  coniinn  unt  the  said  party  of  the  s.-cjjnd  part,  and  to  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  -orevei,  all  the  following  described  lots,  pieces,  or  parcel 
of  land,  situateu  in  the  County  of  Dn  Page,  and  State  of  Illinois,  and 
known  and  described  as  follows,  to-wit: 

The  northwest  quarter  of  Section  thirty-six  (36)  in  Township  thirty- 
eight  (38),  Xorth  of  Range  eleven  (11).  East  of  the  Third  Principal 
Meridian,  containing  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  by  Government  sur- 
vey. Also,  nn  e^ual  uudi  ided  one-half  interest  in  lot  nuvober  one  (1) 
in  b?ock  number  rnrec  (3)  of  Smith's  subdivision  if  Schuyler's  additir  ia 
the  Village  of  Naperville,  in  the  County  and  State  aforesaid. 

Together  v/ith  all  and  singular  the  hereditaments  and  appurtenances 
thereunto  belonging,  or  in  any  wise  appertaining,  and  the  reversion  and 
•reversions,  remainder  and  remainders,  rents,  issues,  and  profits  thereof; 


186  SOME  MEN  ARE  FRIGHTENED  AT  THEIR  SINS; 

and  all  of  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  claim,  or  demand  whatsoever, 
of  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  either  in  law  or  in  equity,  of,  in, 
and  to  the  above  bargained  premises,  with  the  hereditaments  and  ap- 
purtenances: To  have  and  to  hold  the  said  premises  above  bargained 
and  described,  with  the  appurtenances,  unto  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

And  the  said  Andrew  Samson  and  Polly  Ann  Samson,  his  wife,  party 
of  the  first  part,  for  themselves  and  their  heirs,  executors  and  admin- 
istrators, do  covenant,  grant,  bargain,  and  agree  to  and  with  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  at  the  time  01  the 
ensealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents,  they  are  well  seized  of  the 
premises  above  conveyed,  as  of  a  good,  sure,  perfect,  absolute  and  in- 
defeasible estate  of  inheritance  in  law,  in  fee  simple,  and  have  good 
right,  full  power,  and  lawful  authority  to  grant,  bargain,  sell  and  con- 
vey the  same  in  manner  and  form  aforesaid,  and  that  the  same  are 
free  and  clear  from  all  former  and  other  grants,  bargains,  sales,  liens, 
taxes,  assessments,  and  encumbrances,  of  what  kind  or  nature  so- 
ever; and  the  above  bargained  premises,  in  the  quiet  and  peaceable 
possession  of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
against  all  and  every  other  person  or  persons  lawfully  claiming  or  to 
claim  the  whole  or  any  part  thereof,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  shall 
and  will  Warrant  and  Defend. 

And  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  expressly  waive  and  release 
any  and  all  right,  benefit,  privilege,  advantage  and  exemption,  under 
or  by  virtue  of  any  and  all  Statutes  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  providing 
for  the  exemption  of  homesteads  from  sale  on  execution  or  otherwise. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 
Signed,  Sealed  and  Delivered  >  ANDREW  SAMSON.        [Seal.l 

in  the  Presence  of  J-  POLL?  ANN  SAMSON.    [Seal,  j 

BALAMANDEE  S.  STONE.         ) 

Quitclaim  Deed. 

This  Indenture,  made  the  18th  day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  one,  between  Bay  Scott  and  his  wife, 
Lizzie  E.  Scott,  of  the  City  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  State  of  California, 
party  of  the  first  part,  and  Timothy  H.  Barnard,  of  the  Town  of  Chioo, 
County  of  Butte,  in  the  State  of  California,  the  party  rf  the  second  part, 
Witnesseth :  That  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  consideration  of 
the  sum  of  nine  thousand  ($9,000)  dollars,  currency  oi  the  United  States 
of  America,  to  us  in  hand  paid  by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  do  by  these  presents  remise, 
release,  and  forever  Quitclaim  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part,  and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  the  certain  lots,  pieces 
or  parcels  of  land,  situated  in  the  said  Town  of  Chico,  County  of 
Butte  and  State  of  California,  and  bounded  and  particularly  described 
as  follows,  to-wit: 

Lot  number  three  (3),  in  block  number  six  (6),  in  the  Town  of  Chico, 
and  County  of  Butte,  State  of  California.  Also  the  northwest  quarter  of 
Section  thirty-seven  (37),  in  the  Town  of  Chico,  County  of  Butte  and 
State  of  California,  containing  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  more  or  less, 
according  to  United  States  surveys. 

Together  with  all  and  singular  the  tenements,  hereditaments  and 
appurtenances  thereunto  belonging,  or  in  anywise  appertaining,  and 
the  reversion  and  reversions,  remainder  and  remainders,  rents,  issues 
and  profits  thereof. 

To  have  and  to  hold,  all  and  singular,  the  said  premises,  together 
with  the  appurtenances,  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  and  to 
his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

In  witness  whereof,   the  said   party  of  the  first  part  have  hereunto 
•et  their  hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 
Signed,  Sealed  and  Delivered  in  the* 
Presence  of 

KATIE  BURKE, 
R.  O.  HALL. 

&  B    For  certificate  of  acknowledgment  Bee  Form  3,  pas*  196. 


>  day  and  year  first  above  written, 
nthe"! 

BAY  SCOTT.  [Seell 

KB,     f  LIZZIE  O.  SOOTT.    fSeaL? 

j-        J 


OTHERS  ARE  HUMBLED,  AND  RU*>E*fT  OF  THEM. 


187 


THE  TRUST  OCTOPUS. 
Copyright,  1900,  by  J.  L.  Nichols  &  Co.) 

No  complete  list  of  trusts  has  ever  been  published.  The  Yeai 
Book  of  the  "Journal  of  Commerce  and  Commercial  Bulletin"  for 
1899  gives  a  list  of  353  "Trusts  and  Combinations,"  with  a  total 
capitalization  of  $4,247,918,981  of  common  stock,  $870,575,200  of 
preferred  stock  in  addition  to  a  bonded  indebtedness  of  $714,- 
388,661,  making  a  total  of  $5,832,882,842. 

A  LIST  OF  THIRTEEN  OF  THE  LARGEST  TRUSTS. 

Capital. 

American  Ice  Co $  60,000,000 

American  Steel  and  Wire  Co 85,250,000 

Central  Lumber  Co 70,000,000 

Carnegie  Steel  Co 625,000,000 

Chemical _, .     50,000,000 

Continental  Tobacco  Co 92,690,000 

Cotton  Yarn 80,000,000 

Federal  Steel  Co 99,251,000 

National  Tube  Co 65,000,000 

Reading  Co 150,000,000 

Standard  Oil  Co 97,000,000 

United  States  Leather  Co 125,108,000 

Wholesale  Grocers 75,000,000 

13  Standard 


s 


!88        THE  MORTGAGOR'S  INTEREST— PAYING  PRINCIPAL. 


A  MORTGAGE  SALE. 

They  mortgaged  their  farm  to  start  their  son  in  business. 
M NOTV  over  the  hill  to  the  poor-house" 


MORTGAGES  AND  LAWS  GOVERNING   THEM. 

1.  Mortgages    are    conditioned    conveyances    of   estates    or 
property  by  way  of  pledge  to  secure  a  debt. 

2.  All  mortgages  must  be  in  writing,  and  be  signed  and 
4ealed.     They  must  be  acknowledged  and  recorded. 

3.  There  are  two  kinds  of  mortgages;  a  real  estate  mort- 
gage, and  a  chattel  mortgage.     The  former  is  a  mortgage  on 
real  estate,  the  latter  a  mortgage  on  personal  property. 

4.  A  mortgagor  is  one  who  gives  a  mortgage  and  a  mort- 
gagee one  to  whom  it  is  given. 

5.  A  mortgagee  may  sell  or  transfer  his  mortgage  to  another 
party 


HIS  PRINCIPLE  SHOULD  BE  TO  PA  Y  THE  INTBRBffl       189 

6.  Mortgages  given  with  the  intent  to  defraud  creditors  are 
void,  as  to  all  persons  knowing  of  the  fraudulent  intent. 

7.  When  the  debt  is  paid  for  which  the  mortgage  was  given, 
the  mortgage  is  void. 

8.  A  foreclosure  is  the  legal  proceeding  to  sell  the  mort- 
gaged property  to  satisfy  the  debt. 

9.  In  writing  mortgages  always  insert  the  same  description 
of  land  and  lots  as  given  in  the  deeds  of  same  property. 

10.  Mortgages   should  be   recorded   with   promptness   after 
their  execution.     The  first  mortgage  on  record  is  the  first  lien 
on  the  property,  notwithstanding  another  mortgage  was  given 
first,  as  to  all  persons  not  aware  of  that  fact. 

11.  Formerly,  a  mortgagor  could  redeem  his  land  only  be- 
fore or  when  the  debt  became  due,  but  further  time  is  now  given. 
This  right  to  redeem  is  called  a  right  in  equity  to  redeem  or  an 
equity  of  redemption.    This  time  to  redeem  varies  in  different 
States  but  is  usually  three  years. 

12.  This  right  to  redeem  is  considered  of  so  much  impor- 
tance that  no  party  is  permitted  to  lose  it  even  by  his  own  agree- 
ment.    Even  though  the  mortgagor  agrees  in  the  most  positive 
terms  to  forfeit  his  equity  of  redemption,  the  law  sets  aside  such 
agreement  and  gives  the  debtor  full  time  to  redeem  his  property. 

13.  The  only  way  to  set  aside  this  time  to  redeem  is  to  give 
the  mortgagee  permission  or  authority  to  sell  the  property  and 
thus  to  secure  himself. 

14.  If  a  mortgagor  erects  buildings  on  mortgaged  land  and 
the  mortgage  is  foreclosed,  the  mortgagee  in  taking  possession 
gets  all  these  additions. 

15.  If  the  mortgagee  erects  buildings  and  the  mortgagor 
thereafter  redeems  his  land,  he  gets  the  buildings  without  pay- 
ing for  them. 

16.  Notes  secured  by  mortgage  must  in  some  States  show 
upon  their  face  that  they  are  so  secured. 

17.  The  mortgage,  or  mortgage  deed  as  it  is  usually  called, 
gives  the  mortgagee  the  right  to  take  immediate  possession  of 
the  property,  unless  the  mortgage  deed  contains  a  clause  to  the 
effect  that  the  mortgagor  may  retain  possession  as  long  as  he 
meets  His  payments. 


190  WHAT  YOU  DO  NOT  NEED  19  DEAR  AT  A  PENNY. 


THE  MAN  WHO  PAYS  HIS  MORTGAGE  AT  THE  DAY  OF  MATURITY. 

Mortgage  to  Secure  a  Debt,  with  Power  of  Sale— Short  Form. 

This  Indenture,  made  the day  of in  the  year  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  ,  between  (name,  residence  and  occupation 

of  mortgagor)  party  of  the  first  part,  and  (name,  residence  and  occupation 
of  mortgagee)  party  of  the  second  part,  witnesseth,  that  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  (the  amount  of  the 
debt)  to  him  duly  paid  before  the  delivery  thereof,  has  bargained  and 
sold,  and  by  these  presents  does  grant  and  convey  to  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  (here  describe  the 
premises)  with  the  appurtenances,  and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  and  in- 
terest of  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  therein. 

This  grant  is_  intended  as  a  security  for  the  payment  of  (here 
describe  the  debt),  which  payments,  if  duly  made,  will  render  this 
conveyance  void.  And  if  default  shall  be  made  in  the  payment  of 
the  principal  or  interest  above  mentioned,  then  the  said  party  of  the  sec- 
ond part,  or  his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns,  are  hereby  author- 
ized to  sell  the  premises  above  granted,  or  so  much  thereof  as  will  be 
necessary  to  satisfy  the  amount  then  due,  with  the  cost  and  expenses 
allowed  by  law. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  has  hereunto  set 
his  hand  and  seal  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 
Sealed  and  Delivered  in 
the  Presence  of 


: 


Mortgage  on  Real  Estate— Long  Form,  with  Insurance  Clause. 

THIS  INDENTURE  WITNESSETH,  That  the  mortgagor,  F.  A.  Reik. 
and  Fanny  E.  Reik,  his  wife,  of  the  Town  of  Naperville,  in  the  County 
of  Du  Page  and  State  of  Illinois,  mortgage  and  warrant  to  C.  E. 
Meyers,  of  the  City  of  LaCrosse,  County  of  LaCrosse  and  State 
of  Wisconsin,  to  secure  the  payment  of  a  certain  promissory 
note  executed  by  F.  A.  Reik,  bearing  even  date  herewith,  payable  to 
the  order  of  said  C.  E.  Meyers,  for  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  dollars, 
payable  four  years  from  the  date  thereof,  with  interest  at  the  rate  of 
seven  (7)  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  annually,  the  following  de- 
scribed real  estate,  to- wit:  The  southeast  quarter  (S.  E.  ^4)  of  section 
number  twenty-five  (25),  in  township  number  forty  (40),  north  of  range 
number  fifteen  (15),  east  of  fourth  principal  meridian.  Also:  Lots 
numbers  one  (1)  and  two  (2),  in  block  number  nineteen  (19),  of  Park  ad- 
dition to  the  town  of  Naperville,  situated  In  the  County  of  Du  Page, 
la  the  State  of  Illinois,  hereby  releasing  and  waiving  all  rights  under 
aud  by  virtue  of  the  homestead  exemption  laws  of  the  Stato  ot  HHnniw 


A  GOOD  NAME  IS  BETTER  THAN  BAGS  OF  GOLl  191 


THE  MAN  WHO  NEVEE  PAYS  A  MORTGAGE. 

»nd  all  rights  to  retain  possession  of  said  premises,  after  any  default  it 
payment  or  breach  of  any  of  the  covenants  or  agreements  herein 
contained. 

BUT  IT  IS  EXPRESSLY  PROVIDED  AND  AGREED,  That  if  default 
be  made  in  the  payment  of  the  said  Promissory  Note,  or  any  part  thereof, 
or  the  interest  thereon,  or  any  part  thereof,  at  the  time  and  in  the 
manner  above  specified  for  the  payment  thereof,  or  in  case  of  waste 
or  non-payment  of  taxes  or  assessments  on  said  premises,  or  of  a 
breach  of  any  of  the  covenants  or  agreements  herein  contained,  then 
and  in  such  case  the  whole  of  said  principal  sum  and  interest,  se- 
cured by  the  said  Promissory  Note  in  this  Mortgage  mentioned,  shall 
thereupon,  at  the  option  of  the  said  Mortgagee  or  his  heirs,  executors, 
administrators,  attorneys  or  assigns,  become  immediately  due  and  pay- 
able; and  this  Mortgage  may  be  immediately  foreclosed  to  pay  the 
same  by  said  Mortgagee,  or  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  at- 
torneys or  assigns;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  Mortgagee,  or 
his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  attorneys  or  assigns,  to  enter  Into 
and  upon  the  premises  hereby  granted,  or  any  part  thereof,  and  to  re- 
ceive and  collect  all  rents,  issues  and  profits  thereof. 

UPON  THE  FILING  OF  ANY  BILL  to  foreclose  this  Mortgage  in  any 
court  having  jurisdiction  thereof,  such  court  may  appoint  any  attorney 
or  any  proper  person  Receiver,  with  power  to  collect  the  rents,  issue* 
and  profits  arising  out  of  said  premises  during  the  pendency  of  suet 
foreclosure  suit  and  until  the  time  to  redeem  the  same  from  any  sale 
that  may  be  made  under  any  decree  foreclosing  this  Mortgage  shall 
expire;  and  such  rents,  Issues  and  profits  when  collected  may  be  ap- 
plied toward  the  payment  of  the  indebtedness  and  costs  herein  men- 
tioned and  described.  And  upon  the  foreclosure  and  sale'  of  said 
premises,  there  shall  be  first  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale, 
all  expenses  of  advertisement,  selling  and  conveying  said  premises,  and 
fifty  dollars  attorney's  or  solicitor's  fees,  to  be  included  in  the  de- 
cree, and  all  moneys  advanced  for  taxes,  assessments  and,  other  lienss 
then  there  shall  be  paid  the  principal  of  said  Note,  whether  due  and 
payable  by  the  terms  thereof  or  not,  and  the  interest  thereon. 

THE  SAID  MORTGAGOR  covenants  and  agrees  that  he  will  keep 
»11  buildings  that  may  at  any  time  be  upon  said  premises  insured  in 
«uch  companies  as  the  holder  of  said  Note  shall  direct,  for  their  full 
insurable  value,  and  make  the  loss,  if  any,  payable  to,  and  deposit  th« 
Policies  of  Insurance  with,  the  party  of  the  second  part,  or  his  as 
ligns,  as  further  security  for  the  indebtedness  aforesaid. 

DATED  this  Third  day  of  March,  A.  D.    1901. 

F.  A.  REIK.  (Seal.) 

FANNY    E.    REIK.    (SeaL> 

For  forms  of  Certificate  of  Acknowledgment  see  page  Id6. 


192    THM  EXCESSES  OF  YOUTH  ARE  LttAFTS  ON  OLD  AGE. 

CHATTEL  MORTGAGES. 

1.  A  chattel  mortgage  is  a  mortgage  on  personal  property, 
such  as  live  stock,  machinery,  farm  implements,  etc. 

2.  Chattel  mortgages  are  unknown  in  the  State  of  Louisiana. 

3.  Chattel  mortgages  may  in   most  States  not  run   longer 
than  one  year;  in  Montana  they  may  run  one  year  and  sixty 

days;  in  South  Dakota,  three  years. 

4.  A  chattel  mortgage  is  a  conditional  sale  of  property,   if 
the  debt  for  which  it  was  given  is  not  paid. 

5.  The  property  must  be  taken  possession  of  by  the  mort- 
gagee on  the  maturity  of  the  mortgage,  or  it  can  be  taken  by 
other  creditors. 

6.  To  sell  property  covered  by  a  chattel  mortgage  is  a  crimi- 
nal offense. 

7.  A  chattel  mortgage  must  be  acknowledged  before  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  or  before  the  county  judge,  in  which  the  mort- 
gagor resides;  in  South  Dakota  they  are  not  acknowledged,  but 
require  two  witnesses. 

&.  A  chattel  mortgage  given  on  personal  property  which  is 
left  in  possession  of  mortgagor  is  prima  facie  void  as  to  cred- 
itors of  mortgagor.  To  render  it  valid  it  must  contain  permis- 
sion by  mortgagee  that  mortgagor  may  retain  possession  of  the 
chattels,  and  that  mortgagee  may  take  possession  of  them  when- 
ever he  feels  himself  insecure  for  any  reason. 

9.  Chattel  mortgages  are  usually  given  to  secure  notes  of 
the  mortgagor  in  the  same  way  in  which  real  estate  mortgages 
are  given  to  secure  notes  of  the  mortgagors.     Greater  strictness, 
however,   is  required   in   the  acknowledgment,   docketing,   and 
recording  of  chattel  mortgages  than  in  the  case  of  real  estate 
mortgages. 

10.  A  recent  statute  of  the  State  of  Illinois  provides  that 
notes  secured  by   chattel   mortgages  must  show  on  their   face 
that  'they  are  secured  by  chattel  mortgages,  or  they  are  abso- 
lutely void.     Any  defense  which  tht  maker  of  the  note  secured 
by  chattel  mortgage  could  make  agiinst  the  original  payee  is 
good  against  the  note    in  the  hands  of  an  indorsee,  even  though 
indorsed   before   maturity.       Chattel    mortgages    on    household 
goods  must  be  signed  by  the  wife  of  mortgagor   and  can  only 
be  foreclosed  by  a  court  proceeding. 


PAYABLE  WITH  INTEREST  THIRTY  TEARS  AFTER  DATE.     193 
Mortgage  on  Personal  Property. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  T.  H.  Barnard,  of 
the  Town  of  Ottawa,  in  the  County  of  La  Salle,  and  State  of  Illinois, 
in  consideration  of  seven  hundred  dollars,  to  him  paid  by  George 
Henry  Raynor,  of  the  County  of  La  Salle,  and  State  of  Illinois,  the 
receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  does  hereby  grant,  bargain, 
and  sell  unto  the  said  Geo.  H.  Raynor,  and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns 
forever,  the  following  goods  and  chattels,  to- wit: 

One  Pitts'  Thrashing  Machine;  One  Romeo  Steam  Engine;  Two  Bay 
Mares,  six  years  old;  Four  Pair  of  Double  Harnesses;  Five  White 
Chester  Hogs  (black  and  white);  One  Bay  Gelding,  seven  years  old; 
One  Black  and  White  Cow,  four  years  old. 

To  have  and  to  hold  all  and  singular  the  goods  and  chattels  unto 
the  said  Mortgagee  herein,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  their  sole  use 
and  behoof  forever.  And  the  Mortgagor  herein,  for  him  and  for  his 
heirs  and  executors  and  administrators,  does  hereby  covenant  to  and 
with  tho  said  Mortgagee  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  the  said  Mort- 
gagor is  being  lawfully  possessed  of  the  said  goods  and  chattels  as  of  his 
own  property;  that  the  same  are  free  from  all  incumbrances,  and  that 
he  will  warrant  and  defend  the  same  to  him  the  said  Mortgagee,  and 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  against  the  lawful  claims  and  demands  of  all 
persons. 

Provided,  nevertheless,  that  if  the  said  Mortgagor  shall  pay  a  certain 
promissory  note  of  seven  hundred  dollars,  bearing  even  date  with  the 
above,  given  for  one  year,  at  eight  per  cent,  interest,  then  this  mort- 
gage to  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force  and  effect. 

And  provided  further,  that  until  default  be  made  by  the  said  Mort- 
gagor in  one  performance  of  the  condition  aforesaid,  it  shall  and  may 
be  lawful  for  him  to  retain  the  possession  of  said  goods  and  chattels, 
and  to  use  and  enjoy  the  same;  but  if  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof, 
shall  be  attached  or  claimed  by  any  other  person  or  persons,  at  any  time 
before  payment,  or  the  said  Mortgagor,  or  any  person  or  persons  what- 
ever, upon  any  pretense,  shall  attempt  to  carry  off,  conceal,  make  way 
with,  sell  or  in  any  manner  dispose  of  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof, 
without  the  authority  and  permission  of  the  said  Mortgagee,  or  his 
heirs,  executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  in  writing  expressed,  then 
It  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  Mortgagee,  with  or  without 
assistance,  or  his  agent  or  attorney  or  heirs,  executors  or  adminis- 
trators, to  take  possession  of  said  goods  and  chattels,  by  entering 
upon  any  premises  wherever  the  same  may  be,  whether  in  this  County 
or  State  or  elsewhere,  to  and  for  the  use  of  said  Mortgagee,  his  heirs 
and  assigns.  And  if  the  moneys  hereby  secured,  or  the  matters  to  be 
done  or  performed  at  the  time  and  according  to  the  conditions  above  set 
forth,  then  the  said  Mortgagee,  or  his  attorney  or  agent,  or  his  heirs. 
executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  may,  by  virtue  thereof,  and  wifh- 
out  any  suit  or  process,  immediately  enter  and  take  possession  of  said 
goods  and  chattels,  and  sell  and  dispose  of  the  same  at  public  or  private 
sale,  and  after  satisfying  the  amount  due,  and  all  expenses,  me  sur- 
plus, if  any  remain,  shall  be  paid  over  to  said  Mortgagor,  or  his  he'.rs 
and  assigns.  The  exhibition  of  this  Mortgage  shall  be  sufficient  p^-oof 
that  any  person  claiming  to  act  for  the  Mortgagee  is  duly  made,  Con- 
stituted and  appointed  agent  and  attorney  to  do  whatever  is  above 
Authorized. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  Mortgagor  has  hereunto  set  his  hand 
and  seal,  this  eighteenth  day  of  January,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  nine  hundred. 

Signed,  Sealed  and  Delivered  ) 

in  Presence  of  V  T. 

HENRY  BROOKS.     ) 

For  form  of  acknowledgment  see  page  196. 


194  A  8TITCH  IN  TIME  SAVES  NINE. 

ASSIGNMENT  OF  MORTGAGE. 

The  indorsement  and  transfer  of  a  note  secured  by  a  mort- 
gage transfers  the  security  also,  but  in  order  to  prevent  the 
mortgagee  from  releasing  to  the  prejudice  of  the  assignee  of  the 
note  it  is  always  safest  to  have  a  written  assignment  of  the  mort- 
gage made  and  recorded.  In  some  States  the  assignment  can 
be  made  upon  the  back  of  the  mortgage  and  recorded.  For 
such  States  the  following  assignment  is  the  usual  form.  See 
Form  i. 

In  other  States,  such  as  Illinois,  the  assignment  should  be  by 
formal  separate  instrument,  duly  executed  and  acknowledged 
in  the  same  manner  as  mortgages  and  the  same  filed  for  record. 
Form  2  is  the  usual  form  for  such  assignments. 

Form  1. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  Henry  Betzold, 
the  within  named  Mortgagee  for  a  consideration  of  eight  hundred  dol- 
lars ($800),  hereby  assign,  transfer,  and  set  over  unto  E.  B.  Neeman, 
hi»  heirs  and  assigns,  the  within  named  instrument  of  mortgage,  and  all 
the  real  estate,  with  appurtenances  therein  mentioned  and  described, 
to  have  and  to  ho/d  the  same  forever.  Subject  nevertheless  to  the 
equity  and  right  of  redemption  of  the  within  named  A.  Meyer,  his  heirs 
and  assigns  therein. 

In  witness  whereof  the  party  of  the  first  part  has  hereunto  set  his  hand 
and  seal  this  third  day  of  March,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  nineteen  hundred 
ami  one. 
Sealed  and  Delivered  in  ) 

the  Presence  of  HJENKY  BETZOLD.    [Seal.] 

E.  E.  HAWTHORN.      ) 

Form  2. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  James  Y.  Scam- 
mon,  of  Chicago,  Cook  County,  Illinois,  party  of  the  first  part,  in  con- 
sideration of  fifteen  hundred  ($1,500)  dollars,  lawful  money  of  the  United 
States,  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  Henry  Jones,  of  the  same  place,  party  of 
the  second  part,  do  hereby  sell,  assign,  and  transfer  unto  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  as- 
signs, a  certain  indenture  of  mortgage  bearing  date  tae  first  day  of 
January,  1S97,  made  by  Samuel  P.  Smith,  and  Sarah  E.  Smith,  his  wife, 
and  all  my  right,  title  and  interest  in  and  to  the  premises  therein  de- 
scribed as  follows,  to- wit:  The  southwest  quarter  of  Section  21,  Town- 
ship No.  38,  north,  Range  11  east,  of  the  3d  Principal  Meridian;  also  loti 
Nos.  1,  3  and  6,  In  Block  No.  19,  in  Scofleld's  Addition  to  the  Village  of 
Napervllle,  situated  in  the  County  of  Du  Page,  and  State  of  Illinois, 
which  said  mortgage  is  recorded  in  the  Recorders  office  of  Du  Page 
County,  Illinois,  in  book  25  of  mortgages,  on  paga  100,  together  with 
notes  therein  described,  and  the  money  to  come  due  thereon  with  all 
interest  thereon. 

To  havo  and  to  hold  the  same  unto  the  party  of  the  second  part,  his 
executors,  administrators,  and  assigns  forever,  subject  only  to  the  proviso 
in  said  indenture  mortgage  contained.  And  I  do  for  myself,  and  my 
heirs,  executors,  and  administrators,  covenant  with  the  party  of  the 
second  part  that  there  is  now  actually  due  and  owing  on  said  note  and 


CONSTANT  OCCUPATION  PREVENTS  TEMPTATION.          J95 

mortgage  on  principal  and  interest  the  sum  of  sixteen  hundred  ($1,600) 
dollars,  and  that  I  have  a  good  right  to  assign  the  same,  and  I  do 
hereby  constitute  and  appoint  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  my  true 
and  lawful  attorney  irrevocably  in  my  name  or  otherwise,  but  at  his 
own  proper  costs  and  charges  to  have,  use,  and  take  all  lawful  ways 
and  means  for  the  recovery  of  said  money  and  interest,  and  in  case 
of  payment  to  discharge  the  same  as  fully  as  I  might  or  could  do  if  these 
presents  were  not  made. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  13th 
4ay  of  May,  A.  D.  1901.  JAMBS  Y.  SOAMMON.  [Seal.] 

RELEASE. 

A  mortgage  on  real  estate  is  released  by  deed  of  a  lease  under 
seal,  and  acknowledged,  or  receipt  of  satisfaction  of  the  debt 
entered  upon  the  margin  of  the  record  of  mortgage  by  mort- 
gagee. 

Whenever  a  mortgage  is  paid  a  proper  release  thereof  should 
be  made,  signed  and  acknowledged  by  the  mortgagee  and  the 
same  recorded.  In  some  States  the  indorsement  of  satisfaction 
and  cancellation  on  the  face  of  the  mortgage  authorizes  the 
recorder  or  register  of  deeds  to  enter  satisfaction  thereof  upon 
the  records;  in  others  a  formal  release  must  be  executed  and 
acknowledged  by  the  mortgagee  and  recorded,  or  a  release  may 
be  entered  upon  the  margin  of  the  record  of  the  mortgage  in  the 
recorder's  office.  The  important  thing,  however,  is  to  see  that 
the  record  in  the  proper  office  shows  the  satisfaction  of  the 
mortgage.  The  methods  of  so  doing  differ  in  the  various 
States,  but  the  general  rule  is  as  above  stated. 

The  following  form  of  a  release  of  mortgage  is  the  one  com- 
monly in  use  in  Illinois,  and  is  a  form  which  will  effectually  re- 
lease a  mortgage  in  any  State,  although  more  formal  than  those 
required  by  some  of  the  States: 

Form  of  Release. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  James  Y.  Scam- 
mon,  of  the  County  of  Cook,  and  State  of  Illinois,  for  and  in  considera- 
tion of  one  dollar,  to  me  in  hand  paid,  and  for  other  good  and  valu- 
able considerations,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  confessed,  do  hereby 
grant,  bargain,  remise,  convey,  release  and  quitclaim  unto  Samuel  P. 
Smith  and  Sarah  E.  Smith,  of  the  County  of  Du  Page  and  State  of  Illi-  . 
nois,  all  the  right,  title,  interest,  claim  or  demand  whatsoever  I  may 
have  acquired  in,  through  or  by  a  certain  indenture  or  mortgage  deed, 
bearing  date  the  first  day  of  January,  A.  D.  1901,  and  recorded  in  the 
Recorder's  office  of  Du  Page  County,  Illinois,  in  book  25  of  mortgages, 
page  100,  to  the  premises  therein  described,  and  which  said  deed  \vas 
made  to  secure  two  certain  promissory  notes,  bearing  even  date 
said  deed,  for  the  sum  of  twenty-five  hundred  dollars. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this  28th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1901. 

JAME3  Y.  SCAMMON.     [Seal.] 


196  DEPENDENCE  IS  A   POOR  TRADE  TO  FOLLOW. 

FORECLOSURE  OF  MORTGAGE. 

In  case  the  mortgagor  fails  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the 
mortgage,  the  mortgagee  to  secure  his  interests  may  foreclose 
the  mortgage;  that  is,  cut  off  the  mortgagee  from  redeeming  the 
mortgaged  property  by  a  judgment  of  court. 

Methods  of  foreclosure  vary  in  different  States,  but  the  gen- 
eral features  are:  Application  to  court  of  chancery  for  author- 
ity to  foreclose;  notifying  of  the  mortgagor;  hearing  the  par- 
ties; reference  to  a  master  in  chancery;  advertising  the  property; 
selling  it  to  the  highest  bidder  at  the  specified  time;  deeding  it 
to  the  purchaser,  and  paying  over  any  surplus  funds  to  the 
mortgagor. 

CERTIFICATE  OF  ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 

For   Deeds,   Mortgages,   Assignments  of  Mortgages   and 
Releases. 

Deeds,  mortgages,  assignments  of  mortgages,  and  releases 
must  all  be  acknowledged,  before  a  proper  officer.  The  certifi- 
cate must  be  made  by  both  man  and  wife  when  married. 

Form  1,  for  Chattel  Mortgages. 

BTATE  OF  ILLINOIS, ) 
KANE  COUNTY.       )88' 

I,  John  Richard,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  In  the  Town  of  Dundee,  in 
and  for  the  said  County,  do  hereby  certify  that  this  mortgage  was  duly 

acknowledged    before   me   by    the    above    named    ,    the    grantor 

therein  named,  and  entered  by  me  this  17th  day  of  July,    1901. 
Witness  my  hand  and  seal. 

(Seal.)  JOHN    RICHARD, 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Form  2,  for  Assignments  and  Releases. 

STATE  OP  ILLINOIS,     ) 
COUNTY  OF  DU  PAGE.  J 8S> 

I,  John  Smith,  a  Notary  Public  in  and  for  said  County,  and  in  the 
State  aforesaid,  do  hereby  certify  that  James  Y.  Scammon,  who  is  per- 
sonally known  to  me  to  be  tha  same  person  whose  name  is  subscribed 
to  the  foregoing  instrument,  appeared  before  me  this  day  in  person 
and  acknowledged  that  he  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  said  instru- 
ment as  his  free  and  voluntary  act  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein 
eet  forth. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  Notarial  Seal  this  13th  day  of  May,  1901. 

(Notarial  Seal.)  JOHN  SMITH. 

Notary  Public. 

Form  3,  for  Mortgages  and  Deeds. 
BTATE  OF  ILLINOIS,     )    a 
COUNTY  OF  DU  PAGE.  J  88< 

I,  John  Smith,  a  Notary  Public  In  and  for  saM  Count v  <n  the 
State  aforesaid,  do  hereby  certify  that  Samuel  P.  Sir.iih  and  .Sarah  BJ. 


POLITENESS  GOES  FAS,   YET  COSTS  NOTHING.  19? 

Smith,  his  wife,  -who  are  personally  known  to  me  to  b»  the  same 
persons  whose  names  are  subscribed  to  the  foregoing  instrument,  ap- 
peared before  me  this  day  In  person  and  acknowledged  that  they  signet 
sealed,  and  delivered  said  instrument  as  their  free  and  voluntary  act  foe 
the  uses  and  purposes  therein  set  forth,  including  a  release  and  waivev 
of  all  rights  under  and  by  virtue  of  the  homestead  exemption  laws  of 
this  State. 

Given   under  my   hand   and   Notarial   Seal   this  first  day   of  Januaryt 
A.  D.  1901.  JOHN  SMITH, 

(Notarial    Seal.)  Notary   Public. 

Form  4,  General  and  Short  Form. 

STATE  OF , I  oa 

COUNTY  OF . )  8S* 

On  the day  of in  the  year  one  thousand   nine  hun- 

ired  and  ,  before  me  personally  came  (name  of  both  parties),  who 

are  known  to  me  to  be  the  individuals  described  in,  and  who  executed 
the  foregoing  instrument,  and  acknowledged  that  they  executed  th« 
•ame.  (Signature.) 

BAIL. 

I.  Bail  means  sureties  who  bind  themselves  either  to 
satisfy  the  plaintiff,  his  debt  and  costs,  or  to  surrender  the  de- 
fendant into  custody,  provided  judgment  is  rendered  against 
him  in  the  action.  The  above  definition  applies  to  civil  action. 
In  criminal  cases  bail  means  the  sureties  who  bind  themselves 
to  have  the  prisoner  present  in  court  when  required  for  trial.  In 
ordinary  parlance  the  word  bail  is  used  as  synonymous  with  the 
word  surety  and  practically  means  the  same  thing.  We  shall 
treat  the  subject  in  its  relation  to  civil  matters  under  the  law  of 
suretyship.  In  criminal  matters  the  subject  not  being  germain 
to  the  purpose  of  this  book  is  not  further  discussed. 

BONDS. 

i.  A  bond  is  defined  to  be  an  obligation  in  writing  under 
seal.  It  is  a  form  of  contract  which  is  almost  infinite  in  variety. 
The  parties  to  the  bond  are  the  obligor  and  the  obligee,  the 
former  being  the  one  who  makes  the  promise  and  the  latter  the 
person  to  whom  the  promise  is  made. 

A  simple  bond  is  an  instrument  for  the  payment  of  money 
at  a  certain  time)  and  generally  bears  interest  at  the  rate  speci- 
fied in  the  bond.  Nearly  all  corporate  and  municipal  bonds  arc 
of  this  character  and  contain  no  condition  except  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  amount  of  the  bond  at  a  certain  time  and  place 
with  a  certain  specified  rate  of  interest.  Frequently  interest 
coupons  are  attached  to  the  original  bond  providing  for  the 
payments  of  several  installments  of  interest  as  they  come  due. 


198       BE  THAT  GOES  A-BORROWING  GOES  A-SORROWING. 
The  following  is  the  form  commonly  in  use  for  such  bonds: 

UNITED   STATES  OF  AMERICA. 
JEFFERSON    CITY,    STATE    OF    MISSOURI. 

RENEWAL    SCHOOL    BOND. 
INTEREST   5   PER   CENT.,    PAYABLE    SEMI-ANNUALLY. 

The  Board  of  Education  of  the  City  of  Jefferson,  County  of  Cole,  and 
State  of  Missouri,  being  legally  organized  under  and  pursuant  to  an 
act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri  entitled  "An  act 
to  revise  and  amend  the  Laws  in  relation  to  Public  Schools  in  Cities. 
Towns  and  Villages,"  approved  April  26th,  1877,  for  value  received 
promise  to  pay  to  the  bearer  ten  years  after  the  date  hereof  ONE  THOU- 
SAND DOLLARS,  at  the  St.  Louis  National  Bank,  in  the  City  of  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  and  interest  thereon  at  the  rate  of  Five  per  centum  per 
annum  from  the  date  hereof,  which  interest  shall  be  payable  semi-annual- 
ly  at  said  St.  Louis  National  Bank  in  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  on 
the  surrender  of  the  proper  interest  coupons  hereto  attached.  This  bond 
shall  be  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  said  Board  of  Education  of 
the  City  of  Jefferson  at  any  time  after  the  expiration  of  Five  years  from 
the  date  hereof,  and  is  issued  under  and  pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  entitled  "An  Act  to  authorize 
Board  of  Education  to  issue  renewal  funding  School  Bonds  to  be  sold 
or  exchanged  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  and  paying  matured  or  ma- 
turing bonded  indebtedness  of  school  districts,  and  for  levying  special 
tax  to  pay  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  school  districts,"  approved  April 
llth,  1877. 

In  Testimony  Whereof:  the  said  Board  of  Education  has  caused  this 
bond  to  be  signed  by  the  President,  countersigned  by  the  Secretary, 
authenticated  by  the  seal  of  said  Board  of  Education  and  attested  by 
the  Clerk  of  the  County  Court  of  said  County  of  Cole,  with  the  seal 
of  said  Court  affixed  this  First  day  of  July,  1901. 

JOHN    JONES,    President. 

WM.    SMITH,    Secretary. 

GEO.    SMILEY,    Clerk   County   Court. 

2.  Bonds  of  Public  Officials  conditioned  for  the  faith- 
ful performance  of  certain  things  are  almost  of  infinite  variety 
and  in  common  use.  All  State,  county,  town  and  city  officers 
having  in  their  hands  moneys  or  funds  of  any  character 
belonging  to  said  corporation  are  required  to  give  bonds  for 
the  proper  performance  of  the  duties  of  their  office.  The  fol- 
lowing form  of  a  bond  of  city  treasurer  can  be  used  with  few 
slight  changes  for  almost  any  office: 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  we,  John  Jones, 
Henry  Smith,  and  Charles  Marshall  of  the  City  of  Naperville,  County 
of  Du  Page,  and  State  of  Illinois,  are  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  the 
City  of  Naperville  in  the  penal  sum  of  Twenty  Thousand  ($20,000)  Dol- 
lars, for  the  payment  of  which,  well  and  truly  to  be  made,  we  bind 
ourselves,  our  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators  jointly  and  firmly 
by  these  presents. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals  this  14th  day  of  July,  1900. 
The  condition  of  the  above  obligation  is  such  that  whereas  the  above 
bounden  John  Jones  has  been  duly  elected  to  the  office  of  City  Treasurer 
of  the  City  of  Naperville,  Now  if  the  said  John  Jones  shall  faithfully 
perform  all  the  duties  of  said  office  and  shall  account  for  and  pay  over 
all  moneys  that  may  come  into  his  hands  as  such  Treasurer,  according 
to  law,  and  the  ordinances  of  said  City  and  the  order  and  direction  of 


MAKE  HAY  WHILE  THE  SUN  SHINES.  199 

the  city  council  of  said  City,  then  this  obligation  to  be  void,  other- 
wise to  remain  in  full  force  and  effect. 

JOHN  JONES,  (Seal.) 

HENRY  SMITH,  (Seal.) 

CHARLES  MARSHALL.     (Seal.) 

3.  Officers  of  Corporation  are  generally  required  to  give 
bonds  for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties.    The  follow- 
ing form  can  be  used  for  nearly  all  such  bonds: 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  we,  James  Lord, 
John  Williams,  and  Charles  Smith,  are  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  the 
Naperville  Manufacturing  Company,  a  corporation  duly  organized  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  in  the  penal  sum  of  Ten  Thousand 
($10,000)  Dpllars,  good  and  lawful  money  of  the  United  States  for  the 
payment  of  which,  well  and  truly  to  be  made  for  said  corporation  or 
its  assigns,  we  bind  ourselves  jointly  and  severally  by  these  presents. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals  this  14th  day  of  July,   1901. 

The  condition  of  the  above  obligation  is  such  that  whereas  the  above 
bounden  has  been  elected  President  of  the  Naperville  Manufacturing 
Company;  Now  Therefore,  if  the  said  James  Lord  shall  well  and  truly 
perform  the  duties  of  his  said  office  and  shall  account  for  and  pay  over 
all  moneys  that  shall  come  into  his  hands  as  such  President,  according 
to  the  rules  of  said  corporation  and  the  order  and  direction  of  the  board 
of  directors  thereof,  then  this  obligation  shall  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain 
In  full  force  and  effect.  JAMES  LORD  (Seal.) 

JOHN  WILLIAMS,     (Seal.) 
CHARLES  SMITH,    (Seal.) 

4.  Indemnifying  Bonds.— Bonds  are  also  frequently  given 
to  indemnify  persons  who  incur  liability  for  another  in  nearly 
all  the  walks  of  life.    The  following  form  may  be  used: 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  William  Marsh, 
Principal,  and  John  Henry,  Surety,  are  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  John 
Jones  in  the  penal  sum  of  One  Hundred  ($100)  Dollars  lawful  money  of 
the  United  States,  for  the  payment  of  which,  well  and  truly  to  be  made, 
we  bind  ourselves,  our  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators,  jointly,  sev- 
erally and  firmly  by  these  presents. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals  this  1st  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1901. 

The  condition  of  the  above  obligation  is  such  that  whereas  the  said 
John  Jones  has  been  surety  for  the  above  bounden  William  Marsh  on  his 
note  for  One  Hundred  ($100)  Dollars,  payable  to  the  order  of  Charles 
William,  due  on  one  year  from  the  date  hereof,  with  interest  at  the 
rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Now,  Therefore,  if  the  said  William  Marsh  shall  well  and  truly  pay 
the  said  note  with  all  interest  thereon  when  the  same  comes  due  and 
shall  from  time  to  time  and  at  all  times  hereafter  save,  keep  harmless 
and  indemnify  the  said  John  Jones  of  and  from  all  actions,  suits,  costs, 
charges,  damages,  and  expenses  whatsoever,  including  attorney's  fees 
which  shall  or  may  at  any  time  hereafter  happen  or  come  to  him  for 
any  reason,  by  reason  of  his  becoming  surety  on  said  note,  then  thlt 
obligation  to  be  void,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force  and  effect. 

WILLIAM  MARSH,   (Seal.) 
JOHN  HENRY.  (Seal.) 

5.  Executor's  Bond. — Executors,  administrators,  guardians 
and    conservators    are    required    to    enter    into    bonds    to    be 
approved    by    the    proper    court    before    they    are    allowed   to 
enter  upon  their  duties  as  such.    The  forms  for  such  bonds, 
however,  vary  in  the  different  States. 


200  GOD  HELPS  THOSE  THAT  HELP  THEMSELVES. 

WILLS  AND  LAWS  OF  WILLS. 

1.  A  will  is  a  legal  statement  of  what  a  person  determines  to 
have  done  with  his  property  after  his  death. 

2.  The  maker  of  a  will  is  called  a  testator;  if  female,  testa- 
trix. 

3.  There  are  two  kinds  of  wills,  written  and  verbal  or  nun- 
cupative. 

4.  Nuncupative  wills  depend  upon  proof  of  persons  hearing 
the  same.     They  are  usually  unsafe  and  even  when  there  is  def- 
inite testimony  at  hand  may  result  in  expensive  litigation. 

5.  The  wishes  of  the  testator  should  be  fully  and  clearly 
expressed  in  a  written  will. 

6.  No  exact  form  of  words  is  necessary  to  make  a  will. 

7.  In  writing  wills  simple  language  should  be  used.     State- 
ments   concerning    every    provision    or    condition    of    the    will 
should  be  fully  and  plainly  made. 

8.  All  persons  of  sound  mind  and  memory,  of  lawful  age, 
freely  exercising  their  own  will,  may  dispose  of  their  property 
by  will.     In  some  States  a  married  woman  cannot  make  a  will 
without  consent  of  her  husband. 

9.  "Lawful  age"  is  in  most  States  twenty-one  years,  in  both 
male  and  female;  in  some  States  a  female  is  of  lawful  age  when 
eighteen  years  old;  in  some  States  persons  may  dispose  of  per- 
sonal property  by  will  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 

10.  A  will  has  no  force  or  effect  until  after  testator's  death. 

11.  The  last  will  annuls  all  former  wills. 

12.  A  wife  cannot  be  deprived  of  her  dower,  which  is  a  life 
interest  in  one-third  of  her  husband's  real  estate,  by  will,  but  in 
some  States  taking  any  interest  in  her  husband's  property  by 
virtue  of  his  will  bars  her  dower. 

13.  Subsequent    marriage    by    female    revokes    will    made 
while  single  in  some  States. 

14.  Testator's  property  is  primarily  liable  for  testator's  debts 
and  funeral  expenses,  which  must  be  paid  before  any  part  of  it 
can  be  distributed  to  legatees. 

15.  A  will  is  good,  though  written  with  a  lead  pencil 

16.  A  person  who  is  competent  to  make  a  will  can  appoint 
his  own  executor.     If  the  person  so  appointed  is  legally  compe- 
tent to  transact  business,  the  probate  court  will  confirm  the  ap- 


WILFUL   WASTE  MAKES  WOEFUL   WANT. 

pointment.     The  person  so  appointed  is  not  obliged  to  serve. 

17.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  witnesses  should  know  the 
contents  of  the  will.     It  is  generally  necessary  that  testator  ac- 
knowledge to  them  that  it  is  his  will,  sign  it  in  their  presence, 
or  acknowledge  the   signature   already   signed  to  be   his,   and 
request  them  to  sign  as  witnesses;  they  should  sign  as  witnesses 
in  the  presence  of  each  other. 

18.  Testator  should  write  his  own  name  in  full.     If  unable 
to  do  so,  his  hand  should  be  guided  by  another,  and  his  name 
written,  or  a  mark  made  near  his  name. 

The  following  is  the  usual  form  where  testator  signs  by  mark, 

his 

John  X  Smith, 
mark. 

19.  An  addition  to  an  executed  will  is  called  a  codicil. 

20.  The  same  essentials  apply  to  a  codicil  as  to  a  will. 

21.  Legacies  to  subscribing  witnesses  are  generally  declared 
void  by  the  statute. 

22.  To  convey  real  estate  by  will,  it  must  be  done  in  accord- 
ance with  the  law  of  the  State  where  such  land  is  located. 

23.  Personal  property  may  be  conveyed  in  accordance  with 
*he  law  where  the  testator  resides. 

24.  An  executor  is  a  person  named  in  the  will  of  a  deceased 
person  to  settle  his  or  her  estate;  there  may  be  one  or  more. 

25.  An  administrator  is  one  appointed  by  the  court  to  settle 
the  estate  of  a  deceased  person. 

The  Form  of  a  Will. 

I,  John  Smith,  of  the  Village  of  Naperville,  County  of  Du  Page,  and 
State  of  Illinois,  being  of  sound  mind  and  memory,  do  make,  publish 
and  declare  this  to  be  my  last  will  and  testament,  to- wit: 

First— All  my  just  debts  and  funeral  expenses  shall  be  first  duly  paid. 

Second— I  give,  devise  and  bequeath  all  the  rest,  residue  and  remainder 
of  my  estate,  both  real  and  personal,  to  my  beloved  wife,  Susie  E.  Smith, 
to  have  and  to  hold  to  her,  my  said  wife,  and  to  her  heirs  and  assigns 
forever. 

Third— I  nominate  and  appoint  my  said  wife,  Susie  E.  Smith,  to  be 
the  executor  of  this  my  last  will  and  testament,  hereby  revoking  all 
former  wills  by  me  made. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto'  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  15th  day 
of  November,  A.  D.  1902.  JOHN  SMITH.  (Seal.) 

Signed,  sealed,  published  and  declared  as  and  for  his  last  will  and 
testament  by  the  above  named  testator,  in  our  presence,  who  have,  at 
his  request,  and  in  his  presence,  and  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  signed 
our  names  as  witnesses  thereto. 


Most  States  require  two  witnesses. 
Borne  States  require  three. 


!A.  B. 
C.D. 
E.F. 


202    THE  GREATEST  WEALTH  IS  CONTENTMENT  WITH  LITTLE. 

INFORMATION  FOR  EXECUTORS  AND  ADMIN- 
ISTRATORS. 

An  executor  is  named  in  a  will  to  execute  that  will  and  settle 
the  estate.  If  the  will  does  not  name  an  executor,  or  if  named, 
he  will  or  can  not  act,  the  Probate  Court  (some  states  Surrogate, 
others  Orphans'  Court)  appoints  an  "administrator  with  the  will 
annexed."  If  a  person  dies  without  leaving  a  will  the  court 
appoints  an  administrator,  whose  duty  is  the  same  as  that  of 
an  executor,  except  that  he,  having  no  will  of  the  deceased,  dis- 
tributes the  property  as  the  law  directs. 

The  duties  of  an  executor  are:  First.  To  see  that  the 
deceased  is  suitably  buried,  avoiding  unreasonable  expense  if 
the  estate  is  insolvent.  Second.  To  offer  the  will  for  probate, 
or  proving;  to  conform  to  the  laws  of  his  state  and  rules  of  the 
court,  the  clerk  of  which  will  give  full  instructions.  Third.  To 
make  and  return  to  the  court  within  required  time  an  inven- 
tory of  the  property.  "Real  estate  lying  in  another  state  need 
not  be  inventoried,  for  that  must  be  administered  upon  in  the 
state  where  it  lies;  but  personal  property  situated  in  another 
state  should  be  inventoried."  If  the  real  estate  is  encumbered, 
it  should  be  described.  Fourth.  To  collect  the  property,  pay 
the  debts  and  dispose  of  the  remainder  as  the  law  and  will,  or 
either,  directs.  Generally  the  debts  should  be  paid  as  follows: 
1.  Funeral  expenses.  2.  Expenses  of  last  sickness.  3.  Debts 
due  the  United  States.  4.  Debts  due  the  state.  5.  Claims  of 
creditors.  Fifth.  To  render  the  accounts  as  directed  by  the 
court. 

Commissioners  are  generally  appointed  to  hear  the  claims  of 
all  within  a  limited  time.  An  appeal  from  their  action  may  be 
taken  to  the  court.  If  no  appeal,  the  executor  pays  the  legacies, 
etc.,  makes  final  accounts  which  are  submitted  to  a  hearing,  and 
if  no  objection,  the  estate  is  closed.  If  the  executor  dies  before 
the  estate  is  closed,  his  executor  has  no  authority  over  the  first 
estate.  Another  is  appointed  to  complete  the  execution. 

*  The  law  provides  that  the  widow  of  the  intestate  shall  be 
first  entitled  to  act  as  administrator;  next,  the  nearest  of  kin 
who  are  competent;  next,  any  creditor  who  will  accept  the  trust; 
and  lastly,  any  other  suitable  person. 

)Executors  and  administrators  are  required  to  take  an  official 
oath;  also  to  give  a  bond,  which  is  usually  for  double  the 
amount  of  the  estate. 


8ORRO  W  WILL  PA  Y  NO  DEBT.  203 

EXECUTOR'S  OR  ADMINISTRATOR'S   BOND. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS,  That  I,  Charles  D.  Mann  of 
Ira  in  the  County  of  Rutland  and  State  of  Vermont,  as  principal,  and  Benj.  E. 
Merrill  of  Poultney  and  N.  Wright  Emerson  of  Wells  in  the  County  of  Rut- 
land aforesaid,  as  sureties,  are  holden  and  firmly  bound  unto  the  Probate 
Court  for  the  District  of  Rutland  (in  some  states,  unto  the  People  of  the 

State  of — ),  in  the  sum  of  Eight  Thousand  Dollars,  to  be  paid  unto 

the  said  Probate  Court,  to  the  which  payment  well  and  truly  to  be  made,  we 
bind  ourselves,  and  each  of  our  heirs,  executors  and  administrators,  jointly 
and  severally,  firmly  be  these  presents,  signed  with  our  hands  and  sealed 
with  our  seals. 

Dated  at  Rutland,  in  said  District,  this  fifteenth  day  of  September,  A.  D., 
1906. 

The  condition  of  the  above  obligation  is  such,  That  if  the  above  bounden 
Charles  D.  Mann,  Executor  of  the  last  Will  and  Testament  of  John  I.  Merritt 
late  of  Fair  Haven  in  the  County  of  Rutland  and  State  of  Vermont,  deceased, 
shall  make  and  return  to  the  Probate  Court  within  three  months  a  true  and 
perfect  inventory  of  all  the  goods,  chattels,  rights,  credits,  and  estate  of  said 
deceased,  which  shall  come  to  his  possession  or  knowledge,  or  to  the  posses- 
sion of  any  other  person  for  him  ;  and  also  all  other  goods,  chattels,  rights, 
credits  and  estate  of  said  deceased,  which  shall  any  time  after  come  to  big 
possession,  or  the  possession  of  any  other  person  for  him ;  and  shall  well  and 
truly  administer  the  same  and  pay  and  discharge  all  debts,  legacies  and 
charges  chargeable  thereon,  or  such  dividends  thereon  as  shall  be  ordered 
and  decreed  by  said  Probate  Court;  render  a  trus  and  just  account  of  his 
administration  to  said  Court,  within  one  year,  and  at  any  other  time  wh»n 
required  by  said  Court,  and  perform  all  orders  and  decrees  of  said  Probate 
Court  by  Executor  to  be  per'^mod  in  the  premises— then  tho  above  obliga- 
tion is  void,  otherwise  in  forcb. 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  ]  CHARLES  D.  MANN.       (L.  8.) 

in  presence  of  BENJ.  E.  MERRILL.       (L.  S.) 

H.  MAX  WEBBER,  N.  WRIGHT  EMERSON. (L.  8.) 

Clerk  of  County  Court. 

Some  States  require  acknowledgment  as  below. 

RUTLAND  COUNTY,  ss. 

At  the  session  of  Probate  Court  in  and  for  said  County,  holden  at  Rutland, 
on  the  eighteenth  day  of  September,  A.  D.,  1906,  I  have  examined  and  do 
approve  of  the  foregoing  bond,  and  order  the  same  to  be  filed  and  recorded  in 
the  Probate  Office  of  said  County. 

LEONARD  C.  LEWIS, 

Judge  of  Probate. 


204 


QUICK  RETURNS  MAKE  RICH  MERCHANTS, 


LEAVING  FOB  AMERICA. 

NATURALIZATION. 

I.  Definition. — Naturalization  is  the  act  by  which  an  alien  is 
made  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

a.  How  Secured. — An  alien  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  must  have  resided  therein  five  years  before  making 
his  final  application.  At  least  two  years  before  his  admission  he 
must  declare  on  oath  before  the  clerk  of  some  court  of  recorc 
in  the  State  in  which  he  resides  his  bona  fide  intention  to  be- 
come a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and'  renounce  forever  all 
allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  Prince,  Potentate,  State,  or 
Sovereignty,  and  particularly  by  name  to  Prince,  Potentate, 
State,  and  Sovereignty  of  which  the  alien  may  be  at  the  time  a 
citizen  and  subject. 

3.  Final  Papers. — At  the  time  of  securing  his  final  papers 
he  must  declare  on  oath  before  some  court  of  record  having  com- 
mon law  jurisdiction  that  he  will  support  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States;  that  he  absolutely  and  entirely  renounces  and  ab- 
jures all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  every  foreign  Prince,  Potentate, 
State,  and  Sovereignty  of  which  he  was  a  citizen  and  a  subject. 

4.  Residence. — It    must   also   be   made  to  appear  to  the 


MIS-RECKONING  18  NO  PAYMENT.  2Q& 

satisfaction  of  said  court  that  he  has  resided  within  the  United 
States  five  years  at  least,  and  within  the  State  where  such  court 
is  at  the  time  of  application  one  year  at  least,  and  that  during 
all  that  time  he  has  behaved  himself  as  a  man  of  good  moral 
character  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order  and 
happiness  of  the  same.  This  last  proof  is  usually  made  by  the 
affidavit  of  two  witnesses  who  have  known  the  applicant  for 
at  least  five  years  prior  to  the  time  of  such  application. 

5.  Hereditary  Title. — In  case  the  applicant  has  borne  any 
hereditary  title  or  been  of  any  of  the  orders  of  nobility  in  the 
kingdom  or  state  from  which  he  came,  he  must,  in  connection 
with  the  above  requirements,  make  an  express  renunciation  of  his 
title  or  order  of  nobility  in  the  court  in  which  his  application  is 
made. 

6.  Signed    Petition    Required.— Before  an  applicant  can 
secure  his  final   papers  he  must  make  and   file  in  duplicate  a 
petition  in  writing  signed  by  himself  and  duly  verified  in  which 
he  shall  state  his  full  name,  place  of  residence,  occupation,  etc. 
Such  petition  must  be  filed  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than  seven 
years  after  the  declaration  of  intention. 

7.  Must  be  Able  to  Speak  the  English  Language.— An  alien 
to  be  admitted  as  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  must  be  able  to  speak 
the  English  language.      This  requirement  does  not  apply  to 
those  who  are  physically  unable  to  comply  therewith,  nor  to  such 
who  declare  their  intention  to  become  citizens  and  who  make 
homestead  entries  upon  the  public  lands  of  the  U.  S.  and  com- 
ply with  the  laws  governing  same. 

8.  Enemies  of  Qevernment.— Anarchists,  polygamists,  and 
all  other  enemies  of  organized  government  can  not  be  naturalized 
or  become  citizens  of  the  U.  S. 

9.  Declaration  of  Intention  under  Old  Law. — Aliens  who 
made  declaration  of  intention  prior  to  Sept.  27,  1906,  but  were 
not  naturalized  before  that  date  under  the  old  law  must  comply 
with  the  requirements  of  the  new  law  in  regard  to  the  filing  of 
petition  for  naturalization  and  furnishing  proof  except  that  they 
will  not  be  required  to  speak  the  English  language  or  to  sign 
petition  in  their  own  handwriting. 

10.  Fees.— For  receiving  and  filing  a  declaration  of  intention 
and  issuing  a  duplicate,  $1.00.     For  making,  filing  and  docketing" 
the  petition  for  admission  as  a  citizen,  $2.00.     For  entering  the 
long  order  and  issuing  certificate  of  citizenship,  $2.00. 


206  OUT  OF  DEBT,  OUT  OJt>   DANGER. 

QUALIFICATIONS  FOR  SUFFRAGE,  VOTING,  ETC. 

Requirements  for  Citizenship  and  for  Voting. 


STATES. 

Requirements  as  to 
Citizenship. 

RESIDENCE  IN 

State. 

County. 

Precinct. 

Alabama        ...(ft) 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  

lyr  

1  yr 

8  mo  
6  mo  
90  days  
90  days  
6  mo  
8  mo  

1  mo.... 
1  mo  .... 
30  days.. 
10  days  .. 
6  mo.... 

Arkansas  .(c) 

lyr  

)  mo  
lyr  

lyr  

1  yr  

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  county  taxpayers.. 
Citizen  

Connecticut....  (ft) 
Delaware  (ft) 
Florida  (b 
Georgia  (ft 
Idaho  (H-)  (a 
Illinois               (ft 

Actual  citizens  

Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens 

5  mo  

80  days 

90  days  
60  days  
60  days  
80  days  .... 

30  days.. 
30  days.. 
10  days 
30  days 
60  days.. 
6  mo  
3mo  — 
Iday... 
6mo  — 
20  days 
30  days 
lyr  
60  days  .. 
30  days 
10  days 
fSO  days 
6  mo  — 

30  days!. 

QO'days  ..' 
80  days 
30  days 
2  rno.. 
6  mo.. 

Indiana  (e) 
Iowa     (d) 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  

6  mo  
8  mo  
6  mo  
1  yr 

Kansas        .    .  .  (d) 

Kentucky            (d) 

Louisiana.  .  (o)  (ft) 
Maine  (ft 
Maryland     ....  (6 

Citizen  

Actual  citizens  

3  mo  
lyr  

3  mo  
6  mo  
6  mo  

Actual  citizens  
Citizens  

Massachusetts..  («) 
Michigan  (ft) 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  

imo  

.iOdays  

Minnesota  (ft) 
Mississippi.^)  (b 
Missouri  (& 
Montana             (ft 

Actual  citizens  
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizens  .  . 

2yr  
1  yr 

lyr  
60  days  
80  days  
40  days  
30  days  
6  mo  
5  mo  
4  mo 

Nebraska  (ft 
Nevada  (b 
N.  Hampshire.,  (e) 
New  Jersey  (ft) 
New  York  (d) 
N.  Carolina.  (o)  (b) 
North  Dakota..  (d) 
Ohio                  ..(d) 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  

5  mo  
3  mo  
6  mo  
1  yr 

Actual  citizens 

Actual  citizSns  

1  yr  

90  clays  
8  mo  
30  days  
20  days  .... 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
\ctual  citizens  .  .  .... 

L  Jr.  '.'!!!! 
6  mo  
lyr  

Oregon  f<>) 
Pennsylvania...  (6) 
Rhode  Inland...  (ft) 
South  Carolina  (b) 
South  Dakota..  (ft) 
Tennessee  (d) 
Texas  ..(c) 
Utah  (b\ 

Actual  citizens  
Citizen  ordeclared  intent. 
Actual  citizens  

6  mo  

lyT'.!  !'.!! 
i  vr 

lyr  
30  days  
6  mo  
6  mo  
4  mo  

4  mo.. 
10  days  .. 

6  mo.... 
60  days  .  . 

Citizen  or  declared  intent 
Citizen  
Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  ;  
Citizen  or  dpclared  intent. 

Virginia              (ft) 

lyr  

iy?!!!!!! 
iyr  

6  mo  

iyr  
6  mo  

90  days.!!!! 
60  days.  ... 

3mo  — 
30  days.. 

Washington  (a) 
Weefc  Virginia..  (c) 
Wisconsin  (d) 
Wyoming  (ft) 
Arizona.    .     .    (x) 

Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  '. 
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 
Citizen  or  declared  intent. 

1  yr  
60  days  
10  days  
6  mo  
60  days    in 
township. 

10  days.. 
60  days  .. 
10  days.. 
1  mo  
30  days.. 

Indian  Terr..  (-5-) 
Oklahoma..  (d)  (r) 

(a)  Registration  required  by  law.  (b)  Required  by  constitution,  (c)  Pro- 
hibited by  constitution,  (d)  Required  in  large  cities,  (e)  No  registration 
required,  (x)  Mayor  and  city  council  have  power  to  require  registration, 
(o)  Educational  qualification  (read  the  constitution  in  the  English  language), 
or  own  property  assessed  for  not  less  than  $300,  or  voter  on  Jan.  1, 1867,  or  de- 
scendant of  such  voter,  or  a  foreigner  naturalized  prior  to  Jan.  1, 1898.  (h) 
Citizen  90  days  before  election.  (-T-)  Bigamists  disqualified,  (i)  Native  of 
China  disqualified.  (II)  Educational  qualification  by  which  voter  is  required 
to  read  and  understand  constitution,  (r)  Women  may  vote  at  school  elections. 

In  Colorado,  Idaho,  Utah  and  Wyoming  women  are  entitled  to  full  suf- 
frage, having  the  same  rights  to  vote  as  men.  Women  are  entitled  to  vote  at 
school  elections  in  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Massachusetts, 


Minnesota,  Montana,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Ohio. 
Oregon,  South  Dakota, 


Vermont  Washington,  Wisconsin  and  Kansas. 


NOTHING   VENTURED,  NOTHING   WON.  207 

PASSPORTS. 

Passports  are  permissions  granted  by  the  Government 
to  its  citizens,  commending  them  to  the  protection  of  foreign 
countries  which  they  may  visit.  They  are  issued  only  by  the 
Secretary  of  State. 

To  Whom  Granted.  —  They  are  issued  only  to  citizens 
of  the  United  States  on  written  application.  Blank  forms  of 
application  can  be  secured  by  applying  to  the  Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Wife,  Minor  Children,  and  Servants  of  an  American  citizen 
may  all  be  included  in  the  citizen's  passport.  Any  other  person 
requires  a  separate  passport. 

Applications. —  A  citizen  of  the  United  States  desiring 
to  procure  a  passport  must  make  a  written  application  in  the 
form  of  an  affidavit  to  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Naturalized  Citizens. — A  naturalized  citizen  must  transmit 
his  certificate  of  naturalization,  or  a  duly  certified  copy  of 
the  court  record  thereof,  with  his  application.  He  must  state 
in  his  affidavit  when  and  from  what  port  he  emigrated,  what 
ship  he  sailed  in,  and  where  he  has  lived  since  his  arrival  in  the 
United  States. 

Professional  Titles  are  not  allowed  in  passports. 

Expiration. — A  passport  expires  two  years  from  the  date  of 
its  issuance.  A  new  one  can  be  obtained  upon  a  new  application. 

Fee.— A  fee  of  $i  is  required  to  be  collected  for  every  citi- 
zen's passport,  and  must  be  paid  in  currency  or  postal  money 
order.  Drafts  or  checks  will  not  be  received. 

Blank  Forms  will  be  furnished  on  application  if  it  is 
stated  whether  they  are  for  native  or  for  naturalized  citizens. 

Address  all  communications  to  "  Department  of  State, 
Passport  Division,  Washington,  D.  C."  A  passport  should  al- 
ways be  carried  upon  the  person — never  in  a  trunk  or  valise. 

PATENTS. 

i.  Definition.— As  here  used  the  word  Patent  is  defined  to 
mean  the  granting  by  the  United  States  to  inventors  for  a 
limited  time  the  use  of  their  own  inventions.  The  instrument  by 
which  this  privilege  is  confirmed  to  the  inventor  is  called  the 
"Letters  Patent"  and  is  issued  in  the  name  of  the  United  States 


208  EVERYTHING   VENTURED,  NOTHING  HA± 

of  America  under  the  seal  of  the  Patent  office  and  is  signed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  countersigned  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents. 

2.  For  What  Granted.— Patents  are  granted  for  any  new 
and    useful  machine,  manufacture,  or  composition    of    matter, 
or  any  new  and   useful  improvement  thereon  not  known  and 
used  by  others  in  this  country  and  not  patented  or  described  in 
any  printed  publication  in  this-  or  any  foreign  country  before  its 
invention  and  discovery  here,  and  not  in  public  use  or  on  sale 
for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application  for  a  patent. 
Every  civilized  country  in  the  world  has  taken  out  patents  in  the 
United  States.  «' 

3.  Foreign  Patent  Not  a  Bar.— A  person  is   not  debarred 
from    receiving  a  patent  for  his  inventions  or  discoveries  by 
reason  of  its  first  having  been  patented  in  a  foreign  country  unless 
the  same  has  been  introduced  into  public  use  in  the  United 
States  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application  therein. 

4.  Duration  of   Patent. — A  patent  is  good  for  seventeen 
years,  but  now  cannot   be  extended  except    by  act    of  Con- 
gress.    Inventions    previously    patented    in    a    foreign    country 
must  expire  at  the  same  time  that  the  foreign  patent  expires, 
but  in  no  case  shall  they  be  extended  more  than  seventeen  years. 

5.  How    Secured.— The    method    of    securing    patents    is 
by  petition,  which  must  be  in  writing  addressed  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents,  and  must  state  the  name  and  residence 
of  the  petitioner  requesting  the  granting  of  a  patent,  designating 
by  title  the  invention  sought  to  be  patented,  and  contain  a  refer- 
ence to  the  specifications  for  a  full  disclosure  of  such  invention 
and  must  be  signed  by  the  applicant  and  attested  by  two  wit- 
nesses.    An  alien  may  obtain  a  patent  on  the  same  terms  as  a 
citizen. 

6.  Specif ications.— The    specifications    above    referred    to 
are  a  written  description  of  the  invention  or  discovery,    and 
the  manner  of  making,  constructing,  composing,  and  using  the 
same,  and  they  are  required  to  be  in  such  full,  clear,  concise  and 
exact  terms  as  to  enable  any  person  skilled  in  the  art  or  science 
to  which  the  invention  or  discovery  appertains    to  make,  con- 
struct, compose  and  use  the  same. 

The  specifications  and  claims  should  be  absolutely  written 


1HERE  IS  NO  COMPASSION  L1K&  THE  PENNY.  303 

on  but  one  side  of  the  paper.    All  interlineations  and  erasures 
should  be  avoided. 

7.  The   Oath.— The    applicant    for   a    patent    must  make 
oath  or  affirmation  that  he  verily  believes  himself  to  _be  the 
first  and  original  discoverer  of  the  art,  machine,  manufacture, 
composition,   or  improvement  for  which  he  solicits  a  patent; 
that  he  does  not  know  and  does  not  believe  that  the  same  was 
ever  before  known  and  used  and  shall  state  of  what  country 
he  is  a  citizen  and  where  he  resides. 

The  oath  should  be  sworn  to  before  a  notary  public  or  some 
other  officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths  having  an  official 
seal. 

8.  Drawings. — The  applicant  for  patent  is  required  also 
to  furnish  drawings  for  his  invention  whenever  the  nature  of 
the  case  admits.    The  drawing  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor 
and  must  be  attested  by  two   witnesses;   it  must  show   every 
feature  of  the  invention  covered  by  the  claims.     When  the  in- 
vention is  an  improvement  on  some  old  machine  the  drawing 
must  exhibit  in   one   or  more  views   the   invention   itself  dis- 
connected from  the  old  structure  and  also  in  another  view  so 
much  of  the  old  structure  as  will  suffice  to  show  the  connection 
of  the  invention  therewith. 

9.  Material. — Drawings  must  be  made  upon  pure    white, 
calendered,  smooth,  bristol  board  paper,  of  three  sheet  thick- 
ness.    India  ink  alone  must  be  used,  sheets  must  be  exactly  ten 
by  fifteen  inches  in  size.     Drawings  must  be  made  with  pen 
only,  and  must  be  absolutely  black.     Drawings  must  be  made 
with  the  fewest  lines  possible  consistent  with  clearness. 

The  scale  to  which  a  drawing  is  made  must  be  large  enough 
to  show  the  mechanism  without  crowding. 

10.  Signature  of  the    inventor    should    be    placed    at   the 
lower  right  hand  corner  of  each  sheet  of  drawing  and  two  at- 
testing witnesses   should  sign   at  the  lower   left   hand  corner. 
Drawings  should  be  rolled  for  transmission  to  the  patent  office. 

11.  Model. — A  model    must    be    furnished    when    required 
by  the  commissioner. 

ia.  Specimens  must  be  furnished  when  required  by  the 
commissioner. 

13.    Attorneys.— The  practice  of  the  patent  office  allow* 


210  NECESSITY  IS  THE  MOTHER  OF  INVENTIOL 

the  applicant  to  retain  an  attorney  and  when  the  petition 
is  prosecuted  by  an  attorney  a  power  of  attorney  should  be  in- 
eluded  in  the  petition.  In  ordinary  cases  it  is  always  best  to 
retain  some  experienced  patent  attorney  to  prosecute  the  appli- 
'  cation. 

14.  Caveats. — A  caveat,  under  the  patent  law,  is  a  notice 
given  to  the  Patent  Office  of  the  caveator's  claim  as  inventor, 
in  order  to  prevent  the  grant  of  a  patent  to  another  person  for 
the  same  alleged  invention  upon  an  application  filed  during  the 
life  of  the  caveat  without  notice  to  the  caveator. 

15.  Object.— A   caveat   sets  forth    the    object  and  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics  of  the  invention,  and  prays  protec- 
tion of  the  inventor's  right  until  he  shall  have  matured  his  in- 
vention.    Such  caveats  are  filed  in  the  confidential  archives  ol 
the  office  and  preserved  in  secrecy,  and  are  operative  for  the 
term  of  one  year  from  the  filing  thereof. 

16.  To    Whom    Granted.— A     caveat    is    granted    to   any 
citizen  of  the  United  States  or  any  alien,  if  he  has  resided  in  the 
United  States  one  year  next  preceding  the  filing  of  his  caveat, 
and  has  made  oath  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

17.  Renewal. — The  caveat  may    be    renewed,    on    request 
in  writing,  by  the  payment  of  a  second  caveat  fee  of  $10,  and  it 
will  continue  in  force  for  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  payment 
of  such  second  fee.     Subsequent  renewals  may  be  made  with  like 
effect. 

18.  Fees. — The  schedule  of  fees  and  prices  of  publications 
can   be  had   on   application   to  the   Commissioner   of   Patents, 
Washington,  D.  C.     The  fee  for  filing  applications  ranges  from 
$10  to  $30;  for  filing  each  caveat  $IO.     For  any  other  informa- 
tion concerning  patents  address  the  commissioner  as  above. 

19.  Preliminary  Examinations.— Applicant  for  patent  can 
save  considerable  expense  oftentimes  by  having  a  preliminary 
examination  of    the  patents  allowed  by  the  patent  office  made 
to  determine  whether  or  not  the  invention  has  been  patented 
by    somebody    else.    This    examination    cannot    be  made   by 
the  commissioner  or  any    one  of  his  office,  but  patent  attor- 
.  "vs  will  make  thfc  examination  for  a  small  fee. 

20.  Assignments. —  Patents    may    be    assigned    in    whole 
or  in  part,  and  the  right  to  manufacture,  sell  and  use  the  patent 


DEPEND  NOT  ON  FORTUNE  BUT  ON  CONDUCT.  211 

in  any  county,  State,  township  or  other  district  may  be  granted 
oy  the  holder  of  the  patent.  All  such  assignments  or  transfers 
should  be  in  writing,  and  are  void  unless  recorded  in  the 
Patent  Office  within  three  months  from  their  date. 

PENSIONS. 

i.  Pension  Office. — The  Commissioner  of  Pensions  has 
charge  of  this  office.  Pension  agents  are  required  to  give 
bonds.  They  receive  a  commission  of  2  per  cent,  on  all  money  paid 
out  by  them  to  pensioners,  -and  a  fee  of  thirty  cents  on  every 
voucher  prepared  and  paid  by  them.  In  paying  pensions  the 
agent  is  authorized  to  deduct  the  attorney's  fees  for  aiding  the 
pensioner.  Pension  surgeons  receive  $1,800  a  year;  the  medical 
referee  $2,500. 

2.  Applications.— The  first  step  to  be  taken  by  an  applicant 
for  pensions    is  to  file  a  declaration  before  any  officer  having 
authority  to  administer    oath,   setting    forth    the    ground    upon 
which  he  claims  a  pension. 

3.  Blank  Forms  can  be  obtained  by  applying  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Pensions,  Washington,  D.  C.     Proof  of  declaration 
by  at  least  two  competent  witnesses  is  required. 

4.  Pensioners  of  Civil  War.— The  pensioners  on  the  rolls 
January,  IQOO,  on  account  of  the  War  of  1861,  were  as  follows: 

GENERAL    LAW.  ACT  OF  JUNE  2/,  1890. 

Army  invalids 305,980      Army  invalids 415,265 

Army  widows 88,463     Army  widows 120,412 

Navy  invalids 4,622      Navy  invalids '5.3Q2 

Navy  widows 2,314      Navy  widows 6,314 

Army  nurses 646 

5.  Pensioners  of  Other  Wars.— In  January,  1900,  there  were 
on  the  rolls  the  following  persons  pensioned  for  service  in  wars 
other  than  the  War  of  1861,  namely: 

Widows  and  daughters  of  Revolutionary  soldiers n 

Survivors  of  the  War  of  1812 I 

Widows  of  the  War  of  1812 1,742 

Survivors  of  the  Mexican  War " 8,352 

Widows  of  the  Mexican  War 8,151 

Survivors  of  the  Indian  Wars  (1832-1842). 1,370 

Widows  of  the  Indian  Wars  (1832-1842) 3.73O 


212  LEARN  TO  LIVE,  AND  LIVE  TO  LEARN. 

WAR   WITH   SPAIN — GENERAL   LAWS. 

Army  invalids  822 

Anny  widows 845 

Navy  invalids 60 

Navy  widows 28 

6.  Highest  and   Lowest  Pensions  Paid. — Highest  pension 
paid  (to  widows  of  Presidents),  $5,000  per  annum.    Lowest  pension 
paid,  $6  per  annum. 

7.  Total  Annual  Pensions.— The  amount  disbursed  solely 
for  army  and  navy  pensions  for  each  of  four  successive  years  has 
been  as  follows: 

1900 $138,462,130.65        1898 $144,651,879  80 

1890 138,855,052.95        1897 139,949,717.35 

Cost  of  Pension  Bureau  Service.— For  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1900,  the  following  sums  have  been  appropriated  for  the 
Pension  Bureau  service: 

Salaries  of  Pension  Bureau $2,135,542.55 

Fees  of  surgeons 747,497.80 

Total $2,883,040.35 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  all  of  these  amounts  will  be  practically 
exhausted. 

LICENSE. 

Definition. — License  is  a  right  or  permission  given  by  compe- 
tent authority  which  without  such  authority  would  be  illegal. 

Licenses  are  of  almost  infinite  variety  and  are  issued  by  the 
National  Government  to  distillers,  brewers,  liquor  dealers  of  all 
kind,  cigar  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  many  other  articles. 
They  are  also  issued  by  States,  by  counties,  and  also  by  cities, 
towns  and  villages  to  peddlers,  hawkers,  hackmen,  draymen, 
bus  drivers,  cabmen,  porters,  expressmen,  and  itinerant  mer- 
chants. They  are  also  issued  to  saloons  and  druggists. 

License  from  the  National  Government  to  a  saloon  keeper 
does  not,  however,  authorize  him  to  sell  liquors  in  violation  of 
any  city  or  State  statute,  and  constitutes  no  protection  for  so 
doing. 

Licenses  of  the  character  hereinbefore  named  are  issued  usu- 
ally under  what  is  called  the  police  power  of  the  State,  and  are 
governed  by  rules  peculiar  to  that  power. 


LICENSE  IS  ONE  THING,  LIBERTY  ANOTHER.  213 

Licenses  to  liquor  dealers  and  cigar  manufacturers  are  issued 
by  the  Government  upon  application  to  the  local  internal  reve- 
nue collector. 

The  following  is  a  form  of  license  commonly  in  use  in  cities, 
towns  and  villages  for  peddlers,  hackmen,  cab  drivers,  and  other 
individuals  requiring  license  from  such  authorities: 

BY    AUTHORITY    OF    THE    CITY    OF    CHICAGO 

Permission  is  hereby  given  to  John  Henry  to  keep  for  use  or  hire  two 
Hacks  or  Carriages  in  the  City  of  Chicago,  State  of  Illinois,  from  July  1, 
1901,  to  June  30,  1902,  under  the  ordinances  in  such  case  made  and  pro- 
vided, subject,  nevertheless,  to  revocation  or  suspension  Jby  the  mayor 
or  City  Council. 

Witness  the  hand  of  ,   Mayor  of  said   City,   and   the 

Corporate   Seal  thereof,   this  1st  day  of  July,    1901. 

(Corporate  Seal.) Mayor. 

ATTEST: 

City  Clerk. 

Book  Agents  and  Canvassers. — In  many  States  laws  have 
been  passed  in  recent  years  requiring  book  agents  and  can- 
vassers to  pay  license  fees  either  to  the  State,  to  the  town, 
or  to  the  city.  In  some  States,  such  as  Illinois,  the  Legislature 
has  never  authorized  the  imposition  of  such  taxes  by  any 
of  its  municipal  authorities,  and  they  are  absolutely  'illegal.  In 
other  States  the  Legislature  has  authorized  such  taxation,  and 
such  taxes  may  be  collected  from  goods  published  and  manu- 
factured within  the  limits  of  the  State,  or  on  goods  which  at  the 
time  of  the  canvass  are  actually  within  the  limits  of  the  State. 

Book  agents  and  canvassers  who  are  canvassing  for  publica- 
tions and  articles  manufactured  and  published  within  the  State 
where  they  are  canvassing  cannot  escape  taxes  where  they  are 
justified  by  the  Legislature.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  has  held  that  such  taxes  are  illegal  where  imposed  upon 
those  canvassing  for  goods  and  books  manufactured  and  pub- 
lished outside  of  the-  limits  of  the  State  and  at  the  time  of  the 
taking  of  orders  actually  beyond  its  jurisdiction. 

Book'  agents  and  canvassers  should  therefore  be  careful  in 
canvassing  for  articles  not  published  within  the  boundaries  of 
the  State  to  see  that  the  goods  are  not  at  the  time  of  making 
the  canvass  and  receiving  the  orders  actually  within  the  limits 
of  the  State.  For  if  they  are  even  in  the  express  office  or  in  the 
freight  depot  or  other  warehouses  within  the  State  the  tax 
might  be  legally  imposed  and  collected. 


214  EVERY  DAY  18  A  LITTLE  LIFE. 


nditzance. 


^  Definition. — A  contract  whereby,  for  an  agreed  pre- 
mium, one  party  undertakes  to  indemnify  the  other  against  loss 
on  a  specified  subject  by  specified  perils.  The  party  agreeing  to 
make  the  indemnity  is  called  the  insurer,  or  underwriter,  the 
other  the  insured  or  assured.  The  agreed  consideration  is  called 
the  premium.  The  written  contract  is  called  the  policy.  The 
subject,  right  or  interest  to  be  protected  is  called  the  insurable 
interest. 

2.  Forms. — The  most  usual  forms  of  insurance  are   Fire, 
Life,  Marine  and  Accident  insurance. 

3.  Insurable  Interest. — The  insurer  must  always  have  an 
insurable   interest    in    the    subject    matter   of    the    insurance. 
Such  an  interest  has  been  defined  to  be  any  interest  in  property 
or  relation  thereto  or  liability  in  respect  thereof  of  such  a  nature 
that  a  contemplated  peril  might  directly  damnify  the  insured. 

4.  Corporations. — All  kinds  of  insurance  are  carried   on 
by    large    corporations.      These    corporations    in    this    country 
are  usually  organized  under   general   laws  and  are  conducted 
under   the    supervision    and    control    of   the    State    authorities. 
There  are,  however,  scattered  through  the  country  a  large  num- 
ber of  mutual  companies.     These  companies  also  are  organized 
under  special  statutes  governing  the  same  and  the  stockholders 
are  also  in  general  the  insured.     In  most  of  the  States  an  insur- 
ance department  has  been  established  and  the  management  and 
supervision  of  insurance  both  life  and  fire  is  under  the  control 
of  this  department,  which  is  generally  managed  by  an  officer 
called  either  a  superintendent  or  commissioner  of  insurance. 

5.  Foreign  Insurance  Companies    are  generally  required 
to   deposit   a  certain  amount  of  funds  in  this  department  in 
each  State  as  a  security  for  the  payment  of  losses  on  all  in- 
surances carried  by  them  in  said  State.     Companies  doing  busi- 
ness in  any  State  are  required  to  make  annual  reports  to  the  in- 
surance department  of  their  business  and  of  the  character  and 
quality  of  their  assets. 

61     Authority. — The  insurance  department  also  has  author 
ity  to  examine  into  the  business  of  any  company  and  in  case 


PHILOSOPHER'S  STONE:  PAY  AS  YOU  C7O,  215 

of  weakness  require  'hat  any  losses  and  failure  of  assets  be 
made  good,  and  in  case  of  insolvency  they  have  authority  to  take 
possession  of  this  company  and  wind  up  the  business. 

7.  Suits. — All  foreign    insurance    companies    are    also  re- 
quired to  designate  some  individual  living  within  the  State  upon 
whom  legal  process   can  be   served.       Suits  against  insurance 
companies  by  statute  in  most  of  the  States  can  be  commenced 
in  any  county  where  the  party  having  claims  against  such  com- 
pany resides  and  service  of  summons  can  be  had  on  the  proper 
agent  in  any  county  of  the  State. 

8.  Fire  Insurance  is  Furnishing  Indemnity  Against  Los* 
by  Fire. — It  is  now  generally  conducted  by  large  private  cor 
porations  or  by  mutual  companies. 

9.  Mutual  Companies. — These  mutual  companies  are  gen- 
erally established  by  statute  and  provide  for  the  payment  of 
losses  by  a  pro  rata  assessment  upon  the  policy  holders,  who 
constitute  the  stockholders  and  who  manage  the  affairs  of  the 
company.    Some  of  these  mutual  companies  require  a  small  pre- 
mium paid  in  advance.     Others  simply  require  a  small  fee  to 
pay  for  the  expense  of  making  the  survey  and  issuing  the  pol- 
icy.   All  of  them,  however,  in  case  of  a  loss  make  an  assessment 
pro  rata  upon  the  policy  holders  to  pay  the  same.     Such  com- 
panies are  not  very  common  in  cities,  but  are  quite  general 
throughout  the  rural  districts. 

10.  Old  Line  Companies — The  insurance  business  of  pri- 
vate corporations  generally  called  Line  Companies  is  carried 
on    through    the    country    by    means    of    agents   established 
in  nearly  every  town  and  city  of  any  size  throughout  the  coun- 
try.    Many  of  the  States  have  adopted  a  standard  form  of  fire 
policy  and  nearly  all  reputable  companies  have  adopted  forms 
which  are  similar  in  their  terms  and  conditions. 

n.  Kind  of  Risks.— The  fire  insurance  policies  EK  usu- 
ally divided  into  commercial,  dwelling  house  and  farm  risks. 
The  time  for  which  commercial  risks  are  usually  written  is  for 
a  year,  although  on  the  very  best  class  of  buildings  a  three-year 
risk  is  permitted.  Risks  on  stocks  of  goods  and  machinery  are 
always  limited  to  one  year.  The  rate  for  the  three-year  term 
is  two  and  one-half  times  the  annual  rate. 

Dwelling  house  and  farm  risks  are  usually  written  for 


216          FORTUNE  OFTEN  LEADS  TO  FOLLY. 

three  and  five  years,  the  three-year  term  being  twice  the  annua* 
rate  and  the  five-year  term  three  times  the  annual  rate. 

12.  Boards. —  The  old  line  insurance  companies  of  the 
country  are  nearly  all  united  into  a  National  Underwriters' 
Association  which  has  general  charge  of  the  fire  insurance  busi- 
ness of  the  country.  Under  this  national  board  the  old  line 
companies  doing  business  in  each  State  have  an  underwriters' 
association  which  has  charge  of  the  insurance  business  in  the 
State.  In  nearly  every  town  or  city  of  any  size  the  agents  of 
the  respective  companies  are  also  organized  into  local  boards. 
The  agencies  of  the  different  companies  are  all  required  by  an 
iron-bound  contract  to  maintain  the  rates  of  insurance  fixed  by 
the  State  board  of  underwriters,  and  violations  of  the  provi- 
sions of  this  contract  are  punished  by  heavy  fines.  By  these 
agreements  agents  of  the  different  companies  are  prohibited 
from  cutting  rates  or  offering  inducements  to  secure  insuraices 
and  they  are  limited  to  a  fixed  rate  of  the  premium  as  their  com- 
mission. Nearly  every  town  of  any  size  in  the  respective  States 
is  rated,  that  is  the  rates  of  insurance  upon  all  the  commercial 
buildings  and  the  stocks  contained  therein  are  fixed  and  a  rate 
sheet  issued  to  the  agents  of  all  companies  doing  business  in  the 
town.  This  rating  is  not  done  by  the  local  agents  of  the  com- 
pany living  in  the  town  or  city,  but  is  done  by  agents  appointed 
by  the  State  board  of  underwriters  and  sent  there  for  the  purpose. 

13.  Assignment  of  Policy.— The  policy  of  insurance  cannot 
wfi  assigned  except  with  the  consent  of  the  insurance  company. 
Notice  of  all  change  in  the  title  to  property  covered  by  insurance, 
whether  personal  or  real,  should  immediately  be  given  to  the  local 
agent  of  the  company  carrying  the  insurance  and  the  consent  of 
such  agent  to  the  assignment  secured. 

14.  Mortgage   Clause.—  In  case  of  mortgage  on  real  prop- 
erty  the  loss  should  be  made  payable  to  the  mortgagee  as  his 
interest  may  appear  by  mortgage  clause,  which  is  usually  printed 
on  a  separate  sheet  of  paper  and  attached  to  the  policy. 

15-  Loss. — In  case  of  loss  under  an  insurance  policy  notice 
should  be  immediately  given  to  the  company  or  its  agent  and  a 
request  made  for  a  form  of  proof  of  loss.  These  forms  are 
usually  furnished  by  the  company  gratis,  and  the  provisions  of 
the  policy  in  regard  to  making  proof  of  loss  should  be  strictly 
followed. 


CHARACTER  IS  NOT  INSURABLE.  211 

16.  Lightning  Clauses. — An  ordinary   policy  of  insurance 

does  not  usually  insure  against  lightning,  but  lightning  clauses 
without  extra  expense  will  be  attached  to  nearly  all  policies  if 
requested  at  the  time  of  issue. 

17.  Life  Insurance. — Life  insurance  is  now  usually  carried 
on  by  large  corporations  and  benevolent  orders  having  insurance 
departments  connected?  therewith.     The  forms  of  policies  are 
almost  infinite.    They  differ  from  fire  insurance  in  that  they  ex- 
tend for  life  or  for  a  definite  period  of  years.    The  premium  is 
required  to  be  paid  either  annually  or  semi-annually. 

18.  Applications. —  Nearly  all  life  insurance  companies  re- 
quire applications  therefor  to  be  in  writing  and  they  are  usu- 
ally accompanied  by  a  medical  examination  made  by  the  Local 
Medical  Examiner  of  the  company.    These  applications  are  for- 
warded to  the  home  office,  and  if  the  same  pass  the  head  Medical 
Examiner  the  policy  is  issued  to  the  insured  and  the  application 
is  made  a  part  of  the  policy.     Any  false  statement  contained 
therein  will  vitiate  the  policy  and  applicants  for  insurance  should 
be  careful  to  see  that  all  questions  are  fully  and  truthfully  an- 
swered..  Most  life  insurance  policies  provide  that  the  insurance 
shall,  not  be  in  force  until  the  first  premium  is  paid,  and  most 
policies  are  now  incontestable  after  the  payment  of  two  or  three 
premiums.     By  the  laws  of  some  of  the  States  in  case  default  is 
made  in  the  payment  of  premium  after  three  full  premiums  have 
been  paid,  the  policy  holder  may  have  the  option  of  securing 
a  paid  up  policy  for  a  certain  portion  of  the  original  risk,  and 
nearly  all  good  companies  now  insert  an  option  of  this  char- 
acter into  their  policies.     Sometimes  the  policies  provide  that 
after  the  payments  cease  trie  applicants  shall  be  entitled  to  three 
or  four  years'  paid-up  insurance. 

The  usual  clauses  contained  in  life  insurance  policies  are 
these:  That  the  insurance  ceases  unless  the  premiums  are 
promptly  paid;  that  the  company  shall  be  exempt  if  the  insured 
commits  suicide  whether  sane  or  insane,  or  if  death  shall  come 
by  the  hands  of  justice  for  a  violation  of  law;  that  agents  are 
not  authorized  to  alter  or  discharge  any  part  of  the  contract; 
that  assignments  of  the  policy  shall  not  take  effect  until  notice 
thereof  shall  be  given  to  the  company  at  its  home  office;  that 
after  two  years  the  policy  will  be  incontestable  except  for  fraud 
or  non-payment  of  premium. 


218  LUCK  IS  AN  IGNIS  FATUUS, 

19.  Marine    Insurance.— Marine    insurance    is    governed 
largely  by  the  same  rules  that  control  fire  insurances.    The  risks 
Insured  against,  however,  are  losses  at  sea,  and  are  usually  under 
taken  for  the  voyage  which  the  vessel  is  supposed  to  make 
The  voyage  should  be  described  in  such  a  manner  that  a  man 
conversant  with  the  usages  of  the  trade  shall  clearly  understand 
what    voyage    was    intended   and   the  voyage  must  be   rigidly 
adhered  to. 

Subject  matter  of  insurance  is  usually  the  body  of  the  ship, 
tackle,  apparel  and  furniture  thereof,  or  upon  all  kinds  of  goods, 
merchandise  laden  or  to  be  laden  on  board  the  ship,  or  upon, 
the  freight  upon  all  kinds  of  goods,  merchandise  laden  or  to  be 
laden  on  board  the  ship. 

20.  Beginning  of  the  Risk.— The  risk    begins  from    anc? 
immediately  following  the  loading  upon  the  ship. 

ai.  Termination  of  the  Risk.— The  risk  does  not  terminate 
until  the  ship  has  moored  anchor  twenty-four  hours  in  good 
safety,  or  until  the  goods  and  merchandise  h»ve  been  safely 
landed. 

The  insurance  may  also  be  against  the  perils  of  the  sea 
This  includes  all  casualties  resulting  from  the  unusual  or  violent 
actions  of  the  elements.  Against  foundering  at  sea;  against 
grounding,  collision,  distress  of  weather,  fire,  perils  of  war,  rest? 
and  restraints,  jettison,  and  all  other  perils  and  losses  and  mis 
fortunes  of  the  sea. 

22.  Accident  Insurance  is  not  yet  fifty  years  old, but  at  present 
there  are  a  great  many  companies  which  insure  against  all  kinds 
of  accidents.    Policies  good  for  one  day,  insuring  for  $3,000,  can 
be   had  at  .  imost   any   railroad   station   upon   the   payment   of 
twenty-five  cents.     Upon  the  payment  of  larger  sums  policies 
can  be  had  good  for  any  time  from  one  day  to  ten  years. 

23.  Other  Kinds  of  Insurance.— Almost  every  kind  of  risk 
imaginable  may  now  be  covered  by  insurance.     There  are  com- 
panies that   insure   merchants  against  loss  by  bad  debts,   cor 
tractors  against  accident  to   employes,   and   employers   again s 
fraud  or  insolvency  ot  their  servants. 

NOTE.— The  great  Chicago  fire  of  1871,  causing  a  loss  of  more  than 
two  hundred  millions,  involved  loss  to  the  insurance  companies  amount 
Ing  to  ninety-six  millions,  all  of  which,  except  six  millions,  was  in  the 
United  States  companies.  Fifty-seven  companies  were  compelled  to  sus- 
pend. The  loss  by  the  Boston  flre  of  1872  was  fifty  million  dollars. 


4  POUND  OF  CARE   WILL  NOT  PAY  AX  OUNCE  OF  I)£BT.     219 

ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  TRANSACTING  BUSINESS. 


PARTNERSHIPS,  HOW  FORMED  AND  LAWS 
GOVERNING  THEM. 

1.  Partnership  is  a  voluntary  contract  between  two  or  more 
persons,  to  place  their  property,  labor  or  credit,  or  some  or  all 
of  them,  in  some  lawful  business,  to  share  the  gains  and  losses 
in  certain  proportions. 

2.  Where  no  time  is  specified,  any  partner  may  dissolve  & 
partnership  at  will. 

3.  The  death  of  any  partner  dissolves  the  whole  firm. 

4.  Each  partner  has  full  authority  to  act  for  the  firm. 

5.  A  silent  partner  is  one  who  is  actually  a  partner  by  par- 
ticipation of  profit,  but  is  not  known  to  be  such. 

6.  A  nominal  partner  is  one  who  holds  himself  out  to  the 
world  as  such,  but  is  not  so  in  fact.     He  becomes  liable  to 
creditors  of  the  firm  because  he  justifies  them  in  trusting  the 
firm  on  his  credit. 

7.  Partners  may  agree  to  share  the  profits  in  whatever  pro- 
portion they  choose.     They  may  also  agree  as  to  any  way  oi 
dividing  the  losses.    Such  agreement  is  valid  between  themselves, 
but  it  will  not  protect  those  partners  who  were  to  sustain  na 
loss  from  responsibility  to  third  parties. 

8.  Not  only  the  common  property,  but  also  all  the  private 
property  of  each  partner  may  be  taken,  to  satisfy  the  debts  of 
the  firm. 

9.  Upon  the  dissolution  the  old  partners  are  responsible  to 
third  persons  for  even  new  debts,  unless  such  persons  have  had 
notice  of  the  dissolution. 

10.  One  partner  may  discharge  himself  from  liability  by  giv- 
ing express  notice  to  any  customer  or  other  person   not  to  trust 
one  or  more  of  his  co-partners. 

11.  A  partner  cannot  make  the  firm  responsible  for  his  sepa- 
rate or  private  debt,  nor  bind  the  firm  by  entering  into  engage- 
ments unconnected  with,  or  foreign  to,  the  partnership. 

12.  The  authority  of  a  partner  extends  to  the  making  or 
indorsing  negotiable  paper,  and  to  all  transactions  fairly  con- 
tacted witli  that  business* 


220  TOO  LATE  TO  SPARE  WHEN  ALL  IS  SPENT. 

13.  A    person    who    after    due   care   lends    money   to   one 
of  a  partnership  firm   for  the  firm,   can  hold  the   firm  liable, 
although  the  money  is  fraudulently  appropriated  by  the  partner 
to  his  own  use. 

14.  If  a  partner  borrows  money  to  increase  the  capital  of  the 
firm,  the  firm  cannot  be  held  liable  for  the  payment  of  such  sum. 

15.  The  contract  of  co-partnership  may  be  made  verbally  or 
in  writing.     It  is  a  serious  engagement  and  easier  to  get  into 
than  to  get  out  of.     Every  person   should  use   great  care  in 
involving  his  property  and  business  interests  in  a  co-partner- 
ship, and  where  those  interests  are  extensive,   articles  of  co- 
partnership  drawn  by  the  best   qualified  lawyer  available   are 
the  safest  expedient,  and  will  in  all  cases  be  a  good  investment. 

Articles  of  Co-partnership. 

ARTICLES  OF  AGREEMENT,  made  December  3d,  1901,  between  John 
H.  Wagner  and  Gregory  Ross: 

The  said  parties  hereby  agree  to  become  co-partners,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Wagner  &  Ross,  and  as  such  partners  to  carry  on  together  the 
business  of  buying  and  selling  all  sorts  of  dry  goods,  at  No.  547  Fulton 
«treet,  in  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

The  said  John  H.  Wagner  agrees  to  contribute  two  thousand  dollars 
(|2,000)  to  the  capital  of  said  firm;  and  the  said  Gregory  ROBS  agrees  to 
•contribute  one  thousand  dollars  ($1,000)  to  the  same;  the  sum  of  $2,500  of 
said  capital  to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  a  stock  in  trade. 

The  said  Wagner  shall  have  exclusive  charge  of  all  the  buying  for 
the  firm. 

All  the  net  profits  arising  out  of  the  business  shall  be  divided  in  the 
following  proportions,  two-thirds  to  the  said  Wagner  and  one-third  to  the 
said  Ross. 

Each  partner  shall  devote  all  his  time,  attention,  and  efforts  to  the 
said  business. 

Neither  partner  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  sign  any  bond, 
bill  or  note  as  surety,  or  otherwise  become  obligated  as  security  for  any 
•other  person. 

Witness  the  hands  and  seals  of  the  parties  hereto,  this  1st  day  of 
January,  A.  D.  1902. 

(Seal.) 


.(Seal.) 


Agreement  to  Dissolve  Partnership. 

We,  the  undersigned,  do  mutually  agree  that  the  within  mentioned 
partnership  be,  and  the  same  is,  hereby  dissolved,  except  for  the 
purpose  of  final  liquidation  and  settlement  of  the  business  thereof,  and 
upon  such  settlement  wholly  to  cease  and  determine,. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals,  this  twenty-ninth  day  of  May,  nineteen 
.hundred  and  one. 

Signed,  Sealed  and  Delivered*! 

in  Presence  of  JOHN  H.  WAGNER.          (SEAL.) 

Harvey  C.  Cheater.  BEUBEN  H.  HOWABD.    (SEAL.) 

Porter  L.  Fields. 


BVE3Y  DONKEY  LOVES  TO  HEAR  HIMSELF  BRAY.        221 

CORPORATIONS  AND  STOCK  INVESTMENTS. 

1.  An  Incorporated  Company  is  an  association  authorized 
by  law  to  transact  business.    It  is  a  fictitious  person  that  can  sue 
or  be  sued. 

2.  Stocks   are   divided   into   parts   called   shares,  and  the 
owners  of  the  shares  are  called  stockholders. 

3.  Certificates  of  Stock  are  written  statements  specifying 
the  number  and  value  of  the  shares  to  which  their  holders  are 
entitled.    They  are  often  called  scrip. 

4.  Par   Value   of   the   stock    is   the    sum    named    on    the 
lace  of  the  certificate,  and  is  thence  called  its  nominal  value;  the 
market  value  is  the  sum  for  which  it  sells.    When  shares  sell  for 
their  nominal  value,  they  are  at  par;  when  they  sell  for  more 
they  are  above  par,  or  at  a  premium;  when  they  sell  for  less, 
they  are  below  par,  or  at  a  discount. 

5.  Gross  Earnings  of  a  company  are  its  entire  receipts;  the 
net  earnings  are  the  sums  left  after  deducting  all  expenses. 

6.  Installments  are  portions  of  the  capital  paid  by  the  stock- 
holders from  time  to  time.     Dividends  are  portions  of  the  earn- 
ings distributed  among  the  stockholders.    They  are  usually  paid 
at  stated  periods;  as  annually,  etc. 

7.  Kinds. — Corporations    may    be    divided    into    corpora- 
tions for  pecuniary  profit,  as  banks,  insurance  companies,  loan 
associations  and  railroad  companies;  corporations  not  for  pe- 
cuniary profit,  as    religious  organizations. 

8.  Public  Corporations  are  those  formed  for  the  public  in- 
terest, as  towns   counties,  cities,  etc.    A  municipal  corporation, 
for  example,  makes  laws  for  the  government  of  the  city  and  for 
improvements  in  general. 

9.  Private  Corporations  are  generally  formed  for  the  bene- 
fit and  pecuniary  profit  of  the  members;  as  banks,  railroad  com- 
panies, nrning  companies,  electric  lighting,  trolley  companies, 
etc. 

10.  Close  Corporations  are  those  whose  members  fill  by 
appointment  all  vacancies  occurring  in  their  membership. 

**-  Open  Corporations  are  those  in  which  vacancies  are 
filled  by  other  individuals  or  bodies;  for  example,  a  college  whose 
trustees  are  elected  by  the  different  legislative  bodies  of  a  church. 

12.  State  Laws.— In  most  of  the  States  general  acts  of 
Incorporation  have  been  passed  under  which  companies  may  or- 


GROWTH  IS  BETTER  THAN  PERMANENCE. 

ganize,  without  the  necessity  of  special  legislation  in  each  case. 
Since  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution  in  1870,  all  cor- 
porations in  Illinois  have  been  organized  under  general  statutes,, 

13.  Limited  Companies. — In  some  States,  notably  in  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  "Limited"-companies  may  be  formed, 
Where  this  law  prevails,  "Limited**  signifies  that  each  share- 
holder is  individually  liable  for  the  stock  that  he  holds.    In  case 
of    suit    action    can    be    taken    against    him    only    to    the    ex- 
tent of  shares  held.    Limited  companies  are  also  formed  in  Can- 
ada, but  in  many  states  the  law  makes  no  provision  for  such 
companies. 

14.  How  Laws  Differ. — Private  corporations  organized  under 
the  laws  of  one  State  are  usually  permitted  to  do  business  in 
another.     This  suggests    the    reason  why    many  of  the  large 
stock  companies  of   New  York  and   Philadelphia    are    organ- 
ized under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  where  laws 
are  more  favorable  to  the  companies.     It  is  said  that  a  large 
majority  of  the  merchants  and  large  business  enterprises  of  Bos= 
ton  are  organized  into  stock  companies  under  the  laws  of  Maine, 
because  Massachusetts  requires  a  large  part  of  the  capital  to  be 
paid  up  when  the  company  is  organized,  while  Maine  permits 
the  organization  of  a  company  for  $100,000,  not  a  single  stock- 
holder being  a  resident  of  the  State,  and  requiring  a  paid  up 
capital  of  only  twenty-five  dollars. 

15.  Methods  of  Organization.— The  methods  of  organiza* 
tion  vary  in  the  different  States  as  to  details,  but  in  general 
are  the  same.     In    Illinois  any  number  of    persons   not    less 
than  three,    nor    more  than    seven,   may  form    a    corporation 
by  filing  with  the  Secretary  of  State  a  statement  giving  name 
of  corporation,   object,    amount  of  capital   stock,     number    of 
shares,   location   of  office,   and   duration   of  corporation.     This 
statement  must  be  signed  and  acknowledged  as  deeds  are  ac- 
knowledged.    A   license   is   then   issued   to   open   subscription 
books.     As  soon  as  the  stock  is  subscribed  for,  a  meeting  is 
held  and  directors,  not  less  than  three  or  more  than  eleven, 
are  elected. 

16.  Elections. — Each  stockholder    is    entitled  to  as  many 
votes  as  he  has  shares  of  stock,  multiplied  by  the  number  of 
directors  to  be  elected.     This  is  in  accordance  with  the  cumu- 
lative system  in  vogue  in  general  elections  in  Illinois. 


PERMANENT  GROWTH  IS  BETTER  THAN  ALL.  223 


17.  Charter. — Upon  receipt  of  information  giving  names  of 
directors,  etc.,  the  Secretary  of  State  issues  the  Charter,  which 
must  be  recorded  in  the  county  office. 

18.  Fees.— In  Illinois  the  fees  charged  are  as  follows,  and 
must  be  paid  when  the  first  papers  are  filed  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  State:     For  a  capital  of  $2,500,  $30;  over  $2,500,  and 
not  over  $5,000,  $50;   and  one  dollar  per  thousand  for  every 
thousand  above  $5,000. 

19.  Corporations  and  Partnerships. — A  corporation  differs 
from  a  partnership  in  two  particulars:      First,  it  cannot   exist 
except  by  authority  of  State  and  National  Legislature.  "Second, 
the  private  property  of  the  stockholders  cannot  be  taken  for  the 
debts  of  the  corporation,  unless  the  statutes  of  the  State  so 
declared  when  the  charter  was  granted. 

20.  Advantages. — The  advantages  of  corporations  over  part- 
nerships  have  made  a  great  change  in  all  lines  of  business, 
Every  business  of  any  magnitude  is  at  once  formed  into  a  stock 
company.     There  are  very  few  partnerships  existing  today,  be- 
cause the  laws  are  more  favorable  to  corporations.     Some  of 
these  advantages  are:     (i)  Security  of  the  private  property  of 
stockholders;     (2)     facilities    for    borrowing    money    are    in- 
creased; (3)  a  retiring  stockholder  is  no  longer  responsible  for 
debts  of  the  company;  (4)  change  of  stockholders  exceedingly 
more   simple  than   change   of  partners;    (5)   limited   power   of 
stockholders — a  partner   may  do  what  a   stockholder  has    no 
power  to  do. 

21.  A  Question.— For  large  enterprises  corporation  lawshavo 
been  a  great  benefit,  but  when  the  stock  company  finds  adoption 
by  all  kinds  of  enterprises,   with   capital  ranging  from  $1,000 
upward,   we   may   properly   inquire   into   the   motives   of  such 
organization.     It  is  hardly  just  to  plead  an  advantage  to  busi- 
ness for  a  small  mercantile  enterprise  with  $2,000  capital.    There 
are  in  such  cases  usually  some  personal  reasons. 

22.  Preferred  Stock.— This  kind  of  stock  takes  prefer- 
ence of  the  ordinary  stock  of  a  corporation,  and  the  holders 
are   entitled   to   a    stated    per  cent,  annually   out    of  the  net 
earning  before  a  dividend  can  be  declared  on  the  common  stock. 
Preferred  stocks  are  generally  the  result  of  reorganization,  al- 
though sometimes  issued  in  payment  of  floating  or  unsecured 
debts. 


\JU  WANT  A  THING   WELL  DONE,  DO  IT  FOG  S3  ELF, 


BETTER  SET  TEN  MEN  TO  WORK  THAN  TO  DO  TEN  MEN'S  WORK. 


HOLDING  AND   WATEKINO  STOCK. 

33.  How  Stock  is  Watered.— Sometimes  the  charter  ot 
a  corporation  forbids  the  declaring  of  a  dividend  exceeding 
a  certain  per  cent,  of  the  par  value  of  its  stock.  In  this  case  the 
directors  may  find  it  desirable  to  "water"  the  stock — that  is, 
issue  additional  shares.  This  increase  in  the  number  01  shares 
of  course  reduces  the  percentage  of  dividend,  although  the  same 
profit  in  the  aggregate  is  secured  to  the  stockholders. 

24.  Guarded  Action. — Great  care  and  good  judgment  shonld 
be  used  in  the  purchase    of    shares    of   stock,  for    bad    man- 
agement, dishonesty  and  contention  have  ruined  many  prosper- 
ous corporations  and  stock  companies. 

25.  Investments. — With    the    remarkable    increase  in    the 
wealth  of    our    nation    there    is    a    corresponding    increase    of 
persons  who  desire  to  make  secure  investments.    There  never 
was  a  time  in  the  history  of  the  world  when  it  was  so  easy  to 
invest  money  and  to  lose  it.    A  good  investment  today  does  not 
mean  a  good  investment  next  year.     The  possibilities  of  new 
discoveries  have  greatly  reduced  the  profits  of  some  stock  com- 
panies.   The  electrical  company  has  taken  away  the  large  profits 
of  the  gas  company;  the  telephone  competes  with  the  telegraph, 
the  trolley  with  the  railroad.     Great  care  should  be  taken  in 
making  an   investment.     Corporations  may  be- burdened  with 
^onds  and  mortgages.     The   first  and   main   thing  in   making 


220  ONE  TH'NG  AT  A   TIME. 

investments  is  safety.  Many  persons  have  believed  their  invest 
ments  absolutely  safe  and  have  waked  up  to  see  the  earnings 
of  a  lifetime  vanish  like  distant  clouds. 


NEW  YORK  STOCK  EXCHANGE. 

BOARDS  OF  TRADE  AND  STOCK  EXCHANGES. 

Boards  of  Trade  and  Stock  Exchanges  were  originally 
organized  to  facilitate  trade  in  the  various  commercial  interests 
of  the  country;  they  are  great  factors  in  financial  circles.  There 
is  no  reason  why  these  institutions  should  not  prove  very  bene 
ficial  to  the  financial  interests  of  our  nation. 

Gambling. — Unfortunately,  however,  the  business  of  nearly 
all  stock  exchanges  is  not  confined  to  the  legitimate;  instead 
of  blessing  and  benefiting  mankind  they  have  become  gigantic 
engines  of  robbery  and  oppression.  The  confidence  of  the 
public  has  been  shaken,  and  they  are  generally  looked  upon 
as  gambling  institutions. 

Members  are  elected  by  ballot,  the  admission  fee  varying 
greatly  in  different  organizations.  In  New  York,  where  th* 
membership  is  about  1,100,  a  vacant  seat  brings  from  $20,000  to 
$50,000.  In  London  the  membership  is  not  limited. 

Number. — There  are  many  exchange  institutions  in  the 
country.  Besides  those  in  large  cities,  in  other  trade  centers 
are  found  produce  exchanges,  cotton  exchanges,  mining  ex- 
changes, etc. 

Dealing  in  Futures.— This  is  simply  a  "high-toned"  form 
of  gambling,  or,  in  other  words,  *  system  of  "market  guess- 


ALWAYS  PAT  A  HUNDRED  CENTS  ON  THE  DOLLAR,      227 

ing"  in  which  the  best  guesser  wins.  The  game,  like  all 
other  popular  gambling  games,  is  exceedingly  simple.  You 
simply  bet  on  the  market;  if  it  goes  up  or  down,  yon  win  or 
lose  just  as  you  have  staked  your  money. 

Margins  are  sums  of  money  put  up  as  a  forfeit  to  secure 
the  winner.  When  the  margin  is  exhausted  so  that  further  loss 
is  not  guaranteed,  it  is  the  custom  to  close  the  trade  and  the 
winner  "rakes  in  the  pot,"  using  the  gambler's  way  of  putting  it. 

Option  Trading. — "  Seller's  option  "  gives  the  person  sell- 
ing the  privilege  of  making  delivery  at  any  time  before  the 
expiration  of  the  contract  by  giving  one  day's  notice.  "Buyer's 
option"  gives  the  purchaser  a  claim  for  delivery  at  any  time  be- 
fore the  maturity  of  the  contract. 

Corners. — Thousands  of  bushels  of  grains  are  bought  and 
sold  for  every  bushel  brought  to  the  elevators.  Chicago 
Board  of  Trade  sells  every  day  as  much  wheat  as  the  State  of 
Illinois  harvests  in  a  year.  It  can  then  be  easily  seen  how 
''commerce"  can  be  forced.  In  a  Board  of  Trade  each  buyer 
buys  upon  the  supposition  that  each  seller  is  selling  what  he  has 
not  got,  and  the  buyer  is  buying  what  he  does  not  want.  Now 
it  is  easy  for  a  set  of  men  with  an  unlimited  amount  of  money 
to  combine  and  "corner"  any  article  in  the  market.  It  simply 
consists  of  buying  more  than  can  be  delivered,  and  then  making 
the  sellers  deliver  or  forfeit  their  margins. 

Bull  and  Bear. — A  "bull"  is  one  who  operates  to  raise 
the  market — so  called  from  the  nature  of  the  bull  to  toss  with 
his  horns.  A  "bear"  is  one  who  tries  to  lower  the  market,  so 
called  from  the  nature  of  the  bear  to  tear  down  with  his  claws. 

Lame  Duck.— In  stock-broker's  slang,  a  "lame  duck"  is 
a  member  unable  to  fill  his  contracts,  and  he  is  therefore  ex- 
pelled. 

Bucket  Shops.— These  are  Boards  of  Trade  and  Stock 
Exchanges  for  the  boys  and  poor  clerks,  generally  kept  by  a 
broken  down  broker  who  lost  all  his  self-respect  with  his  fortune. 
Here  the  poorest  can  try  his  luck  in  betting  upon  the  markets. 
These  shops  are  not  reliable;  they  doctor  the  markets  with  false 
figures  and  deceive  and  take  in  whoever  falls  into  their  power. 
They  are  demoralizing  gambling  dens  and  in  no  way  can  they  be 
safely  trusted.  There  are  thousands  of  these  counterfeit  concerns 
throughout  the  country. 


2Z8  PADDLE  YCUR  OWN  CANOE. 

A  Syndicate  is  a  party  of  capitalists  who  unite  their  re- 
sources to  make  successful  some  financial  enterprise  where 
large  capital  is  required. 

TRUSTS. 

i.  Trusts  are  combinations  formed  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
stricting competition  and  controlling  trade. 

3.  Object. — The  object  is  to  secure  to  a  limited  number 
of  persons  engaged  in  the  manufacture  or  handling  of  a  certain 
article  absolute  control  of  the  market  for  that  article,  so  that  the 
organization  is  able  to  name  prices  and  profits  as  well. 

3.  Supply  Too  Great.— If  the  supply  is  too  large,  certain 
of    the  mills  or    factories  or  refineries  in  the  association  are 
closed,  and  the  owners  can  make  no  objections,  because  they 
are  partners  in  the  scheme,  and  are  sure  of  their  dividends  on 
two  or  three  times  the  capital  they  had  invested  in  their  former 
business.     Reducing  the  production  only  makes  their  dividends 
more  certain. 

4.  Result.— The    results  are  that   the  consumer  pays  the 
increased  profits  of  the  bogus  capital  of  the  corporation,  and  the 
producer  has  to  accept  for  his  products  just  what  the  managers 
of  the  "trust"  choose  to  pay. 

5.  Robbery. — It  is  organized    robbery,  and    nothing    else, 
and  should  be  treated  by  our  courts  the  same  way  as  any  other 
stealing. 

6.  Laws  Enacted. — Laws  have  been  enacted  by  Congress 
and  by  some  of  the  States  against  trusts,  and  stringent  pun- 
ishment   has    been    decreed    against    combinations    to    control 
prices.    Strange  as  it  may  seem,  these  laws  are  ineffective  and  in 
no  way  check  the  accumulation  of  wealth  by  existing  combines, 
or  the  formation  of  new  organizations  of  the  kind.  vt 

7.  Court  Decisions.— The    courts  have  also  declared  the 
.xistence  of  trust  combinations  to  be  unlawful,  but  in  the  face  of 
these  decisions  they  continue  to  exist  and  multiply  in  numbers. 

8.  New  Jersey.— Many  of  these  combinations  have  been 
formed  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  though  little 
or  none  of  the  business  is  done  in  that  State.    New  Jersey  laws 
are  peculiarly  lax  with  regard  to  corporations,  granting  them 
unlimited  license  in  conspiring  against  the  public  welfare. 


EVERY  MAN'S  LIFE  A  PLAN  OF  6^.  229 

COMMERCIAL  AGENCIES. 

1.  The  Credit  System.— One  of  the  greatest  hindrances  tc 
successful  business  interests  is  the  credit  system.     From  the 
small  country  grocery  to  the   largest   wholesale  house,  one  of 
the  most  perplexing  questions  is  whom  to  trust.     Merchants 
would  gladly  sell  goods  on  credit  if  there  were  always  a  certainty 
that  the  goods  would  be  paid  for.    Many  large  business  houses 
have  been  compelled  to  go  into  bankruptcy  because  they  ex- 
tended credit  to  unworthy  men. 

2.  Early  Efforts.— As  early  as  1837  a  mercantile  agency 
was  organized  in  New  York,  whereby  the  mercantile  interests  of 
the  nation  might  be  protected  from  great  losses  brought  about 
through  the  credit  system. 

3.  First    Agency.— The  efforts  of    this   first  agency  were 
bent  on  collecting  information  concerning  the  financial  standing 
of  business  men  in  New  York  and  vicinity,  that  the  largest 
merchants  might  have  at  least  an  estimate  of  the  character  an<£ 
responsibility  of  those  with  whom  they  dealt. 

4.  Increasing  Trade.— With  the  rapid  increase  of  trade  there 
was  a  corresponding  increase  in  applications  for  credit.    Laws 
for  the  collection  of  debts  were  then,  as  now,  on  the  statute 
books,  but  were  of  little  benefit  to  creditors. 

5.  First  Reference  Book — The  first  reference  book,  giving 
information  concerning  the  financial  standing  of  merchants,  was 
published  about  1840,  and  although  small  was  reliable. 

6.  Competition. — The    success    of    the    first    agency    soon 
brought  competing  agencies  into  the  field,  and  while  the  in- 
formation extended  over  a  much  greater  territory,  it  lacked  in 
reliability. 

7.  Present  Status.— The  two  noted  agencies  today  that  aim 
to  give  information  covering  our  whole  nation  are  Dun  &  Co.  and 
Bradstreet,  both  of  New  York. 

8.  Object. — The  object  of    the    commercial   agency    as    it 
exists  today  is  to  give  reliable  information  concerning  business 
men  throughout  the  country. 

9.  Methods. — This  information  is  obtained  from  local  cor- 
respondents   and   is    published    four  times  a  year.     Although 
subscribers  to  these  reports  pay  a  good,  round  sum  for  them, 
they   are,    nevertheless,    good   investments,    for   through    them 
merchants  generally  know  at  once  whom  to  trust. 


230  A  MAN  GETS  ONLY  WHAT  HE  EARNS. 

10.  Aim.— The  reports  from  these  agencies  aim  to  give  the 
aature  of  the  Business,  Locality,  Capital,  Assets  and  Liabilities, 
Character,    Experience,    Economy,    Honesty,   Ability,   Industry, 
Punctuality,  Amount  of  Business,  etc.,  of  each  merchant. 

11.  Difficulties. — Some  of  the  difficulties  with  which  these 
agencies  must  contend  in  obtaining  reliable  reports  are,  incom- 
petency   of  correspondents,   carelessness   and  indifference,   per- 
sonal favoritism  or  prejudice.    As  local  reporters  get  little  or  no 
pay  the  time  is  not  given  to  it  that  it  should  have. 

12.  Efficiency. — There    are    over    1,000,000   business  firms 
in  the  United  States,  and  these  agencies  give  information  con- 
cerning them  all. 

13.  Value. — While  commercial  agencies  are  the  outgrowth  of 
the  credit  system,  they  have  been  the  means  of  greatly  extending 
credit,  so  that  at  present  credit  is  given  very  liberally  =HI  our 
country.    The  commercial  agency  alone  has  made  this  possible. 

BUILDING  AND  LOAN  ASSOCIATIONS. 

These  associations  are  formed  by  a  number  of  persons  join- 
ing together  in  the  investment  and  loaning  of  money,  for  their 
mutual  benefit.  In  these  associations  are  found  the  Investor 
and  the  Borrower.  The  Investor  simply  invests  his  money 
in  installments,  and  receives  it  back  with  the  profits  when  the 
stock  matures.  The  Borrower  is  also  a  member  of  the  associ- 
ation, and  must  subscribe  for  stock  at  least  equal  to  the  amount 
of  his  loan.  He  pays  for  his  stock  and  repays  his  loan  in  monthly 
installments.  Thus  a  man  owning  a  lot  can  obtain  the  money 
to  build  a  house,  and  repay  it  in  installments  costing  him  a 
trifle  more  than  ordinary  rent.  When  his  stock  matures  his 
house  is  paid  for  and  belongs  to  him. 

These  associations  are  a  blessing  to  many  who  have  by 
economy  secured  homes  of  their  own. 

Although  the  State  laws  are  stringent,  yet  many  of  these 
associations  through  bad  management  have  failed. 

The  best  associations  are  those  that  do  a  local  business.  The 
so-called  "nationals"  are  frequently  fraudulent  schemes. 

Any  member  can  withdraw  at  any  time,  but  the  stock  that 
matures  makes  the  greatest  percentage  of  profit. 


STERXAL  VIGILANCE  IS  TEE  PRICE  OF  SUCCESS 


THE  FIRST  BArLKOAD  ENGINE,  1829. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

With  the  development  and  increase  of  trade  and  the  settle^ 
ment  of  the  vast  areas  of  our  western  plains  there  has  been  a 
corresponding  increase  in  facilities  for  transporting  mail; 
money,  and  merchandise,  as  well  as  the  conveying  of  passen- 
gers from  one  point  to  another.  The  slow  ox-cart,  the  tow- 
boat  on  the  canal,  and  even  the  more  speedy  horse  and  wagon 
have  yielded  to  the  modern,  rapid  and  convenient  powers  of 
steam  and  electricity.  Although  the  speed  of  transportation 
has  been  greatly  increased,  the  expense  has  been  reduced. 

1.  Improved  Methods.— With  improved  methods  of  trans- 
portation, distance  is  no  longer  an  impediment  to  the  exchange 
and  transportation  of    fruits,  vegetables  and  other  perishable 
goods.    The  fruit  and  vegetable  grower  of  Michigan  can  now 
successfully  compete  with  the  gardener  residing  just  outside  of 
the  largest  city,  because  of  rapid  yet  cheap  transportation. 

2.  Government  Control. — The  question  of  government  con- 
trol of  transportation  agencies  is  one  of  great  importance  since 
the  growth  of  our  cities  tends  to  increase  the  gains  of  larger  deal- 
ers at  the  expense  of  the  smaller,  and  the  control  of  the  market 
by  the  larger  dealers  tends  to  the  amassing  of  wealth  by  the  few. 


MAKE  YOURSELF  INDISPENSABLE. 

MERCHANDISE. 

1.  Common  Carriers  are  all  those  that  carry  goods  for  nirc 
indiscriminately  for  all  persons.     These  include  all  stage  coach 
proprietors,   railroad    companies,    truckmen,    wagoners,    team- 
sters, carmen,  porters  and  express  companies  who  hold  them- 
selves out  to  carry  goods  from  one  portion  of  the  country  to 
another,  from  one  town  to  another,  and  from  one  place  in  the 
same  town  to  another  for  all  persons  who  desire  to  employ  them. 

2.  Responsibility. — Common  Carriers  are  responsible  for  all 
Joss    and    damage    caused     by    transportation    from    whatever 
cause,  except  the  act  of  God  and  public  enemy,  and  they  are 
bound  to  carry  all  goods  which  are  offered  them,  and  if  they  re- 
fuse without  just  excuse  they  are  liable  to  an  action. 

3.  Act  of   God  is  held  to  extend  only  to  such  inevitable 
accidents  as  occur  without  the  intervention  of  man's  agency.   The 
carrier  is  not  responsible  for  losses    occurring    from    natural 
causes,  such  as  frosts,  fermentation  or  natural  decay  of  perish- 
able articles,  or  the  necessary  and  natural  wear  in  the  course  of 
transportation,  provided  he  exercises  all  reasonable  care  to  have 
the  loss  or  deterioration  as  little  as  practical. 

4.  Loss  by  Fire.— The  carrier  is  liable    for  any  and  all 
loss  occasioned  by  accidental  fire. 

5.  Perishable    Goods.— Carriers    are    not    responsible    for 
loss  to  fruits  that  decay  in  their  possession  or  goods  shipped 
in  defective  boxes,  such  as  glassware  n©t  properly  packed  and 
other  articles  that  are  easily  broken.     Goods  must  be  properly 
packed  in  order  to  make  the  carrier  responsible. 

6.  Bill  of  Lading. — Bill  of  lading  is  the  receipt  given  by 
the    Common  Carrier    to    the    owner  of  the  goods  desiring  to 
have  the  same  shipped  and  should  contain  a  description  of  the 
quantity,  the  marks  on  the  merchandise,  the  name  of  the  ship- 
per, or  the  person  sending  the  goods,  and  the  consignee,  the 
name  of  the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  shipped,  place  of 
departure  and  place  of  discharge  of  the  goods  and  the  price 
of  freight,  and  also  weight  of  the  separate  packages  and   the 
number  of  the  car  in  which  the  same  were  shipped. 

7.  Equal  Liability. — Railroad  companies  and  other  carriers 
who  allow    express  companies  to  carry  parcels  and  packages 
on  their  cars    or    other    vehicles    are  liable    as  the  Common 


TIME  AND  TIDE   WAIT  FOR  NO  MAN.  233 

Carriers  for  all  damages  which  occur,  without  regard  to  the  con- 
tract between  them  and  such  express  company. 

8.  Baggage. — In  the  transportation  of  the  baggage  of  pas- 
sengers the  liability  of  the  carrier  for  loss  to  the  same  is  the 
same  as  in  case  of  transportation  of  goods  for  hire,  and  in  case 
of  loss  the  carrier  must  make  it  good. 

9.  When  Liability  Begins  and   Ends.— The  responsibility 
of    the    Common    Carrier    begins    upon    the    delivery    of     the 
goods  for  immediate  transportation.     A  delivery  at  the  usual 
place  of  receiving  freight  or  to  the  employes  of  the  company 
in  the  usual  course  of   business  is    sufficient.     The  responsi- 
bility of  the  carrier  terminates  after  the  arrival  of  the  goods  at 
their  destination  and  sufficient  time  has  elapsed  thereafter  for 
the  owner  to  have  received  them  during  business  hours.     After 
the  expiration  of  such  time  the  responsibility  of  the  carrier  is 
simply  that  of  a  warehouse  man  and  he  is  only  required  io 
keep  the  goods  with  ordinary  care,    v 

10.  Different  Lines.— Where  goods  are  shipped  to  points 
beyond    the    line    of    the    carrier   to  whom  they  are  first  de- 
livered, such  carrier  is  not  responsible  beyond  his  own  portion 
of  the  route  unless  he  gives  bills  of  lading  for  the  entire  route 
and  the  contract  contemplates  the  transportation  and  delivery  of 
the  goods  at  their  destination. 

n.  Demurrage  is  the  penalty  exacted  by  transportation 
companies  for  not  unloading  goods  from  their  cars  within  the 
time  fixed  by  the  rules  of  the  companies.  The  rules  of  a  large 
number  of  railroad  companies  require  thatr-the  car  be  unloaded 
within  twenty-four  hours  after  its  arrival  at  the  destination  and 
a  fixed  rate  of  demurrage  for  each  twenty-four  hours  of  delay 
after  the  expiration  of  the  usual  time  for  unloading  is  imposed 
on  the  persons  to  whom  goods  are  shipped.  In  practice  com- 
panies are  not  very  strict  in  enforcing  this  penalty,  unless  they 
are  unable  to  meet  the  demand  for  cars. 

12.  Express  Companies.— These  are  private  corporations 
that  transport  the  more  valuable  and  smaller  articles.  Although 
the  charges  are  higher  than  by  freight,  yet  the  better,  safer 
and  more  rapid  transit  of  goods  makes  these  companies  de- 
sirable and  gives  them  a  very  large  patronage.  The  principal 
companies  are  Adams  Express,  American  Express,  Wells-Fargo 
Express,  United  States  Express,  Pacific  Express,  and  Southern 


234  TAKE  TIME  BY  THE  FORELOCK. 

Express.  Express  companies  carry  much  of  the  money  from 
one  point  to  another.  The  special  care  of  valuable  parcels  makes 
this  method  as  safe  as  it  can  be. 

TRANSPORTATION  BY  WATER. 

Common  Carriers. — Those  engaged  in  the  transportation 
of  goods  and  passengers  in  ships  are  Common  Carriers. 
The  same  rules  and  principles  apply  to  Common  Carriers, 
by  water  as  apply  to  those  on  land,  with  one  or  two  exceptions 
Common  Carriers  of  goods  are  practically  insurers  of  the  safe 
delivery  of  goods  at  their  destination. 

DAHAGES  RECOVERABLE  FOR  UNREASONABLE  DELAY 
IN  FORWARDING  BAGGAGE. 

The  measure  of  damages  recoverable  for  a  Common  Car- 
rier's unreasonable  delay  in  forwarding  a  passenger's  baggage 
is  the  value  of  the  use  of  the  property  to.  owner  during  the 
delay  in  delivering  it.  As  to  what  that  value  is,  the  opinion  of 
persons  familiar  with  the  facts,  together  with  the  facts  and  con- 
ditions, will  be  considered.  It  would  be  difficult  in  such  cases 
to  determine  the  value  of  use  by  a  mere  statement  of  the  facts, 
And  the  opinion  of  persons  having  a  knowledge  of  the  facts, 
though  some  evidence,  is  not  an  absolute  guide,  but  an  assist- 
ance, which  is  available  in  the  absence  of  more  reliable  proof. 
Gulf  C  &  S.  F.  Ry.  Co.  v.  Vancil;  C.  Civil  Appeals,  21  S.  W. 
Rep.  303. 

LIABILITY  OF  COMMON  CARRIERS  FOR  LOSS  OR 
INJURY  TO  FREIGHT. 

A  Common  Carrier  mu^st  pay  the  market  value,  at  the  point 
of  destination,  of  all  property  intrusted  to  it  for  transporta-^ 
tion,  which,  through  its  fault,  is  lost  or  destroyed,  and  is  not 
delivered.  The  law,  also,  is  that  if  a  carrier  receives  property 
for  transportation,  and  delivers  it  at  the  end  of  its  route,  but 
through  its  fault  it  is  damaged,  and  it  fails  to  deliver  it  in  the 
same  condition  as  when  received,  it  must  pay  the  difference 
between  -the  value  of  the  property  in  its  damaged  condition,  at 
the  point  of  destination,  and  what  the  value  of  the  property 
would  have  been  at  that  place  if  delivered  in  the  same  condi- 
tion as  when  it  was  received  iW  transportation.  New  York, 
L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Estill;  13  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  444. 


GIVE  NO  ADVICE  WITHOUT  BEING  ASKED.  235 

HOW  TO  SEND  MONEY. 

Bank  Drafts. — A  draft  on  some  reliable  bank  is  by  far  the 
best  and  most  business-like  way  to  send  large  amounts  of  money. 
It  is  safe,  convenient,  and  cheap. 

Better,  however,  have  the  draft  issued  in  your  favor  (to  your 
own  order),  and  then  indorse  it,  and  make  it  payable  to  the 
party  to  whom  you  intend  to  send  it. 

Post  Office  Orders.— By  Post  Office  Order  is  also  a  safe  and 
reliable  way  to  send  money.  It  costs  a  little  more  than  to  remit 
by  draft,  but  is  equally  as  secure,  and  many  times  more  con- 
venient, because  the  Post  Office  is  accessible  at  all  hours  of  the 
day. 

Registered  Letters. — R  ^istered  Letters  are  reasonably  safe 
since  the  Government  exercises  special  care  in  their  transmis- 
sion and  in  case  of  loss  indemnifies  the  owner  up  to  Twenty-five 
Dollars.  Formerly  the  Post  Office  Department  could  not  be  held 
responsible  for  the  loss  of  a  registered  letter,  but  in  the  second 
session  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  a  bill  was  passed  making 
the  department  responsible  to  an  amount  not  greater  than  Ten 
Dollars.  This  law  was  later  amended  and  the  extent  of  liability 
increased  to  Twenty-five  Dollars,  and  that  law  is  now  in  force. 

Express  Orders.— The  Express  Order,  as  to  security,  has  all 
the  advantage  of  the  Bank  Draft  or  Post  Office  Order.  Unlike 
the  Post  Office  Orders,  they  are  paid  through  the  Clearing  Houses 
of  the  principal  cities,  being  current  as  exchange  thereon;  more- 
over, they  are  good,  practically,  everywhere,  payment  not  being 
confined  to  any  one  place,  but,  on  identification,  are  available 
everywhere.  A  receipt  is  always  given  the  remitter,  and  loss  of 
money  is  practically  impossible. 

Personal  Checks.— Never  send  money  by  your  personal 
check,  unless  you  are  rated  in  commercial  agencies.  It  may 
cause  much  delay  in  having  it  certified.  There  is  also  generally 
expense  connected  with  the  cashing  of  the  check.  This  may  be 
_harged  to  your  account.  To  avoid  these  annoyances,  pay  only 
your  local  bills  with  personal  checks. 

Telegraph.— It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  send  money  toy 
telegraph.  Although  this  is  more  expensive  it  is  sometimes 
convenient.  The  rate  is  one  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  the 
order,  plus  double  the  tolls  on  a  single  message  of  fifteen  worda 
between  the  transfer  places. 


236  IF  ANYBODY  EVER  DID  IT,  I  CAN  DO  IT. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  MAIL. 

Post  Office. — The  name  Post  Office  originated  in  the  posts 
placed  at  intervals  along  the  roads  of  the  Roman  Empire  where 
couriers  were  kept  ready  to  bear  dispatches  and  intelligence. 

Early  Times. — The  first  letter  post  was  established  in  the 
I3th  century.  In  early  times  both  public  and  private  letters 
were  sent  by  messengers.  Before  1639  postal  facilities  in  the 
colonies  were  simply  those  afforded  by  personal  accommodation, 

Monthly  Mail. — In  1672,  the  government  of  New  York  estate 
jshed  a  monthly  mail  to  Boston;  later  this,  as  well  as  mails  to 
other  points,  were  carried  weekly. 

First  Post  Master  General.— Benjamin  Franklin  was  ap 
pointed  First  American  Postmaster  General,  July  26th,  1775. 

Cost. — The  entire  cost  of  the  Post  Office  Department  frorr. 
1783  to  1833  was  $34,700,000;  revenue  $36,400,000;  up  to  1851 
the  department  was  self-sustaining;  since  then  there  has  beer* 
an  annual  deficit,  except  one  year  during  the  Civil  war.  At 
present  it  costs  about  Fifty  Millions  of  dollars  annually  to 
transport  the  mails  of  our  nation. 

Postal  Union. — Under  the  regulation  of  the  universal  Postal 
Union  a  letter  may  now  be  carried  to  almost  any  place  in 
the  civilized  world  for  five  cents.  Every  five  years  representatives 
of  the  different  nations  meet  in  the  "Universal  Postal  Congress," 
and  discuss  and  agree  upon  improvements  in  the  system. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  PASSENGERS. 

It  is  stated  that  in  1797,  when  the  first  extra  session  oi 
Congress  was  called,  one  member  from  the  west  did  not  arrive 
in  Philadelphia — then  the  Nation's  capital — until  after  Con- 
gress had  adjourned.  Comparing  the  modes  of  travel  of  colonial 
days  with  the  great  speed  of  the  elegantly  furnished  palace  car 
of  today,  there  can  be  no  denial  that  we  are  a  fast  people. 

Rates. — The  usual  locab  passenger  rates  are  2^  and  3 
cents  a  mile.  Through  tickets  to  principal  terminal  points  are 
lower.  Mileage  books  good  for  1,000  miles  are  sold  for  two  cents 
a  mile.  These  can  legally  be  used  only  by  the  purchaser,  but 
deception  is  often  practiced  whereby  different  persons  use  the 
same  ticket.  In  most  of  our  large  cities  ticket  scalpers  are  found 
who  buy  and  sell  tickets  at  reduced  rates.  Some  states  have 
laws  prohibiting  these  scalpers  from  doing  business. 


ALWAYS  IN  HASTE,  BUT  NEVER  IN  A  HURRY. 


THE  BUSINESS  MAN'S  DIGEST  OF  LAWS. 


PRESUMPTIONS  OF  LAW  PERTAINING  TO  BUSINESS 
PAPERS. 

1.  Law  Takes  Things  for  Granted.— The  law  takes  certain 
things  for  granted  in  connection  with  negotiable  paper,  and  these 
things  are  accepted  as  true,  unless  proper  evidence  proves  them 
to  be  false. 

2.  A  Valuable  Consideration. — Paper  is  always  considered 
as  having  been  given  for  a  valuable  consideration,  unless  the 
contrary  can  be  shown. 

3.  The  Holder  of  the  Paper  is  Considered  the  Owner. — 
The  holder  of  paper  is  regarded  as  the  owner  so  long  as  no 
suspicious  facts  are  shown  in  connection  with  his  ownership. 

4.  Received  Before  Maturity — It    is    presumed   that   the 
holder  received  the  paper  before  maturity  until  it  is  proven  to 
have  been  transferred  after  it  was  due. 

5.  Possession  in  the  Course  of  Business. — The  nolder  is 
regarded  as  having  come  into  possession  of  the  paper  in  the 
course  of  his  business,  and  for  value,  unless  good  evidence  dis- 
proves these  presumptions. 

6.  Indorsements  Before  Maturity. — Indorsements  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been   made  before    maturity,  unless   it  clearly 
appears  otherwise. 

7.  Maker  and  Indorsees  Liability  .—The  maker  of  a  note  is 
considered  as  the  first  debtor,  and  the  indorsers  are  looked  upon 
as  conditionally  liable. 

8.  Acceptor  of  a  Draft  the  First  Debtor.— The  acceptor  of 
a  draft  is  presumed  to  be  the  first  debtor,  and  the  drawer  and  in- 
dorsers to  be  only  liable  in  the  event!  of  his  failure  to  meet  the 
obligation. 

9.  Negotiable  Paper  fleans  Just  What  It  Says.— The  law 
presumes  that  negotiable  paper  means  just  what  it  says,  and  evi- 
dence is  not  permitted  to  prove  that  it  does  not. 

10.  Mistake  in  the  Amount. — If  a  mistake  is   made    in 
stating  the  amount,  evidence  is  allowed  to  correct  it. 

n.    Time. — The  time  of  negotiable  paper,  however,  cannot 
be  changed  by  outside  evidence. 


238  KNOW  EVERYTHING  OF  SOMETHING. 

THE  LAW  GOVERNING  FORGED  PAPER. 

l.  Forgery, — Any  material  alteration  made  on  commercial 
paper  with  intent  to  defraud  is  forgery. 

a.  A  Forged  Instrument. — A  forged  instrument  is  not  com- 
mercial paper,  for  it  represents  neither  a  contract  nor  property, 
and  no  rights  whatever  are  gained  by  its  possession  or  transfer. 
The  paper  is  worthless  except  as  evidence  against  the  forger. 

3.  No  Responsibility. — The  person  whose  name  is  forged 
cannot  be  made  responsible.    The  act  is  not  his,  and  one  cer- 
tainly should  not  be  held  responsible  for  another's  acts  which  are 
entirely  unauthorized  and  without  notice. 

4.  The  Purchaser  of  Forged  Paper.— It  makes  no  differ- 
ence how  careful  or  honest  one  is  who  takes  forged  paper;  no 
matter  what  the  consideration  may  be,  the  paper  itself  is  worth- 
less, and  one  who  sells  it  to  another  in  reality  sells  nothing.    The 
one  who  buys  forged  paper,  however,  may  recover  what  he  paid 
for  it  from  the  one  from  whom  he  bought  it,  because  it  was 
money  paid  under  mistake.  The  person  who  took  the  paper  from 
the  forger  must  always  bear  the  loss,  unless  he  can  recover  the 
money  from  the  person  who  committed  the  forgery. 

5.  Raising  the  Amount.— Paper  is  sometimes    forged  by 
erasing  the  amount  named  in  the  genuine  paper  and  putting 
in  a  larger  amount.      Trte  paper  is  then  perfectly  good  for  the 
original  sum,  but  wholly  worthless  as  to  the  amount  raised. 
Example:     If  a  check  is  drawn  for  $5  and  it  is  raised  to  $50, 
the  signer  of  the  check  will  only  be  held  for  $5,  and  whoever 
takes  the  check  for  $50  will  lose  the  $45,  unless  he  can  secure  it 
from  the  forger. 

6.  Caution. — Never  buy  a  paper  from  a  stranger,  unless 
he  can  show  evidence  of  legitimate  business  transaction  with  the 
person  or  persons  whose  papers  he  desires  to  transfer. 

LAW  ON  OPENING  LETTERS. 

A  person  who  opens  letters  belonging  to  another  which  have 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  post-office  authorities,  before  they 
reach  the  possession  of  the  person  to  whom  directed,  the  letters 
being  opened  for  the  purpose  of  abstracting  their  contents,  or  of 
obtaining  information  concerning  the  affairs  of  another,  is  lia- 
ble to  a  fine  of  $500  and  imprisonment  for  one  year.  It  makes 
no  difference  as  to  relationship. 


KNOW  SOMETHING   OF  EVERYTHING. 


239 


"THE  WAT  OF  THE  TRANSGRESSOR  is  HARD." 
TERMS  AND  FACTS  OF  CRIMINAL  LAW. 

1.  The  Rule,   "Every  man's  house  is  his  castle"  applies 
only  to  civil   cases.     Any  locked   door  of  the  house   may  be 
forced  open  to  arrest  a  criminal. 

2.  Every  Man  is  compelled  by    law   to  obey  the  call  of 
a  sheriff  for  assistance  in  making  an  arrest. 

3.  Embezzlement  is  a  fraudulent  appropriation  to  one's 
own  use  of  what  is  intrusted  to  one's  care,  and  can  only  be 
charged  against  a  clerk,  servant,  or  agent. 

4.  The  Offense  of  Stealing  cannot  be  lawfully  settled  by 
receiving  back  stolen  property. 

5.  Bigamy  cannot  be  proved  in  law   if  one   party  to  the 
marriage  has  been  absent  and  not  been  heard  from  in  five  years. 

6.  Petit  Larceny  is  where  the  value  of  the  property  stolen 
is  less  than  $15.    Grand  larceny  is  when  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty stolen  exceeds  $25. 


240  XO  SUCH  WORD  AS  FAIL. 

7.  Arson  is  the  burning  of  an  inhabited  building  by  night, 

8.  Drunkenness  is  not  a  legal  excuse  for  crime. 

9.  Assault  and  Battery  is  where  a  person  has  inflicted 
physical  injury;  an  assault,  however,  is  only  an  offer  or  attempt 
to  inflict  physical  injury. 

10.  Mayhem  applies  to  any  injury  done  to  a  limb.    It  for- 
merly applied  to  the  injury  of  the  face,  lip,  tongue,  eye,  or  ear. 

n.  Felony  is  a  crime  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  a 
State  prison. 

12.  An  Accident  is  not  a  crime  unless  criminal  carelessness 
can  be  proved. 

13.  Burglary  is  the  entering  of  a  house  at  night  or  at  twilight 
or  in  darkness  where  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  a  man's  face. 

14.  Perjury  is  false  swearing  willfully  done.     A  witness 
should  always  qualify  his  statements  as  "to  the  best  of  my  be- 
lief" or  "as  I  am  informed." 

15.  Murder  in  the  first  degree  must  be  premeditated  and 
malicious,  or  committed  while  the  murderer  is  engaged  in  some 
felonious  act. 

1 6.  Duels. — Killing  a  man  in  a  duel  is  murder,  and  any  per- 
son giving  or  accepting  a  challenge  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

17.  A  Police  Officer  cannot  arrest  a  person  without  a  war- 
rant, unless  he  has  personal  knowledge  of  the  offense. 

LAW  ON  LOST  PROPERTY. 

In  poiiit  of  la  N,  the  finder  of  lost  property  is  entitled  to  keep 
it  until  the  owner  is  found.  To  attempt  to  keep  it  when  the 
owner  is  known,  or  where  there  are  means  of  discovering  him, 
is  construed  .as  larceny. 

While  walking  along  the  road,  A  finds  by  the  roadside  a 
pocketbook  containing  a  sum  of  money.  He  picks  it  up,  ex- 
amines its  contents  and  puts  it  into  his  pocket,  but  it  happens 
that  there  is  a  hole  in  the  pocket,  and  it  falls  out.  He  does 
not  discover  the  disappearance  till  he  reaches  home.  He  then 
retraces  his  steps,  and  near  where  he  found  the  pocketbook 
he  sees  a  young  man  who  has  it  in  his  hands.  The  young  maa 
had  picked  it  up  when  it  fell  from  the  pocket  of  the  first  finder. 
Which  has  the  best  right  to  the  pocketbook  and  its  contents? 
The  young  man  has  a  tight  to  it  as  against  the  other.  A.  not 
uncommon  maxim  is,  "The  last  finder  is  the  best  owner." 


WORTH  IS  NOT  TAILOR-MADS.  241 

EMPLOYER  AND  EMPLOYE. 

1.  Service. — Where  one   individual  renders  personal  serv- 
ice to  another  by  request,  compensation,  if  not  agreed  upon,  is 
implied. 

2.  Duties  of  Employer. — It  is  the   duty  of   the  employer 
to  furnish  proper  tools  and  machinery.     He  must  never  expose 
the  employe  to  danger  without  informing  him  of  the  danger, 
Neglect  of  the  employer  in  this  respect  makes  him  liable  for 
damages  in  case  of  injury. 

3.  Liability    of    Employer.— The    employer    is    liable    for 
the  wrongful  acts  of  his  employe  producing  injury  to  others, 
provided  the  acts  are  done  in  the  course  of  the  ordinary  em- 
ployment.    Thus  a   railroad   company   is   liable   to   passengers 
for  negligence  of  conductors  and  engineers  while  running  trains 
on  the  road. 

4.  Duties    of    Employe. — The    employe    should  faithfully 
perform   the  services  for  which  he  contracted  for    the  entire 
term  or  period  of  service.    If  he  leaves  before  expiration  of  time, 
he  can  claim  no  pay  for  the  work  done.    This  is  the  general  rule 
and  law,  but  some  able  judges  have  decided  that  even  in  this 
case  the  employe  is  entitled  to  pay  for  work  done,  less  what  the 
employer  lost  by  necessity  of  paying  higher  wages,  or  what  he 
lost  by  the  employe's  failing  to  perform  his  contract. 

5.  Wages. — If  no  agreement  has    been  made  before,  the 
employe  can  claim  the  price  usually  paid  for  such  service.    If  the 
employe   leaves   because   of   insufficient    food,    ill-treatment   or 
disabling  sickness,  he  is  entitled  to  pay  for  the  time  he  worked. 

6.  Discharge. — If  the    employe    is  discharged  for  dishon- 
esty,   incapacity,    or    misconduct,    some    courts    hold  that    the 
employer  is  under  no  obligation  to  pay  him,  but  in  all  such  cases 
a  mutual  agreement  and  settlement  are  far  better  in  every  way 
than  resorting  to  law. 

7.  Law  of  Kindness. — A  kind  and  pleasant  treatment  on 
the  part  of  the  employer,  even  an  expression  of  appreciation 
of  work  well  done,  goes  far,  very  far,  in  making  the  employe 
worthy  and  competent.     Harsh  means  and  manners  have  often 
discouraged  those  who  would  by  kind  treatment  have  become 
efficient  and  competent  in  their  work. 


SUNSHINE  IN  THE  HEART  KEEPS 


ARGUING  THE  CASE  OF  A  LOST  NOTE. 

THE  LAW  GOVERNING  LOST  NOTES  OR  BILLS. 

1.  The  Old  Law. — Formerly   no    action  could  be   brought 
on  a  negotiable  note  or  bill  which  was  lost,  if  at  the  time  it 
was  lost  it  was  transferable  by  delivery  only,  or  had  been  en- 
dorsed and  transferred  before  or  after  maturity. 

2.  Bond.— If  a   party  should  refuse  to  pay  a  note  or  bill 
•vhich  has  been  lost,  he  may  be  sued  and  compelled  to  pay  it, 

•tit  the  party  collecting  it  may  be  required  to  give  a  bond,  so 
that  the  note  in  question  may  never  appear  for  payment 

3.  Proved.  —Of  course  it  is  necessary  to  establish  by  suffi- 
cient proof  that  the  note  for  a  certain  amount  by  a  certain  party 
or  parties  had  been  given  and  up  to  date  not  paid.    The  maker 
of  the  note  can  compel  the  holder  of  the  note  to  give  evidence 
of  the  unsatisfied  debt  covered  by  the  lost  note. 

4.  Payable  to  Bearer. — If  payment  of  a  lost  note  or  bill 
is  made  without  notice  of  loss    to  the  finder,  the  paper  heing 


WRINKLES  OUT  Ojr  TtiE  FACE.  243 

due  and  payable  to  the  bearer,  the  payment  is  good.  And 
if  it  comes  into  the  hands  of  an  innocent  purchaser,  before  due, 
ne  may  collect  the  full  amount  of  note,  and  the  loser  of  the  note 
cannot  recover  it. 

5.  A  Part  of  a  Bill  or   Note.— Where  part  of   the  bill  or 
note  has  been  torn  off  and  lost  by    accident,    that    fact    can 
be  shown  by  presenting  the  remaining  part  as  evidence  of  the 
debt  and  showing  loss  or  destruction  of  the  balance. 

6.  Caution. — If  a  note  or  due-bill  has  been  lost,  it  is  best 
to  take  disinterested  parties  and  interview  the  maker  and  secure 
his  open  acknowledgment  of  the  amount  of  said  note  or  bill  be- 
fore letting  him  know  the  bill  or  note  has  been  lost  or  burned, 
for  it  may  often  be  difficult  to  secure  a  sufficient  amount  of 
evidence  to  establish  the  debt. 

LEGAL  GIFTS. 

I.  Who  Can  Make  Gifts?— Any  person  legally  compe- 
tent to  transact  business  may  give  whatever  he  or  she  owns 
to  any  other  person.  A  gift  by  a  minor,  a  married  woman,  an 
insane  person,  or  a  person  under  guardianship,  or  under 
duress,  would  be  void,  or  voidable,  according  to  the  circum- 
stances. 

a.  Delivery  of  Gift  Necessary.— A  gift  must  be  consum- 
mated— that  is,  the  thing  given  must  be  delivered  before  any 
legal  right  rests  in  the  grantee.  A  promise  to  give  is  not 
binding,  as  it  is  supported  by  no  consideration.  Delivery  may 
be  actual  or  constructive. 

3.  Cannot  be  Revoked  by  Donor. — A  gift  made  perfect 
by  delivery    cannot    be    revoked  by  the  donor;  but  if  it  prej- 
udices the  rights  of  existing  creditors,  it  is  void  as  to   them. 
It  is  not,  however,  void  as  to  future  creditors,  unless  made  under 
actual  or  expective  insolvency,  or  with  a  fraudulent  purpose. 

4.  Gifts  Because  of  Expected  Death  Revocable — Gifts  be- 
cause of  expected  death  are  revocable  by  the  donor  if  life  is 
continued;  even  after  delivery  and  acceptance.    Such  gifts  are 
held  to  have  been  made  because  death  was  supposed  to  be  at 
hand;  and  if  it  does  not  ensue,  the  gift  is  defeated,  as  the  death, 
which  was  the  cause  of  the  gift,  has  not  taken  place* 


rv '    o-    •  v 

UNIVERSITY  1 


244  HAVE  A   WORK.  AIM  AT  IT,  HIT  IT. 

THE  LAW  OF  TRADING-OFFER  AND  ACCEPTANCE. 

I.  Jesting. — An  offer  made  in  a  jest,  though  accepted  is 
not  binding.  The  law  presumes  that  an  offer  must  be  made 
with  good  intention. 

•2.  An  Unconditional  Acceptance.— If  an  offer  has  been 
made,  the  acceptance  must  be  without  any  conditions  attached. 
Any  acceptance  upon  terms  varying  in  the  slightest  degree 
from  those  proposed  is  not  binding  until  all  the  conditions  are 
accepted. 

3.  A  Good  Acceptance. — An  acceptance,  to  be  good,  must 
be  such  as  to  conclude  a  contract  between  the  parties;  and 
to    do    this    it    must,  in    every  respect,    meet  and  correspond 
with  the  offer,  neither  falling  within  nor  going  beyond  the  terms 
proposed,  but  exactly  meeting  them  at  all  points  and  closing 
them  just  as  they  stand. 

4.  An  Offer. — An  offer  may  be  withdrawn  any  time  before 
it  is  accepted,  but  if  no  time  is  specified,  then  by  the  expira- 
tion of  a  reasonable  length  of  time  for  acceptance  the  offer 
thereafter  cannot  be  legally  accepted.    A  limitation  of  time  for 
which  an  offer  is  to  run  is  an  equivalent  to  the  withdrawal  of 
the  offer  at  the  end  of  the  time  named.     Where  parties  are  so 
situated  that  it  is  necessary  to  communicate  by  letter  or  tele- 
gram, the  contract  is  complete  the  moment  the  acceptance  is 
dispatched  or  the  letter  put  into  the  post-office,  provided  this  is 
done  within  a  reasonable  length  of  time,  or  before  notice  of  with- 
drawal of  the  offer  is  received.     Anyone  receiving  an  offer  by 
mail  or  telegraph    is  entitled  to  a  reasonable  time  in  which  to 
accept  or  reject  it. 

5.  A  Notice  of   Reward   for  Information. — The  offer  by 
way  of    advertisement    of    a    reward    for    information    leading 
to  the  restoration  of  property  or  the  conviction  of  a  criminal, 
addressed  to  the  public  at  large,  becomes    obligatory,  if  not 
previously  reckoned,  as  soon    as    an  individual,    with  a  view 
to  the  reward,  renders  the  specified  service,  but  not  before.    To 
entitle  one  to  the  reward,  he  must  have  had  notice  of  the  offer 
at  the  time  he  rendered  the  service;  for  no  one  can  assent  tc 
that  which  he  has  not  heard  of. 


SHOT  AT   VENTURE  NEVER  HIT. 


24* 


WHEN  TO  SIGN  YOUR  NAME  IN  FULL. 

When  you  sign  deeds,  mortgages,  wills,  contracts  involving 
land  or  other  instruments  of  a  permanent  character,  always  write 
your  name  in  full.  Never  use  your  ordinary  business  initials 
for  signatures  of  this  kind.  In  affixing  your  signature  to  a 
note  or  receipt,  it  is  always  better  to  write  your  first  name 
out  in  full.  There  are  sometimes  several  individuals  in  a  com- 
munity with  the  same  initials  and  name,  but  when  the  first 
name  is  written  out  in  full  the  names  are  different  and  con- 
sequently in  mail  matters,  as  well  as  in  other  things,  much 
confusion  is  avoided.  Therefore,  in  order  to  avoid  possible 
errors  in  public  records  and  confusion  of  titles,  it  is  always 
better  to  sign  your  name  in  full.  For  instance,  instead  of  writ- 
ing H.  A.  Smith,  write  Henry  A.  Smith. 

HOW  A  MARRIED  WOMAN  SHOULD  SIGN  HER  NAME. 

A  married  woman  doing  business  for  herself  and  handling 
her  own  individual  money,  would  better  use  her  own  name  in- 
stead of  her  husband's.  For  example,  Mrs.  Clark  should  sigm 
Lucy  A.  Clark  and  not  Mrs.  Henry  Clark. 


*46  EVERY  MAN  FOR  THE  GOOD  OF  ALL. 

A  married  woman  is  always  at  a  disadvantage  if  she  signs  at 
one  time  her  own  name  and  then  at  another  her  husband's 
name,  and  it  always  results  in  more  or  less  confusion.  If  she 
prefers  to  use  her  own  name,  she  should  always  write  it  that 
way  and  not  write  L.  A.  Clark,  Lucy  Clark,  or  Mrs.  Henry 
Clark,  but  always  write  it  Lucy  A.  Clark. 

A  married  woman  in  writing  a  letter  to  a  stranger  should 
always  prefix  "Mrs."  to  her  name. 

HOW  TO  SECURE  THE  SIGNATURE  OF  A  PERSON 
WHO  CANNOT  WRITE. 

1.  The  signature  of  a  person    who    cannot    write    should 
always  be  witnessed.     Have  the  person  who  witnesses  the  signa- 
ture sign  his  name  at  the  left. 

2.  Use  the  following  form: 

his 

Frederick  x  Miller, 
mark 

Witness,   Clarence   Ranck. 

This  signature  will  apply  to  all  forms  of  business  papers, 
such  as  notes,  receipts,  deeds,  leases,  etc.: 


In  tkese  days  the  uneducated  man  or  woman  is  laboring  under 
a  great  disadvantage.  Parents,  you  owe  your  children  an  edu- 
cation. Do  not  miss  an  opportunity  to  buy  a  good  book.  An 
educated  man  lives  longer  and  takes  in  more  in  a  month  than 
the  same  man  uneducated  would  in  a  year.  But  education  should 
be  mixed  with  labor  and  common  sense. 


OF  TWO  EVILS  CHOOSE— NEITHER. 


"Who  Shall  I  Marry  ?" 

MARRIAGE  LAWS  AND  CONTRACTS. 

i.  Marriage  is  a  civil  contract.  Marriage  licenses  are  re- 
quired in  all  the  States  except  New  Mexico,  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  (licenses  for  non-residents  are  required  in  New  Jersey). 
Marriages  between  whites  and  negroes,  between  whites  and  In- 
dians, between  whites  and  Chinese,  are  respectively  forbidden 
in  various  States. 

a.  Contract  to  Marry  in  the  Future.— Mutual  promise  by 
a  man  and  a  woman  to  marry  at  some  future  day  constitutes  a 
valid  contract. 


8  ABSTAIN  FROM  EVERY  FORM  OF  EVIL. 

3.  A  Marriage  Contract.— A  marriage  is  a  civil  contract, 
and  is  entered  into  by  the  mere  consent  of  the  parties.  If 
the  man  says  to  a  woman,  "Will  you  marry  me?"  or  words 
to  that  effect,  and  she  says  "Yes,"  or  words  that  imply  an 
affirmative  answer,  it  is  by  law  an  agreement  or  promise  of 
marriage,  and  both  parties  are  legally  held  to  carry  out  in  good 
faith  the  promise  thus  made. 

4.  Breach  of  Promise.— If  either  party  refuses  to  carry 
out  the  contract,  he    or  she  is  guilty  of  breach    of   promise, 
and  may  recover  damages  of  the  other  party.    It  is  not  very 
often,  however,  that  the  man  sues  the  woman,  though  he  has  the 
right  to  do  so  if  she  fails  to  make  good  her  promise. 

5.  Necessary   Proof. — Generally  in  case  of  a   lawsuit  for 
breach  of    promise,  there    are  no  direct  witnesses,  as  people 
generally   become    engaged    without   the    presence    of   a    third 
party,  but  the  engagement  may  be  implied  by  the  conduct  of 
the  party  sued. 

6.  Implied  Evidence. — The  promise  of  marriage  is  implied 
from  circumstances,  such  as  constant  visits,  presents,  or  open 
declaration  of  the  parties,  the  reception  of  parents  or  friends,  as 
an  engaged  couple,  without  any  objections  from  the  party  ac- 
cused.   There  are  many  ways  of  expressing  serious  intentions 
without  an  open  declaration  of  words.    Conduct  speaks  louder 
than  words. 

7.  Excuses  for  Breaking  the  Promises. — A  refusal  may 
be  justified  on  the  ground  of  the  bad  character  or  conduct  of  the 
other  party;  poor  health  of  either  party  is  sometimes  a  good  ex* 
cuse,  but  not  generally.    If  the  woman  were  a  widow  or  divorced, 
and  concealed  this  fact  from  the  man,  this  justifies  a  refusal  to 
marry  on  his  part. 

8.  Time  of  Marriage. — When  a  man  promises  to  marry 
a   woman    without    stating  'any    special    time,    the    law    holds 
him  guilty  of  breach  of  promise,  unless  he  is  ready  to  fulfill 
Vis  engagement  within  a  reasonable  time;  five  years  was  held 
fcy  law  as  being  an  unreasonable  time. 

9.  When  a  Promise  Is  Not  Binding. — If  either  party  is  under 
fwenty-one  years  of  age,  he  or  she  is  not  bound  by  promise  to  marry, 
ind  the  law  will  excuse  them  any  time  from  making  good  the 
promise;  but,  if  the  man  is  over  twenty-one  years  of  age,  he  can 
be  held,  and  must  make  his  promise  good  or  pa'  the  damages. 


FOR   WEALTH  IS  SELLING  ONE'S  LIBERTY.    249 

IO.  Seduction. — Seduction  of  a  woman  cf  lawful  age  under 
promise  of  marriage,  and  subsequent  refusal  to  marry  on  his  part, 
while  not  a  crime,  subjects  the  person  so  doing  to  heavy  damages 
in  a  civil  action  for  a  breach  of  promise  to  marry,  the  seduction 
being  used  in  aggravation  of  the  ordinary  damages  allowed  in 
actions  for  breach  of  promise  to  marry. 

n.  A  Cowardly  Act. — A  young  man  who  makes  promises 
of  marriage  to  a  young  lady,  or  gives  her  reason  to  believe  that 
he  is  sincere  in  his  visits  and  intentions,  and  then  without  excuse 
or  cause  devotes  his  attentions  to  another,  commits  a  cowardly 
act.  No  honorable  young  man  will  do  it. 

No  young  man  has  a  right  to  demand  a  young  lady's  ex- 
clusive company,  without  some  definite  understanding,  and  a 
young  lady  is  very  injudicious,  if  not  foolish,  if  she  receives 
the  attentions  of  a  young  man,  who  claims  her  entire  society, 
without  some  understanding  or  promise  of  sincerity.  When 
the  promise  of  marriage  has  once  been  made,  it  should  be  kept 
in  good  faith,  unless  both  parties  mutually  agree  to  dissolve. 
The  law  always  requires  the  promises  of  marriage  to  be  met  in 
good  faith. 

THE  RIGHT  OF  HARRIED  WOMEN  TO  OWN  PROPERTY. 

One  of  the  marked  evidences  of  the  growth  of  true  civiliza- 
tion in  the  United  States  is  the  legislative  provisions  enacted 
during  the  past  fifty  years  for  the  benefit  of  married  women. 
These  legal  enactments  differ  greatly  in  the  different  States,  and 
there  are  frequent  changes  in  some  States,  but  all  tend  toward  the 
releasing  of  woman  from  her  former  condition  of  absolute  depend- 
ence upon  her  husband.  By  the  old  common  law  a  married  woman 
had  few  rights.  She  was  subject  to  the  authority  of  her  husband, 
and  he  could  rule  over  her,  but  the  States  have  changed  the 
common  law  and  the  rights  of  married  women  are  now 
recognized  by  every  court. 

1.  All  property  owned  by  the  wife  before  marriage,  or  re- 
ceived  after  marriage  and  held  as  her  separate  property,  can 
be  sold  and  transferred  without  the  consent  of  her  husband. 

2.  If  a  husband  fails  to  make  proper  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  wife,  the  lav/  will  compel  him  to  furnish  fcex:  proper 
rapport  if  he  has  suiiicieat  property. 


250  BEGIN  EVERYTHING  AT  THE  RIGHT  END- 

2  The  wife  must  support  her  husband  out  of  her  separate 
property  when  he  has  no  separate  property  and  is  without  help 
or  means  of  self-support. 

4.  The  earnings  of  the  wife  are  not  liable  for  the  debts  ol 
the  husband. 

5.  The  separate  property  of  the  wife  is  not  liable  for  the 
debts  of  her  husband. 

6.  The  property  owned  by  the  husband  before  marriage,  or 
acquired  after  marriage  by  gift  or  inheritance,  is  his  separate 
property;  but  his  wife,  however,  has  a  dower  interest  in  the 
real  estate. 

7.  The  wife  who  deserts-  her  husband  cannot  hold  him  for 
her  support,  unless  she  was  justified  in  leaving,   or  offers  to 
return. 

8.  The  earnings  of  the  wife  and  her  minor  children  aftei 
living  separate  from  her  husband  are  the  property  of  the  wife. 

9.  If  husband   or   wife   transfer   real   estate    of   any   kind, 
both  must  sign  the  deed,  mortgage  or  contract. 

AUTHORITY  OF  WIFE  LIVING  APART  FROM  HUSBAND 
TO  BIND  HIM, 

Whether  or  not  the  person  who  supplies  a  wife  with  neces* 
saries  has  knowledge  at  the  time  of  her  husband's  provision 
for  her  support,  the  presumption  of  a  wife's  authority  to  pledge 
her  husband's  credit  is  negatived  by  the  fact  of  their  living 
apart,  and  the  tradesman  who  supplies  her  under  such  circum- 
stances upon  the  credit  of  her  husband,  and  without  his  ex- 
press sanction  or  approval,  does  so  at  his  own  peril,  and  in 
order  to  charge  her  husband  with  supplies  furnished  her  he 
must  show  that  they  were  not  only  of  the  kind  usually  denom- 
inated "necessaries,"  because  their  need  is  common  to  all  per- 
sons, but  that  in  consequence  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  husband's 
provision,  they  were  actually  required  for  the  wife's  proper  sup- 
port, commensurate  with  his  means,  her  wonted  living  as  his 
spouse,  and  her  station  in  the  community.  Bloomingdale  vs. 
Brinckerhoff.  C.  Common  Pleas,  N.  Y,  City  and  County, 
20  N.  Y.  Sup.  8sa 


A  MULE  IS  TAMEST  IN  FRONT. 


251 


GETTING  A  DIVORCE. 

DIVORCE  AND  DIVORCE  LAWS. 

Causes.— Martin  Luther,  speaking  of  his  wife,  said :  "  I 
would  not  exchange  my  poverty  with  her,  for  all  the  riches  of 
Croesus  without  her.  The  utmost  blessing  that  God  can  con- 
fer on  a  man  is  the  possession  of  a  good  and  pious  wife  with 
whom  he  may  live  in  peace  and  tranquillity."  It  is  the  lack  of 
this  spirit  that  brings  about  so  many  divorces.  Some  persons 
are  disappointed  in  marriage  because  they  expect  too  much 
from  it;  but  many  more  because  they  do  not  bring  into  the 
copartnership  their  fair  share  of  cheerfulness,  kindness,  for- 
bearance, and  common  sense. 

Danger.— The  family  is  the  nucleus  of  the  State  and  the 
very  foundation  of  all  that  is  good.  Its  relations  are  too  vital 
to  the  happiness  of  the  individual  and  the  good  of  the  public 
generally  10  be  lightly  destroyed.  Easy  divorces  are  deplorable. 
They  are  threatening  evils. 

Increase. — It  is  safe  to  say  that  divorce  has  been  doubled 
in  proportion  to  marriages  or  population  in  most  of  the  north- 
ern States  within  forty  years.  The  number  is  still  increasing 
17  Standard 


252  RIGHT  MAKES  MIGHT. 

as  present  figures  indicate.  President  Woolsey  says  that  there 
can  be  no  question  that  in  our  country  the  ratio  of  divorces 
to  marriages  or  to  population  exceeds  that  of  any  country  in 
the  Christian  world.  Even  some  heathen  nations  set  us  ex- 
amples that  we  might  profitably  follow. 

Laws  of  States. — South  Carolina  is  the  only  .State  where 
marriage  knots  cannot  be  untied.  The  violation  of  the  mar- 
riage vow  is  cause  for  absolute  divorce  in  all  other  States. 
The  divorce  laws  of  the  different  States  vary  greatly.  Some 
of  the  principal  causes  for  divorce  are  impotency,  willful  de- 
sertion, cruel  and  abusive  treatment,  habitual  drunkenness, 
imprisonment  for  felony,  failure  by  husband  to  provide,  duress, 
insanity  or  idiocy,  ungovernable  temper,  grossly  immoral  before 
marriage,  but  unknown  to  wife,  fugitive  from  justice.  The 
census  of  1890  reports  more  than  100,000  divorced  persons  in 
the  United  States.  This  tide  of  evil  ought  to  be  stayed. 

THE  LEGAL  RELATION  OF  PARENT  AND  CHILD. 

If  the  marriage  and  family  relations  were  what  they  should 
be,  then  the  legal  relation  of  parent  and  child  would  not  be  so 
prominent  and  important.  It  is  the  unhappy  marriages  and  the 
unfortunate  family  relations  that  call  into  question  the  authority 
of  the  parent  and  the  rights  of  the  child.  In  our  country 
alone  25,000  children  were  deserted  by  their  parents  in  1896, 
and  no  less  than  100,000  were  homeless.  Look  at  these  fig- 
ures, and  then  think  of  the  many  legal  questions  that  are  in- 
volved by  the  action  of  one  or  the  other  of  the  parents,  or  of 
the  child  itself.  Let  the  home  be  what  it  should  be,  let  parents 
make  home,  however  humble,  a  place  of  comfort  and  cheerful- 
ness, and  legal  relations  will  be  unheard  of.  The  conditions 
of  society  are,  however,  such  that  in  almost  every  community 
it  is  essential  that  the  legal  relations  of  parents  and  children  be 
clearly  and  definitely  understood. 

i.  Ancient  Authority.— In  past  ages  the  father  was  by 
custom  considered  as  absolute  monarch  of  the  home.  In  the 
oriental  countries  of  to-day,  the  same  custom  still  prevails; 
modern  progress  and  modern  ideas,  however,  have  changed  old 
customs,  and  the  authority  of  the  parent  in  civilized  countries 
has  been  considerably  limited  by  law. 


RUST  ROTS  8TE&L  WHICH  USE  PRESERVES.  253 

a.  Rights  of  Parents.— The  parent  has  control  of  his 
minor  child,  and  has  all  reasonable  authority  to  enforce  obedi- 
ence. As  long  as  the  parent  treats  his  child  properly,  no 
one  has  a  right  to  interfere  with  his  authority,  or  take  the  child 
away  and  retain  him  against  the  wishes  of  the  parent. 

3.  A  Runaway  Child.— A  child  has  no  right  to  leave  home 
without  permission  of  the  parent,  and  should  a  child  run  away 
he  can  be  brought  back  by  force.    If  relatives  or  other  par- 
ties keep  him  and  refuse  to  give  him  up,  the  parent  by  legal 
process  can  obtain  possession  of  his  child,  unless  it  can  be  shown 
that  the  father  is  brutal,  or  is  not  capable,  on  account  of  drunk- 
enness or  other  causes,  to  take  proper  care  of  his  child. 

4.  Adoption.— Any   child,  whether    its    parents  are   living 
or  not,  may  be  adopted.     In  that  case  the  parent  is  no  longer 
entitled  to  the  custody,  but  the  adopting  person  is.     The  child 
cannot  be  adopted  without  the  consent  of  its  parents,  if  they  are 
living,  but  the  consent  having  once  been  given  cannot  be  re- 
voked.    If  the  child  is  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  it  must  also 
consent  to  the  adoption.     Under  any  circumstances  the  court 
has  the  right  to  refuse  to  permit  the  adoption  if  it  considers 
that  the  person  petitioning  is  not  a  proper  person  to  have  the 
custody. 

5.  -Method  of  Adoption. — Application  must  be  made  at  the 
county  court,  and  the  judge  will  consider  the  application  and 
will  pass  upon  it. 

6.  Punishment   of    Children. — A  parent    has    a    right    to 
punish  his  minor  child,  providing  he  is  not  guilty  of  cruelty. 
Brutality  is  a  crime,  punished  by  severe  legal  penalties.    The 
parent  must  be  reasonable  in  his  punishment,  leave  no  bruises 
or  in  any  way  injure  the  health  of  the  child. 

7.  Rights  to  Earnings.— A    parent  is  entitled  to  all  the 
earnings  of  his  minor  child.     If  the  child  should  refuse  to  turn 
over  his  earnings  to  the  parent,  the  employer  of  the  child  may 
be  notified,  and  be  compelled  to  pay  the  parent  only. 

8.  Special  Rights. — The  parent  may,  however,  make  free 
his  child  from  all  obligations  to  himself  and  allow     he  child 
to  collect  his  own  wages  and  do  for.  himself.     When  i  parent 
thus  makes  public  such  a  declaration,  he  cannot  thereafter  collect 
the  child's  wages, 

9.  The  Property  of  the  Child.— A  parent  may  control  the 


254  SAY  NOT  "'TIS  1  ^POSSIBLE? 

earnings  of  the  child,  yet  he  has  no  control  of  the  property 
belonging  to  the  child,  either  acquired  by  gift,  legacy  or  any 
other  way.  If  a  parent  should  appropriate  his  child's  property, 
it  would  be  just  as  criminal  in  the  eyes  of  the  law  as  stealing 
any  one  else's  property. 

io.  Parent's  Obligation  to  Support.— Parents  are  legally 
held  for  the  support  of  their  minor  children.  If  a  child  has 
property,  it  does  not  relieve  the  parent  from  the  support  of 
his  child;  he,  however,  can  apply  to  court  and  get  per- 
mission to  use  a  part,  or  all,  of  the  income  of  the  property  for 
the  child's  support. 

n.  Illegitimate  Children.— It  is  a  parent's  duty  to  sup- 
port even  an  illegitimate  child.  Such  a  child  has  legally 
no  father,  but  his  putative  father,  as  he  is  called,  may  be  com- 
pelled by  the  overseers  of  the  poor  to  furnish  the  child  with 
reasonable  support,  so  that  it  shall  not  become  a  "burden  on 
the  parish."  All  children  born  in  wedlock  are  legitimate,  unless 
it  is  proved  that  the  husband  could  not  possibly  be  the  father.  The 
adultery  of  the  wife  cannot  affect  the  legitimacy  of  the  child.  He 
is  conclusively  presumed  to  be  the  child  of  the  husband.  It 
makes  no  difference  how  soon  after  the  marriage  the  child  is 
born.  A  child  born  the  same  day  as  the  marriage,  if  subsequent 
to  the  ceremony,  is  legitimate,  provided  there  is  good  reason  for 
believing  that  the  husband  is  the  father. 

12.  Effect  of   Illegitimacy.— The  only  legal  effect  of   il- 
legitimacy of  any  consequence  is  that  the  child  cannot  inherit 
property  from  his  father;  nor  from  his  mother,  if  she  has  any 
legitimate  children.    He  may,  of  course,  take  a  legacy  given  to 
him  by  his  putative  father's  will,  but  if  there  is  no  will  he  cannot 
inherit. 

13.  Children's  Obligations.— Where  the  parents  are  unable  to 
support  themselves,  the  child  is  legally  held  for  their  support  and 
care,  but  it  must  be  first  shown  that  the  parent,  or  parents,  are 
unable  to  support  themselves. 

14  Crimes. — The  parent  cannot  be  held  for  crimes  com- 
mitted by  his  minor  child.  If  a  child  commits  a  premeditated 
crime,  he  is  personally  liable. 

15.  Guardian. — If  a  child  has  no  parents  living,  a  guard- 
ian may  be  appointed,  or  he  may  appoint  his  own  guardian,  who 
will  in  a  legal  sense  exercise  the  prerogative  of  a  parent. 


BE  NOT  SLOTHFUL  IN  BUSINESS. 


255 


THE    LAWS   GOVERNING    OUR  COMMON   AND    PUBLIC 

SCHOOLS.    FACTS  WHICH  EVERY  TEACHER 

AND  PARENT  SHOULD  KNOW. 

1.  Teachers. — It  will  be  found  that  in  all    the  States  the 
authority  to  employ  teachers  is  conferred  upon  officers  known 
as  directors,  trustees,  or  committees. 

2.  The  contract  made  by  school  officers  with  a  person  to 
teach  for  a  period  extending  beyond  the  trustees'  term  of  office 
is  valid  and  binding  on  successors  in  office. 

3.  A  person  under  age  possessing  the  requisite  qualifications 
may  with  the  consent  of  his  parent  or  guardian   contract  to 
teach  school. 

4.  At  common  law  married  women  were  disabled  from  mak- 
ing such  contracts,  but  most  of  the  States  have  removed  this 
disability  and  they  can  now  contract  the  same  as  unmarried 
women. 

5.  Certificates.— Every  teacher  must  have  a  certificate  of 
mental  and  moral    qualifications  properly  signed    by  the    ex- 
amining officer. 

If,  however,  the  teacher  has  obtained  a  certificate  without 
fraud,  although  the  certificate  was  issued  without  any  examina- 
tion having  been  made,  still  it  is  held  that  the  certificate  is 
good  and  that  the  teacher  can  hold  the  directors  responsible  for 
his  salary. 


25f  BEAR   YE  ONE  ANOTHER'S  BURDENS. 

6.  Should  a  person  be  employed  to  teach  school  without  a 
proper  certificate  he  cannot  be  restrained  by  the  superintendent, 
but  any  citizen  or  resident  of  the  district  can  make  a  complaint 
and  secure  the  removal  of  such  a  teacher. 

CONDITIONS  OF  SCHOOL  CONTRACTS. 

1.  It  is  always  best  to  have  a    written    contract    properly 
signed  between  teacher  and  officers. 

2.  A  person  hired  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  teacher  cannot 
substitute  a  proxy,  no  matter  how  competent,  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  trustees  or  directors. 

3.  The  trustees  of  any  school  district  have  no  right  to  dis- 
miss any  teacher  holding  a  proper  certificate,  without  good  and 
sufficient  cause.     If  the  teacher  is  not  faithful,  or  incompetent, 
or  cannot  properly  govern  the  school,  these  or  any  one  of  these 
deficiencies  shall  be  a  sufficient  cause  for  dismissal. 

4.  If  a  teacher   is   dismissed  without   sufficient   cause,    full, 
compensation  for  the  time  hired  can  be  collected.     The  teacher 
must  present  himself  and  show  willingness  to  go  on  with  the 
school  in  order  to  show  sufficient  evidence  that  he  is  ready  to 
faithfully  perform  his  part  of  the  contract. 

If  directors  wantonly  obstruct  him  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties,  or  dispossess  him  of  the  school-house,  they  will  be  indi- 
vidually liable  for  damages. 

5.  Sweeping    the    School-House.— A   contract   to   teach 
school  does  not  imply  that  the  teacher  is  to  sweep,  build  fires,  or 
perform  other  janitorial  work.     He  is  not  compelled  to  do  so  un- 
less it  is  specified  in  the  contract  or  agreement. 

6.  A  Calendar  Month.— The  word  month  has  various  mean- 
ings.   There  are  calendar  months,  solar  months,  and  several 
kinds  of  lunar  months. 

In  law  the  word  month  means  either  a  calendar  or  lunar 
month.  The  calendar  months  are  the  months  as  adjusted  in 
the  Gregorian  calendar,  and  known  as  January,  February, 
March,  etc. 

A  lunar  month  is  the  period  of  one  synodical  revolution  of 
the  moon,  and  its  length  is  29  days,  12  hours,  44  minutes  and  2.87 
seconds,  but  in  common  usage  four  weeks  are  called  a  lunar 
month. 


DISTURB EL>  ABOUT  TRIFLES* 


257 


In  making  a  contract  it  is  always  best  to  specify  the  kind 
of  'month  to  be  taught.  If  there  is  no  mention  of  the  term 
month  in  the  contract,  then  the  teacher  will  be  compelled  to 
teach  calendar  months. 

7.  Closing  School.— If  the  district  officers  close  the  school 
on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  scarlet  fever,  small-pox,  or  on 
account  of  any  other  contagious  disease,  and  the  teacher  con- 
tinues ready  to  perform  his  contract,  he  is  entitled  to  full  wages 
during  such  a  period. 


OLD  TIME  SCHOOL. 

CORPORAL  PUNISHMENT. 

i     Let  it  be  remembered  by  parents  that  children  well  gov 
tirnea  at  home,  rarely,  if  ever,  have  any  difficulty  with  teachers* 
in  the  school-room.    The  sacred  duty  to  be  performed  by  every 
parent  is  to  teach  his  child  to  be  respectful  to  his  teacher  an<* 
obedient  to  the  rules  of  school 


258  LET  ALL   YOUR  THINGS  HAVE    THEIR  PLACES. 

2,.  There  would  be  no  success  in  the  management  of  a 
school  if  the  teacher  were  not  armed  with  some  coercive  power, 
and  the  law  universally  recognizes  the  fact  that  the  school- 
teacher stands  in  the  place  of  the  parent,  in  relation  to  the  pupils 
committed  to  his  charge,  while  they  are  under  his  care.  He 
therefore  can  enforce  obedience  to  his  commands,  lawfully  given 
in  his  capacity  as  a  schoolmaster,  and  he  may  enforce  them  by 
a  moderate  correction. 

3.  A  good  school  means  good  order  and  the  authority  to 
keep  it  so,  therefore  the  teacher  has  undoubtedly  the  right  tc> 
chastise  his  pupils  for  any  conduct  which  interferes  with  the 
order  and  discipline  of  the  school. 

4.  If  the  teacher  in  punishing  a  child  administers  more  than 
reasonable  punishment,  he  becomes  criminally  liable. 

5.  A  teacher  must  punish  a  child  without  any  ill-will,  vin- 
dictive  feeling,    hatred    or   malice.     The    punishment    must   be 
dene  when  necessary,  and  in  the  proper  spirit. 

6.  The  teacher  must  exercise  a  reasonable  degree  of  dis- 
cretion, and  must  temper  the  punishment  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  offense,  at  the  same  time  taking  into  consideration 
age,  size,  and  apparent  powers  of  endurance  of  the  child,  and  the 
teacher  must  always  remember  that  the  iury  must  say  whether 
the  punishment  is  excessive  and  unjust. 

7.  Malice  on  the  part  of  the  teacher  may  be   proved  or 
may  be  presumed  from  the  circumstances  under  which  the  pun- 
ishment took  place. 

8.  A  teacher  in  order  to  conduct  a  successful  school  must 
command  obedience,   and  control    stubbornness    in    order  to 
quicken  diligence  and  reform  bad  habits.     In  order  to  enable 
the  teacher  to  exercise  this  salutary  sway,  he  must  be  armed 
with  a  power  to  administer  moderate  correction  when  he  shall 
believe  it  to  be  just  and  necessary. 

9.  The  teacher  is  a  substitute  of  the  parent  and  he  is  respon- 
sible for  the  successful  management  of  the  school  for  which  he 
is  hired  to  teach,  and  the  law  has  therefore  not  undertaken  to 
prescribe  punishments  for  particular  offenses,  but  has  contented 
itself  with  the  general  grant  of  power  of  moderate  correction, 
and  has  confided  the  graduation  of  punishments  to  the  discretion 
and  judgment  of  the  teacher. 

XO.    Any  punishment,  therefore,  which  may  seriously 


LET  EACH  PART  Ox     YOUR  BUSINESS  HAVE  ITS  TIME.    259 

ger  life,  limbs  or  health,  or  disfigure  the  child,  or  cause  any  per- 
manent injury,  may  be  pronounced  immoderate,  and  the  teacher 
will  be  liable  for  criminal  prosecution;  but  any  correction,  how- 
ever severe,  which  produces  temporary  pain  only  and  no  perma- 
nent ill,  cannot  be  pronounced  immoderate  punishment.  The 
law  therefore  is  that  the  teacher  exceeds  the  limits  of  his  author- 
ity when  he  causes  lasting  mischief,  though  he  acts  within  the 
limits  of  his  authority. 

11.  Many  severe  cases  of  discipline  may  better  be  referred 
to  the  board  of  school  directors,  but  teachers  are  often  com- 
pelled to  act  promptly  in  order  to  maintain  order. 

12.  It  is  always  best  before  expelling  a  pupil  from  school 
to  consuU  the  board  and  place  the  facts  plainly  before  them  and 
allow  them  to  act  for  the  teacher.    An  incorrigible  child  at 
school  can  work  great  mischief,  and  where  parents  are  in  sym- 
pathy with  a  disobedient  child  the  best  thing  that  can  be  done 
is  to  dismiss  such  a  pupil  from  school, 

13.  How  many  men  and  women  are  there  today  who  have 
made  life  a  failure;  who  owe  their  present  condition  in  life  to 
the  fact  that  their  parents  always  took  their  part  in  every  mat- 
ter of  disobedience  when  they  were  attending  school.       The 
writer  personally  knows  of  several  young  men  who  have  spent 
several  years  between  the  stone  walls  and  behind  iron  bars  of 
penitentiaries,  and  who  owe  their  condition  in  life  to  the  fact 
that  they  were  not  properly  governed  at  home,  and  were  not 
allowed  to  be  governed  properly  at  school. 

14.  Parents,  have  the  respect  and  obedience  of  your  children 
at  home,  and  their  school  life  will  not  only  be  pleasant  but  it  will 
prepare  them  for  a  life  of  usefulness  and  success. 

15.  When  it  is  known  by  the  child  that  the  teacher  is  sup- 
ported by  the  parent  and  that  the  government  of  the  school  is 
upheld  in  the  home,  there  is  very  little  occasion  for  corporal 
punishment.     Our   public    schools   have    greatly    improved   in 
this  respect.     The  rod  has  given  way  to  methods  that  tend  to 
inspire  confidence,  respect,  and  an  eagerness  to  acquire  knowl- 
edge. 

16.  It  is  wise  for  a  teacher  to  have  a  private  interview  with 
the  disobedient  student,  and  often  results  in  a  most  pleasing  and 
lasting  friendship.    Misunderstanding  is  the    cause  of  a  great 
deal  of  trouble. 


260 


RESOLVE  TO  PERFORM  WHAT  YOU  OUGHT. 


EXEMPTION   LAWS. 

The  Amount  of  Property  That  Cannot  be  Taken  for  Debts  in  Different 
States  as  we  Find  It  September,  1907. 

1.  Exemption  Laws  are  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  those 
who  are  unable  to  pay  their  debts  without  causing  distress  to 
themselves  and  their  families. 

2.  Property  covered  by  mortgage  cannot  be  held. 

3.  A  safe  estimate  of   the  property  of   the  person  desiring 
credit  should  be  made  before  the  credit  is  given. 


STATES. 

Value  of 
Personal 
Property. 

Value 
of 
Home- 
stead. 

Exceptions  and 
Explanations. 

Married. 

d 

u 
1 

Married. 

Alabama  

$1,000 

$1,000 
175 

$2,000 

or  160  acres  of  land. 
A  householder  $50  for  each  mem- 
ber of  family,    $400  for  tools 
and  stock. 
Earnings   for  80  days   prior   to 
levy. 

Alaska  Territory 

1,000 
600 

4,000 

2,500 
5,000 

2,000 
1,000 

Arkansas 

200 
200 

California  (a)  

Must  be  designated  as  such  in 
writing  and  recorded. 
Word    "Homestead  "    must   be 
written  on  record  of  deed. 

Colorado  (a)  

Connecticut  (a)  

Delaware  (b)  
Dist.  of  Colombia  (a) 
Florida  

200 
300 
1,000 

none 

nun* 

160  acres  of  land  in  country,  y\ 
acre  in  city. 

1,600* 

Idaho  (c) 

5,000 
1,000 

Single,   $1,000.     (e)    Homestead 
must  be  designated  by  a  writ> 
ing    executed    and    recorded 
like  a  deed. 

Illinois 

400 

coot 

200 

100 

Indiana 

No  homestead  except  as  before 
stated. 
40  acres  in  country,   1A  acre  in 
city.    No  limit  as  to  value. 
160  acres  in  country,  1  acre  in 
city. 

Iowa  (c)  

400 

Kentucky  (c). 

1,000 

Louisiana  

8,000 

•"•iw 

Homestead   and  personal  prop- 
erty.      Written      declaration 
must  be  recorded. 
Certificate  trust  be  filed. 

Maine(c)  
Maryland  (c)  

Massachusetts  (c) 



500 
none 
800 

400 

40  acres  in  country,  $1,500  ID  city. 

PERFORM  WITHOUT  FAIL  WHAT  YOU  RESOLVE. 


261 


STATES. 

Value  of 
Personal 
Property. 

Value 
of 
Home- 
stead. 

Exceptions  and 
Explanations. 

Married. 

! 

05 

Married. 

$    500 

$ 

$ 

80  acres  in  country,  %  to  1  acre 
in  city,  varying  with  size  of 

Or  $3,000  if  statement  is  record- 
ed. 
From  $1,500  to  $3,000,  according 
to  size  of  city. 
And  not  to  exceed  160  acres  of 
farm  land  or  &  acre  in  city. 

Mississippi  (c) 

2,000 
1«0 
2,500 

2,000 
5,000 

500 
1  000 

Missouri  (c)  

300 

Nebraska  (f) 

600 

Nevada  (d). 

Written  declaration   must   be 
recorded. 

Also  $500  homestead  for  single 
man  (e). 

New  Hampshire  (c)  . 

200 
500 
250 
500 
1,500 

100 

NeW  Mexico  (c)  
New  York 



1,000 
1,000 
1,000 

North  Carolina  
North  Dakota  (c)... 

Ohio  (c) 

160  acres  in  country,  or  2  acre* 
in  city  not  exceeding  $5,000  in 
value. 

1,000 

160  acres  in  country,  1  acre  in 
city. 

1,500 

soot 

300 
500 
750 

Rhode  Island  (C)  — 
Booth  Carolina  
South  Dakota 

1,000 

soo 

160  acres  'in  country,  1  acre  in 
town,  limit  $5,000. 

1,000 

Texas             .      ... 

200  acres  in  country,  $5,000  in 
city. 
$1.000  for  debtor,  $500  for  wife, 
$250  all  members  of  family. 

Utah  (c)  

2,000 

500 
2,000 
2,000 

1,000 

Vermont   (c)  

Virginia  (c) 

200 

Washington  «M  

WestVirginia(w)... 
Wisconein  (c)  

Wyoming  

500 

200 
200 

500 

Varies  from  $500  to  $2,000   ac- 
cording to  trade  or  profession. 

40  acres  in  country,  y\  acre  in 
city,  not  exceeding  $5,000. 

1,500 

(a)  Articles  of  specific  property  too  numerous  to  mention,  no  value  uxed. 
(b)  Exemptions  vary  in  different  counties.  (*)  In  either  personalty,  realty 
or  both,  (f)  In  personalty  or  realty,  (c)  Articles  of  specific  property  too 
numerous  to  mention,  varying  in  amount  in  different  trades  and  professions 
(d)  Articles  of  specific  property,  ranging  in  value  from  $100  to  $500.  (J)  Real 
or  personal,  (e)  A  single  man  can  claim  homestead  only  in  Idaho  and  New 
Hampshire.  m'3f  no  homestead  is  taken,  $500  in  personality  is  exempt, 
and  the  exemption  Jaws  in  New  Mexico  are  the  same  aa  in  Nebraska, 
(w)  Homestead  must  be  so  designated  and  recorded  be  fore  debt  is  contracted. 


262  WRONG  NO  ONE  BY  DOING  INJURIES. 

*HOMESTEADS  UNDER  UNITED  STATES  LAND  LAWS. 

1.  Any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  the  head  of  a  family 
of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  over,  or  a  person  who  has 
filed  his  declaration  of  intention  to  become  such  citizen,  may 
secure  a  homestead  upon  the  unappropriated  public  lands  be- 
longing to  the  government  which  are  subject  to  pre-emption; 
160  acres  if  such  lands  are  subject  to  pre-emption  at  $1.25  per 
acre,  and  80  acres  of  land  which  are  subject  to  pre-emption  at 
$2.50  per  acre;  such  lands  to  be  of  legal  subdivision  of  the  pub- 
lic lands  and  can  be  located  only  after  they  are  surveyed. 

2.  The  person  desiring  to    secure    such    homestead    must 
make  an  affidavit  before  the  register  of  the  land  office  in  which 
the  land    upon  which  he  desires  to  make  his  entry  is  located, 
that  he  is  the  head  of  a  family,  and  is  twenty-one  years  or  more 
of  age,  or  has  performed  service  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States;   that  his  application   is  made  for  his  own   ex- 
clusive use  and  benefit,  and  that  his  entry  is  for  the  purpose  of 
actual  settlement  and  cultivation,  and  not,  either  directly  or  in- 
directly, for  the  use  and  benefit  of  any  other. person,  persons  or 
corporation.     Upon   filing  such  affidavit  with  the   register   on 
payment  of  $5  for  80  acres  and  $10  for  160  acres  he  shall  be 
allowed  to  enter  the  amount  of  land  specified. 

3.  No  certificate  or  patent  can  be  issued  until  the  expiration 
of  five  years  from  the  date  of  such  entry,  and  within  two  years 
after  the  expiration  of  said  five  years  the  party  making  the  ap- 
plication must  prove  by  two  disinterested  witnesses  before  the 
register  of  his  land  office  that  he  has  actually   occupied  and 
cultivated  and  improved  said  land  as  a  homestead  for  the  space 
of  five  years  prior  to  the  making  of  such  application.     Upon 
making  such  proof  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  register  he  shall 
be  entitled  to  his  certificate  and  patent. 

4.  The  homestead  right  may  be  changed  into  a  pre-emption 
and  the  land  proposed  to  be  homesteaded  paid  for  at  the  reg- 
ular government  rate  if  the  homesteader  so  desires. 

5.  In  case  of  the  death  of  any  person  who  would  be  entitled 
to  a  homestead,   as  hereinbefore   stated,   before  he   is  able   to 
prove  up  the  same,  his  wife  and  children,  or  in  case  he  leaves  no 
wife,  or  she  remarries,  then  his  children  may  prove  up  on  the 
land  and  secure  the  title  thereto- 

*What  is  said  under  this  head   applies  to  homesteads  under  United  States 
statutes.     It  has  no  application  to  homesteads  under  state  laws. 


OMIT  NOT  THE  BENEFITS  THAT  ARE  TOUR  DUTY.       263 

6.  Soldiers  and  officers  who  served  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States  during  the  Rebellion  for  90  days  and  who  were 
honorably  discharged  are  entitled  to  have  the  time  of  such  serv- 
ice deducted  from  the  time  fixed  by  the  statute  upon  which  they 
must  live  upon  the  land. 

7.  Homestead  lands  are  not  liable  for  debts  contracted  prior 
to  the  issuing  of  the  patent  therefor. 

8.  Only  one  quarter  section  can  be  entered  as  a  homestead. 

9.  Persons  who  have  entered  less  than  160  acres  are  entitled 
to  enter  enough  more  to  make  up  the  full  limit. 

10.  A  widow,   if  unmarried,   or  minor   children   by   their 
guardian,  may  enter  homesteads. 

11.  Persons  may  be  absent  from  their  homestead  claims 
not  exceeding  one  year,  if  such  absence  is  occasioned  by  the 
failure  or  destruction  of  crops. 

12.  The  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  may,  for 
climatic  reasons,  in  his  discretion,  allow  the  settler  twelve  months 
from  the  date  of  filing  his  application  to  commence  his  resi- 
dence on  his  homestead. 

13.  At  the  end  of  the  third  year  of  residence  thereon,  if 
the  homesteader  shall  have  under  cultivation  for  two  years  one 
acre  of  timber,  the  trees  whereof  are  not  more  than  twelve  feet 
apart  each  way,  and  in  good  thrifty  condition,  for  each  and 
every  sixteen  acres  of  such  homestead,  may,  upon  due  proof 
of  such  facts  by  two  credible  witnesses,  receive  a  patent  for 
such  homestead. 

14.  Six  months'  absence  from  the  homestead  claim  unex- 
plained, forfeits  the  claim. 

15.  Persons   becoming   insane   before   securing   patents   to 
their  homesteads   can  have  the  necessary  proofs  made  by  their 
legally  appointed  guardians  or  conservators.  • 

STATUTES  OF   LIMITATIONS  OR  THE  TIME  IN  WHICH 

DEBTS  ARE  OUTLAWED  IN  THE  DIFFERENT 

STATES  AND  BRITISH  PROVINCES. 

Corrected  up  to  Date,  May,  1902. 

I.  All  of  our  States  have  statutes  of  limitation  providing 
different  periods  of  time,  varying  from  one  to  twenty  years, 
within  which  actions  specified  in  the  statutes  must  be  brought 


264       AVOID  EXTREMES,  FORBEAR  RESENTING  INJURIES. 


"  THE  MAN  WHO  IS  IN  DEBT  CARRIES  A  WORLD  OF  TROUBLE."— BURKE. 

2.  In  accounts  it  generally  begins  from  the  purchase  of  the 
last  item,  and  is  renewed  by  every  partial  payment. 

3.  In  case  the  debtor  makes  a  written  acknowledgment  in  a 
note,  or  papers  of  that  character,  the  claim  is  renewed. 


d 

a 

2 

5 

a 

d 

5 

£ 

1 

STATES 

%% 

•eg 
(o  a 

a 

9 

STATES 

00    ttt 

o  d 

is 

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AND 

estS 

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ti 

Q 

AND 

cfl'-S 

sT5 

o 

TERRITORIES. 

1£ 

O 

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G 

bo 

T3 

P 

i-s 

«sj 
a 

£ 

TERRITORIES. 

*}*E 

& 

*  1 

—  < 

i-s 

<« 

o 

° 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Y™. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yra. 

Alabama  .  .  , 

6 

10 

20 

3 

Nevada  

ft 

6 

ft 

4 

Alaska  

ft 

10 

10 

g 

New  Hampshire 

6 

?o 

?0 

8 

Arkansas 

5 

5 

10 

3 

6 

16 

20 

g 

Arizona  

4 

4 

5 

8 

New  Mexico. 

ft 

ft 

7 

4 

California  

4 

4 

5 

2 

New  York  

fi 

20 

20 

6 

Colorado  

6 

6 

20 

g 

North  Carolina. 

R 

10 

10 

8 

Connecticut  

ft 

17 

17 

6 

North  Dakota... 

6 

ft 

10 

6 

Delaware 

6 

20 

20 

3 

Ohio 

15 

15 

5 

g 

Dist.  of  Columbia. 

8 

12 

12 

Oklahoma  

5 

5 

1 

3 

Florida. 

5 

20 

20 

o 

g 

10 

10 

g 

Georgia  

6 

20 

7 

4 

Pennsylvania  .  .. 

6 

20 

5 

6 

Idaho..  . 

5 

5 

g 

4 

g 

20 

20 

g 

Illinois  

10 

10 

1 

5 

South  Carolina.  . 

ft 

10 

Indiana  

10 

20 

20 

ft 

South  Dakota... 

6 

10 

10 

6 

Iowa. 

10 

10 

20 

5    • 

g 

10 

10 

6 

Kansas  

5 

5 

5 

8 

Texas. 

4 

4 

10 

2 

Kentucky  

15 

15 

15 

5 

Utah  

ft 

ft 

8 

4 

Louisiana  

5 

10 

10 

3 

Vermon  t  

ft 

8 

8 

6 

Maine  

6 

20 

20 

g 

Virginia 

5 

10 

20 

2 

Maryland  
Massachusetts    .  .  . 

3 
6 

12 

20 

12 

20 

3 
6 

Washington  
W.  Virginia  

6 
10 

6 
10 

6 
10 

8 
8 

Michigan. 

6 

10 

g 

g 

g 

20 

20 

g 

Minnesota. 

6 

g 

10 

g 

5 

5 

5 

6* 

Mississippi  

6 

g 

7 

g 

Missouri  

10 

10 

10 

5 

ft 

20 

20 

g 

g 

10 

3 

g 

20 

20 

Nebraska  

5 

5 

5 

4 

Nova  Scotia  

6 

20 

20 

6 

Except  as  to  foreign  claims,  then  2  years. 


WATER  SEEKS  ITS  LEVEL,  SO  DO  BRAINS.  265 

TAXES   AND    DUTIES. 

Definition. — Taxes  are  assessments  of  money  on  persons  01 
property,  for  public  purposes  and  the  public  good.  Duties 
are  taxes  on  imported  goods. 

A  Direct  Tax  is  levied  upon  the  person  who  it  is  intended 
should  pay  it.  The  expenses  of  towns,  cities,  counties  and 
States  are  paid  by  a  direct  tax  upon  the  property  or  polls. 

An  Indirect  Tax  is  one  demanded  of  the  merchant  or  manu- 
facturer, but  really  paid  by  the  consumer.  Such  are  duties  and 
customs  collected  upon  imported  goods. 

Poll  Tax. — In  some  States  a  tax  is  levied  upon  all  able- 
bodied  men  over  twenty-one  years  of  age,  or,  in  some  States, 
upon  all  voters.  This  is  called  a  Poll  Tax.  ' 

A  Property  Tax  is  an  amount  assessed  upon  all  property 
within  the  limits  of  the  State,  County  or  Town. 

An  Assessor  is  a  person  elected  annually  by  the  people.  He 
is  required  to  make  a  careful  and  true  valuation  of  all  the 
property  in  the  town  or  township. 

How  a  Tax  is  Levied. — Having  obtained  a  valuation  of  all 
taxable  property  in  a  district,  the  amount  of  the  tax  to  be  raised 
is  divided  by  this,  giving  the  rate  of  taxation.  Property  is  liable 
to  be  taxed  for  each  of  several  purposes,  one  amount  being 
assessed  for  State  tax,  another  for  county,  the  town  and  the 
school.  In  each  case  the  rate  may  be  different,  because  in  each 
case  the  amount  to  be  raised  is  different.  Poll  tax,  if  any,  must 
first  be  deducted  from  the  whole  amount  to  be  raised  before 
the  rate  of  taxation  can  be  found. 

Equalization  Boards.— The  work  of  these  boards  is  to  make 
such  changes  in  the  valuation  of  the  property  as  the  case  de- 
mands. Any  one  believing  his  property  to  be  assessed  for  too 
great  a  sum  has  the  privilege  of  appealing  to  a  board  for  cor- 
rection of  assessment.  This  must  be  done  within  a  specified 
time.  The  State  Board  of  Equalization  adjusts  the  rate  of 
taxation  among  the  counties  of  the  State.  This  is  done  by  rais- 
ing or  lowering  the  valuation  of  property  of  different  counties. 

Special  Assessments  are  assessments  against  property  bene- 
fited, for  public  improvements,  such  as  widening,  opening  or 
paving  of  streets,  water  pipes,  sew°rs,  etc.  These  are  usually 
made  by  the  town  or  city  authorities  upon  the  petition  of  prop- 


266  NOTHING  DECEIVES  LIKE  DISHONEST  FIGURES. 

£ 

erty  owners  interested.     Frequently  a  vote  is  taken  by  the  to\vi 
before  the  assessment  is  made  by  the  authorities. 

Great  Care  should  be  taken  in  buying  real  estate  near  cities 
or  growing  towns.  Through  the  manipulations  of  real  estate 
boomers  special  assessments  are  often  made  that  are  far  ahead 
of  the  actual  needs  and  very  expensive  to  all  property  holders. 

Internal  Revenue  and  Duties  on  Imports. — The  expenses 
of  the  United  States  Government  are  paid  by  internal  revenue 
and  taxes  on  imports.  By  internal  revenue  is  meant  the  tax  on 
tobacco,  cigars,  distilled  spirits,  fermented  liquors,  etc.  Duties 
on  imports  are  charged  for  the  support  of  the  Government  and 
for  the  protection  of  home  industries. 

Collection  Districts.— The  waters  and  shores  of  the  United 
States  are  divided  into  collection  districts  and  a  collector  placed 
in  charge  of  each  of  them. 

Ad  Valorem  Duty  is  a  tax  assessed  at  certain  per  cent 
upon  the  value  of  the  goods  in  the  country  from  which  they 
were  exported. 

Specific  Duty  is  a  tax  assessed  at  a  certain  sum  per  ton, 
pound,  foot,  gallon,  or  other  measure  without  respect  to  value. 

Bonded  Warehouses.— These  are  places  for  the  storage  of 
goods  on  which  the  duties  or  taxes  have  not  yet  been  paid.  If  an 
importer  does  not  wish  to  place  his  goods  upon  the  market  at 
once,  he  may  have  them  stored  in  bonded  warehouse  by  giving 
his  bond  for  the  payment  of  the  duties  and  making  the  entry  in 
the  proper  form. 

BREACH  OF  TRUST. 

Breach  in  law  signifies  a  breaking  or  a  violation  of  a  right 
or  of  an  obligation  or  engagement  legally  binding. 

If  you  give  a  person  money,  jewels,  or  valuables  to  be  used 
by  him,  for  you,  for  any  specific  purpose,  such  as  paying  a 
debt  for  you,  or  buying  some  article  for  you,  or  delivering  them 
to  some  one  else,  and  if  that  person  applies  the  money,  etc.,  to 
his  own  use,  he  is  guilty  only  of  a  breach  of  trust.  You  have 
no  recourse  except  to  sue  him  for  the  value  of  the  money  or 
property,  provided,  however,  that  he  undertook  the  service 
without  pay.  If  you  pay,  or  agree  to  pay,  him  anything,  no 
matter  what  the  amount,  for  his  services,  and  he  then  applies 
the  money  or  valuables  to  his  own  use,  he  is  guilty  of  embez- 
zlement, which  is  a  criminal  offense. 


DO  GOOD   UNTO  ALL  MEN. 


2ti7 


HOW  TO  SECURE  AN  APPOINTMENT  UNDER  THE  CIVIL 
SERVICE  LAW. 


i.  In  1883  Congress  passed  a 
law  for  the  improvement  of  the 
•civil  service  in  the  United  States 
This  law  provides  for  three  com- 
missioners appointed  by  the 
President.  They  have  genera) 
charge  of  filling  the  vacancies  in 
the  various  subordinate  depart 
ments  at  Washington,  and  in  all 
Custom-houses  and  postoffices 
having  as  many  as  fifty  office- 
holders. 

2.  There  are  over  120,000  clerks 
in    the    government    employ    by 
whom   the  business   of  each   ad- 
ministration is  carried  on.    Abou 
5,000   of  these   are    directly    ap- 
pointed by  the  President;  about 
15,000  are  under  what  is  known  as 
the  "Civil  Service  Rules."    Thus 
it  is  seen  that  a   great  body   of 
officeholders  are  appointed  by  the 
heads  of  departments. 

3.  In  order  to  have  better  serv- 
ice and  secure  men  according  to 
their  fitness  rather  than  party  af- 
filiation, a  system  of  competitive  examinations  has  been  organ- 
ized, and  the  competitors  are  required  to  be  examined  on  the 
following   subjects:     I.  Orthography,  penmanship  and   copying. 

2.  Arithmetic — fundamental    rules,    fractions    and    percentage. 

3.  Interest,  discount  and  the  elements  of  book-keeping  and  ac- 
counts.   4.  Elements  of  the  English  language,  letter  writing,  and 
She  proper  construction  of  sentences,    5.  Elements  of  the  geog 
*aphy,  history  and  government  of  the  United  States. 

4.     A  standing  of  65  per  cent,  in  the  first  three  branches  is 
necessary  in  order  to  qualify  an  applicant  for  an  appointment 

18  Standard 


OFFICE  SEEKERS  WELCOMING  A 
NEWLY  ELECTED  MEMBER  OF 
CONGRESS  ON  HIS  AEBIVAL,  AT 
WASHINGTON. 


^68  BE  SURE  YOU  CAN  OBEY  GOOD  LAWS, 

Where  special  qualifications  are  necessary,  special  examinations 
are  given. 

5.  Every  applicant  must  furnish  proof  that  he  is  of  good 
moral  character  and  in  good  health. 

6.  There  is  a  board  of  examiners  in  each  of  the  principal 
cities  of  the  United  States,  and  several  examinations  are  held 
each  year.     Several  of  our  States  have  adopted  the  principles 
of  the   general   government,    and   are   employing  clerks   under 
their  own  civil  service  rules. 

7.  If  you   desire  to   enter  an   examination,  address,   "Civil 
Service    Commissioner,"    Washington,    D.     C,    and    you    will 
secure  a  full  set  of  papers,  and  complete  information  as  to  time 
and  place  where  the  examinations  are  held,  and  full  instructions 
for  entering  same. 


DOMESTIC    POSTAGE. 

To  all  parts  of  the  United  States;  also  Canada  and  Mexico: 

1.  First-Class. — Letters,    2    cents    per    ounce    or   fraction 
thereof;  postal  cards,  i  cent  each. 

2.  Second-Class. — Newspapers  and   periodicals,  I  cent  for 
each  4  ounces  or  fractional  part  thereof;  special  rates  for  pub- 
lishers and  news  agents,  I  cent  per  pound. 

3.  Third-Class. — For  books,  circulars,  etc.,  I  cent  for  each 
2  ounces  or  fraction  thereof. 

4.  Fourth-Class. — Merchandise  and  samples,  I  cent  for  each 
ounce  or  fraction  thereof. 

5.  Registry  Fee. — Eight  cents  additional  to  reg'^ar  postage 
of  first-class  matter. 


VOV  T&V  TO  ALTKk  POOR  ONE&        :!(W 

6.  Immediate  Delivery, — Ten  cents  additional  to  regulai 
postage. 

7.  Postal  Money  Orders. — For  orders  not  exceeding  $2.50, 
3  cents;  $2.50  to  $5,  5  cents;  $5  to  $10,  8  cents;  $10  to  $20,  10 
cents;  $20  to  $30,  12  cents;  $30  to  $40,  15  cents;  $40  to  $50,  18 
cents;  $50  to  $60,  20  cents;  $60  to  $75,  25  cents;  $75  to  $100,  30 
cents. 

FOREIGN  POSTAGE. 

The  rates  of  postage  to  all  foreign  countries  and  colonies  (ex- 
cept Canada  and  Mexico)  are  as  follows: 

1.  On  Letters.— Five  cents  for  each  half   ounce    or  frac 
tion  thereof. 

On  newspapers,  books,  pamphlets,  photographs,  engravings^ 
and  similar  printed  matter,  one  cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  frac* 
tion  thereof. 

2.  Canada  and  Mexico.— Letters,  newspapers  and  printed 
matter  are  now  carried  to  Canada  and  Mexico  at  the  same  rates 
as  in  the  United  States. 

3.  Limits  of  Size. — Samples  of  merchandise  to  all  postal 
union  countries  are  admissible  to  12  inches  in  length,  8  inches  in 
width  and  4  inches  in  depth.     If  they  are  in  the  form  of  a  roll*  12 
inches  in  length  and  6  inches  in  diameter.    ' 

4.  Limit  of  Weight.— The  general   limit  of  weight  is  8# 
ounces;  but  by  special  agreement  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  France,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Argentine  Republic, 
Italy,  Hawaiian  Republic,  Austria,  Egypt,  and  the  British  Colo- 
nies, except  India,  Canada  and  Australia,  samples  of  merchan- 
dise are  admissible  in  the  mails  up  to  12  ounces  in  weight. 

5.  Parcels  Posts.— Unsealed  packages  of  mailable  merchan- 
dise may  be  sent  by  parcels  posts  to  Jamafca,  Barbadoes,  the 
Bahamas,  British  Honduras,  Mexico,  Hawaiian   Republic,  Lee- 
ward Islands,  Costa  Rica,  Colombia,  Salvador,  British  Guiana, 
Danish  West  Indies,  Windward  Islands  and  Newfoundland  at 
the   following   rate:     For   every   pound   or   additional   fraction 
thereof  12  cents.    The  maximum  weight  is  n  pounds. 

6.  Prepaid    Postage.— Foreign  postage  should   always   be 
prepaid  in  stamps  of  the  country  from  which  matter  «s  sent, 
If  not  prepaid  it  is  chargeable  with  double  t 


S70 


NO  SECRET  OF  SUCCESS  BUT  WORK. 


LEGAL  HOLIDAYS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Showing  at  a  glance  the  number  of  holidays  of  each  State,  a 
well  as  the  number  of  States  observing  each  holiday. 

(The  letters  on  the  line  with  each  State  indicate  that  the  days  designated  b 
the  same  letters  on  next  page  are  observed  as  holidays.) 


Alabama  ..... 

A 

F 

r 

T, 

M 

P 

w 

Arizona  

A 

F, 

K 

M 

v 

w 

Arkansas  

M 

w 

California  

A 

F, 

K 

M 

P 

P 

v 

w 

Colorado  

A 

F 

K 

M 

P 

o 

R 

v 

w 

Hcticut.  

A 

A 

D 

E 
F 

•• 

G 

K 

K 

M 
M 

•• 

P 
P 

S 

•• 

•• 

w 
w 

Georgia  1.! 

A 

A 

•• 

C 
T, 

E 
F 

" 

J 

f 

L 
T, 

M 
M 

P 
P 

Q 

•• 

•• 

•• 

V 

w 
w 

Idaho  

A 

F 

M 

v 

w 

Illinois  

A 
| 

•• 

D 

E 

F 

•• 

K 

•• 

M 
M 

•  • 

•• 

P 
p 

•• 

•  • 

.. 

•• 

V 

w 
w 

Iowa..1.  
Kansas  
Kentucky........ 
Louisiana  
Maine  

A 
A 
A 

A 

B 

•'• 

E 

E 
E 
F 

" 

G 

•• 

•• 

K 
K 
K 

K 

•• 

M 
M 
M 
M 
M 

M 

•• 

P 
P 
P 
P 
P 

Q 

•' 

\ 

M 

ij 

v 

V 

v 

w 
w 
w 
w 
w 

Maryland  
Massachusetts.  .  . 
Michigan  

A 

A 

.. 

.. 

.. 

E 
E 
F, 

.. 

G 

ii 

K 
K 
K 

•• 

M 
M 
M 

•• 

P 
P 
P 

•• 

.. 

.. 

•• 

•• 

V 

w 
w 
w 

Minnesota  
Mississippi  .... 

A 

A 

•• 

D 

E 

•• 

•• 

K 

M 
M 

P 

Q 

•• 

V 

w 

Missouri  
Montana  
Nebraska.  
Nevada  

A 
A 
A 
A 

•'• 

.. 

E 

E 
E 

F, 

•- 

K 
K 
K 
K 

•• 

M 
M 
M 
M 

- 

P 
P 
P 

8 

M 

•• 

f 

•• 

V 

v 

V 

w 
w 
w 
w 

New  Hampshire. 

F 

K 

M 

P 

v 

w 

New  Jersey  
New  Mexico  

A 

A 

•• 

D 

E 
F 

•• 

K 

M 

M 

•• 

P 

•• 

•• 

V 

w 
w 

New  York  
North  Carolina.. 

A 
A 

•• 

r, 

D 

E 
F 

•• 

•• 

J 

K 

•• 

M 
M 

•- 

•• 

P 

•• 

•• 

v 

w 
w 

North  Dakota... 

A 

F 

K 

M 

o 

v 

w 

Ohio  

\ 

F, 

M 

p 

v 

w 

Oklahoma  

A 

K 

M 

v 

w 

Oregon  

A 

F 

M 

p 

w 

Pennsylvania  — 
Rhode  Island.... 
South  Carolina  .  . 

A 
A 

A 

r 

I) 

F 
E 
F 

.. 

G 

.. 

•• 

.. 

K 
K 

•• 

M 
M 
M 

.. 

•• 

P 
P 

P 

Q 

•• 

•• 

.. 

•• 

V 

v 

v 

w 
w 
w 

South  Dakota.... 
Tennessee  
Texas  
Utah  
Vermont  
Virginia  
Washington  
West  Virginia.... 

A 
A 

A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 

•• 

C 

b 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
K 

F 

G 

I 

K 
K 

k 

K 

k 

L 

M 
M 
M 
M 
M 
M 
M 
M 

N 

6 

P 
P 
P 
P 

P 
P 

Q 

» 

» 

•• 

•• 

v 

V 
V 

V 

v 

w 
w 
w 
w 
w 
w 
w 
w 

Wisconsin  
Wyoming  

A 

E 
E 

•• 

•• 

K 
K 

•• 

M 
M 

•- 

P 
P 

3 

•• 

•• 

V 
V 

w 
w 

«5J 
a* 

cO 

W 

00 

a 

ot) 

'J> 
3* 
a 

cC 
»-3 

3 

S 
.a 
f* 

H 

Sf 

.Q 

A 

March  2,  F.. 

Good  Fri.,  G 

oT 
a 

April  21,  I... 

April  26,  J... 

May  80,  K.... 

J 
« 

S3 

>-s 

a 

"3 

} 

0 

S 

ti 

S3 

Cu 

1 

xi 

1 

< 

0? 

1 

0! 

i 

H 

03 

1 

p 

o 

1 

Thanks'g,  W 

FEW  MEN  CAN  ENDURE  GREAT  SUCCESS. 

EXPLANATIONS  TO  THE  LEGAL  HOLIDAYS  IN  THE  DIF- 
FERENT STATES  AS  GIVEN  ON  THE  PRE- 
CEDING PAGE. 

A.  New  Year's  Day,  January  ist.  B.  Battle  of  New  Orleans, 
January  8th.  C.  Lee's  Birthday,  January  igth.  D.  Lincoln's 
Birthday,  February  I2th.  E.  Washington's  Birthday,  February 
22d.  F.  Texan  Independence,  March  2d.  G.  Good  Friday  (day 
changeable).  H.  Patriots'  Day,  April  igth.  I.  Anniversary  oi 
Battle  of  San  Jacinto  (Texas),  April  2ist.  J.  Memorial  Day, 
April  26th.  North  Carolina  observes  May  10  as  Memorial  Day. 
K.  Decoration  Day,  May  30th.  L.  Jefferson  Davis'  Birthday, 
June  3d.  M.  Independence  Day,  July  4th.  N.  Pioneers'  Day, 
July  24th.  O.  Bennington  Battle  Day,  August  i6th.  P.  Labor 
Day.  The  first  Monday  in  September  is  Labor  Day  in  most 
States.  Florida  observes  September  i2th;  California,  October 
5th;  Louisiana,  November  25th.  Q.  Arbor  Day.  It  is  set  by 
the  Governor  in  most  States,  except  (i)  Texas,  February  22d; 
(2)  Nebraska,  April  22d;  (3)  Montana,  third  Tuesday  in  April; 
(4)  Utah,  first  Saturday  in  April;  (5)  Rhode  Island  and  Idaho, 
first  Friday  in  May.  R.  Admission  Day  (California),  September 
pth.  S.  Lincoln  Day,  October  isth.  T.  Admission  Day 
(Nevada),  October  3ist.  U.  All  Saints'  Day,  November  ist. 
V.  General  Election  Day,  first  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  i» 
November;  also  State  election  in  Rhode  Island.  W.  Thanks- 
giving Day,  fast  Thursday  in  November.  X.  Christmas  Day, 
December  25th. 

N.  B.  There  are  no  national  holidays,  not  even  the  Fourth  of 
July,  only  as  they  are  made  such  by  the  different  States.  Con- 
gress has  at  various  times  appointed  special  holidays.  In  the 
second  session  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress  it  passed  an  act  mak- 
ing Labor  Day  a  public  holiday  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
it  has  recognized  certain  days  as  holidays,  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, in  such  legislation  as  the  Bankruptcy  act,  but  with  this  ex- 
ception, there  is  no  general  statute  on  the  subject.  The  procla- 
mation of  the  President  designating  a  day  of  Thanksgiving 
makes  it  a  holiday  only  in  those  States  which  provide  for  it  by 
law.  Ct..  Ind.,  Kas.,  Ky.,  La.,  Me.,  Mich.,  Mont.,  Neb.,  N.  J.,  N.  H., 
N.  Y.,  Oreg.,  S.  D.  and  Va.,  all  have  a  Public  Fast^Day.  Met- 
N.  /.,  Pa.,  N.  Y.,  have  every  Saturday  afternoon.  .  • 


272  GREAT  SUCCESS  TURNS  MOST  MEN'S  HKAD&, 

WORKING  ON  HOLIDAYS. 

There  is  no  law  which  says  a  farm  hand  or  any  other  laborer 
shall  not  work  on  holidays.  Generally  the  laborer  should  work 
on  such  days  if  required  to  do  so,  or  forfeit  his  right  to  pay.  In 
many  localities  it  is  customary  not  to  work  on  some  of  the 
principal  days,  such  as  Christmas,  Thanksgiving  Day  in  the  East, 
and  the  Fourth  of  July,  and  still  to  pay  the  men  their  regular 
wages.  If  this  custom  is  common  and  well  known  in  any  place, 
it  will  probably  govern,  so  that  pay  can  be  collected  although  the 
work  is  not  done.  Of  course,  ordinary  farm  chores  should  be 
done,  as  on  Sundays,  at  least. 


THE  FIRST  PRINTING   I RESS. 

THE  LAW  OF  NEWSPAPER  SUBSCRIPTIONS. 

1.  There  is  no  postal  law  regulating  the  transactions  between 
publishers  and  subscribers.     The  ordinary  rules  of  contract  gov- 
ern all  relations  between  the  parties  concerned,  and  the  postoffice 
has  no  part  except  to  deliver  the  article,  or  return   it  when 
ordered  to  do  so. 

2.  If  the  publisher  of  any  paper  or  periodical  sends  his  paper 
or  magazine,  the  postmaster  must  deliver  it,  if  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  sent  will  take  it.     If  he  will  not  take  it,  the  postmaster 
must  notify  the  publisher 


HAVE  ONE  GOOD  BUSINESS  AND  STICK  TO  IT. 

3.  The  publisher  must  collect  his  subscription  the  same  as 
any  other  debt. 

4.  If  a  man  subscribes  for  a  paper-or  periodical  for  one  year, 
he  cannot  stop  his  paper  at  any  time  during  that  year,  but  at  the 
end  of  the  year  he  can  stop  his  paper,  whether  he  has  paid  for 
it  or  not. 

5.  If  at  the  end  of  the  year  the  publisher  continues  to  send 
his  paper  and  the  subscriber  to  receive  it,  the  sending  is  the  offer 
of  another  year's  subscription  at  the  same  price,  and  the  taking 
of  the  paper  out  of  the  postofHce  is  an  acceptance. 

6.  If  a  subscriber  has  by  express  or  implied  agreement  be- 
come liable  for  another  year's  subscription,  he  cannot  during 
and  before  the  expiration  of  that  year  stop  his  paper,  even  by 
paying  up  all  he  owes  to  the  publisher. 

7.  If  the  publisher  advertises  terms  of  subscription,  all  par- 
ties taking  the  paper  under  these  conditions  will  be  held  accord- 
ing to  the  conditions. 

RESPONSIBILITY  IN  RUNAWAY  HORSES  AND  TEAMS. 

1.  If  a  horse  naturally  quiet  to  ride  and  drive  is  frightened 
by  a  railroad  train,  steam  thrasher,  or  other  causes,  not  undei 
>:he  control  of  the  rider  or  driver,  does  any  damage,  or  injures 
any  person  or  persons,  the  owner  is  not  responsible. 

2.  If  horses  are  known  to  be  vicious,  or  sustain  a  runaway 
Deputation,  break  loose  or  run  away  with  their  driver,  or  injure 
any  person  or  persons,  the  owner  is  responsible,  unless  it  can  be 
shown  that  the  horses  were  frightened  by  some  obstacle  which 
would  naturally  frighten  a  gentle  or  ordinarily  quiet  horse. 

3.  A  person   owning  or  driving  a  team   must  always   use 
proper  caution  and  ordinary  diligence,  in  order  to  escape  any 
damages  that  may  be  done  in  case  his  team  should  break  loose 
and  run  away. 

4.  If  a  person  enters  the  barn  or  pasture  of  another,  and  is 
injured  by  a  vicious  horse  or  bull,  it  must  be  shown  that  the 
owner  used  all  reasonable  means  in  the  care  of  his  animals  for 
^he  safety  of  his  help  and  neighbors. 

5.  If  a  person  enters  upon  the  land  of  another,  and  is  in- 
jured, he  must  show  good  cause  for  entering  upon  said  land 
and   also  prove   ordinary  caution,    in   going   where   cattle   and 
horses  were  kept 


CONTENTMENT  IS  SETTER  THAN  RICHES. 

TRESPASSING  ANIMALS. 

If  cattle,  cr  horses,  or  sheep,  or  hogs,  or  chickens,  or 
or  any  other  animals  trespass  upon  the  land  of  a  neighbor,  the> 
cannot  be  injured  or  killed  by  the  owner  of  the  land  upon 
'  which  the  trespass  is  committed,  no  matter  how  often  repeated 
The  law  regulates  these  matters  by  damages,  and  every  inno 
cent  person  is  protected,  and  generally  fully  compensated  for  all 
damages  caused  by  trespassing  animals. 

Many  States  and  local  authorities  have  laws  by  which  tres- 
•  passing  animals  can  be  taken  up,  and  either  held  by  the  party 
upon  whose  land  the  trespassing  is  committed  or  placed  in  a 
public  corral  or  pound.  They  are  kept  there  at  the  expense  of 
the  owner,  and  damages  or  fines  or  both  must  be  paid  before 
the  animals  can  be  taken  or  removed  by  the  owner. 

FENCE  LAWS. 

1.  Fence  laws  are  generally  regulated  by  State  statutes  or 
local  authorities. 

2.  A  few  general  laws  are  commonly  held  in  all  the  States. 

3.  Legal    Fence.— First    find   out    from    the    state    statute 
or  local  law  what  constitutes  a  legal  fence.    A  legal  fence  is 
generally  a  four  foot  fence  with  sufficient  boards  or  wire,  or 
both,  to  turn  cattle  and  sheep. 

4.  If  cattle   or   horses   break   through   fences   in   -my   way 
defective  or  neglected,  the  owner  of  the  cattle  or  horses  doing 
the  damage  is  not  responsible,  if  it  was  not  his  fence,  or  the 
injury  brought  about  through  his  neglect. 

5.  Every  man  is  compelled  to  look  after  his  own  part  oi 
the  fence  and  keep  it  in  good  repair,  and  look  out  and  restrain 
his  own  animals  in  trespassing  upon  the  lands  of  another. 

6.  Owners    of   adjoining   cultivated   lands   are    required   to 
make  division  fences  in  common. 

7.  In  erecting  a  division  fence  according  to  law,  half  of  it 
may  be  placed  upon  the  adjoining  land.     No  man  has  a  right 
to  build  a  fence  on  another  man's  land,  unless  there  is  a  law 
that  will  permit  him  to  do  so. 

8.  Fences  are  fixtures  that  pass  with  the  sale  of  land.    Posts 
or  boards  that  have  been  used  as  fences  on  a  farm,  though  when 
the  farm   is  sold  are  piled  up,   and  not  used  at  the  time   foi 
fencing  purposes,  cannot  be  removed  as  personal  property. 


WHAT  MAN  HAS  DONE  MAN  CAN  DO.  275 

LAWS  OF  THE  PUBLIC  ROAD. 

1.  Public   Roads  are  those  which   are    laid  out  and    sup- 
ported by  officers  entrusted  with  that  power.    Their  care  and 
control  are  regulated  by  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  in 
detail  will  not  be  referred  to  h^ere,  as  they  can  be  easily  looked 
up  by  those  who  desire  information  so  entirely  local. 

2.  Ownership. — The    soil    and    the    land    remains    in    the 
owner,  who  may  put  the  land  to  any  use,  and  derive  from  it  any 
profit,  not  inconsistent  with  the  rights  of  the  public.     If  the  road 
is  at  any  time  discontinued,  the  land  reverts  back  to  the  owner 

3.  Liability. — The  repairing  of  highways  is  usually  imposed 
upon  towns,  and  they  are  made  liable  by  statute  for  all  dam- 
ages, against  persons  or  estates,  from  injuries  received  or  hap- 
pening in  consequence  of  a  neglect  of  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
officers  having  the  same  in  charge. 

4.  Laws  of  the   Road. — Persons  traveling  with  carriages 
or  vehicles  of  transportation,  meeting  on  any  public  way,  are 
required  to  turn  their  carriages  or  wagons  to  the  right  of  the 
center  of  the  road,  so  far  as  to  permit  such  carriages  or  wagons 
to  pass  without  interruption. 

5.  Runaways. — The  owner  of  a  runaway  horse  or  horses 
if  negligent,  or  not  exercising  due  care,  is  responsible  for  all 
damages  that  may  occur. 

6.  Any  unreasonable  occupation  of  the  public  way,  whethei 
arising  out  of  a  refusal  to  turn  out  and  allow  a  more  rapid  ve- 
hicle to  pass,  or  from  an  unjustifiable  occupancy  of  such  a  part 
of  the  road  as  to  prevent  others  from  passing,  will  render  the 
party  so  trespassing  liable  for  damages  to  any  suffering  injuries 
therefrom.    A  loaded  vehicle  must  turn  out,  and  allow  those  to 
pass  who  may  reasonably  and  lawfully  travel  faster. 

Petition  for  Laying  Out  a  Road. 

To  the  Commissioners  of  the  Town  of  Lisle, 

County  of  Du  Page,  and  State  of  Indiana. 

Your  petitioners  of  the  town  of  Lisle  would  respectfully  represent  that 
the  public  convenience  and  wants  require  that  a  road  and  highway  should 
be  laid  and  constructed,  beginning  at  the  Northwest  corner  of  J.  D. 
Wild's  farm,  in  the  town  of  Lisle,  and  leading  in  a  direct  line  South 
to  the  town  of  Bennington. 

Your  petitioners  would  therefore  ask  that  your  honors  would  Tiew 
the  premises,  and  locate  and  construct  said  road  and  highway,  according 
to  the  laws  in  such  cases  made  and  provided,  as  shown  by  the  Statutes  of 
Si«  State. 

(Signatures.)  (Signatures.) 


276  DOE  YE  NEXTE  THYNGR. 


THE   RESPONSIBILITY   OF   OWNING  A   DOQ. 

1.  Dogs  must  be  kept  upon  the  owner's  premises,   unless 
accompanied  by  the  owner  or  some  member  of  the  family. 

2.  If  a  dog  annoys  travelers  upon  the  public  highway  by 
scaring  horses  and  frightening  children,  the  owner  is  responsible 
for  damages. 

3.  The  owner  of  a  dog  is  responsible  for  damages  caused  by 
his  dog  trespassing  upon  the  public  highway  in  running  after 
teams  or  doing  other  damages. 

4.  If  a  dog  not  accompanied  by  its  owner  annoys  travelers 
upon  the  public  highway,  he  may  be  killed,  without  any  claim 
of  damages  on  the  part  of  the  owner  of  the  dog.     When  a  dog 
becomes  a  nuisance  he  may  be  killed  anywhere  except  on  the 
owner's  premises. 

5.  If  a  dog  kills  sheep   or  destroys  or  injures   any  other 
domestic  animals,  the  owner  is  responsible  for  damages. 

6.  Every  owner  of  a  savage  and  dangerous  dog  must  keep 
him  properly  chained  or  otherwise  secured  that  no  injury  maj 
be  done  to  others. 

7.  If  a  person  on  a  social  or  business  errand  is  bitten  or 
otherwise   injured   by   a   savage    dog   on    the   premises   of   the 
owner,  the  owner  is  responsible.     Dangerous  animals  are  not 
permitted  to  run  at  large,  even  on  the  owner's  own  premises, 
unless   he   has    sufficient    safeguards    to    protect    his    neighbor* 
against  injury. 


NEVER  GIVE  UP  ONE  JOB  UNTIL  YOU  GET  ANOTHER.  277 


EARLY  CALIFORNIA   MINING. 

LAW  GOVERNING  MINES  AND  MINERS. 

1.  The  General  Rule.— Laws  differ  in  different  States  and 
Territories,  but  there  are  some  general  principles  and  general 
laws  which  apply  to  all  States  and  Territories.  The  first  thing  a 
1  prospector  should  do  is  to  find  under  which  laws  the  Territory  or 
State  is  governed,  and  then  by  inquiry  determine  the  steps 
necessary  in  order  to  legally  locate  the  claim.  But  the  following 
principles  will  apply  to  all  unless  recent  changes  have  taken 
place: 

2.  How  to  Stake  Off  a  Claim.— If  there  is  evidence  of 
mineral  in  paying  quantity,  and  the  property  is  not  owned  by  a 
private  party,  the  miner  is  entitled  to  stake  off  the  land,  and  is 
entitled  to  it  according  to  the  law  of  the  State  or  Territory  in 
which  the  ore  is  found.  Caution  must  be  taken  to  stake  off  the 
claim  and  give  correct  boundaries,  or  an  application  for  a  patent 
will  be  refused.  The  claim  must  be  located  according  to  law 
and  publication  made  by  inserting  the  notice  in  some  weekly 
newspaper  for  ten  consecutive  weeks,  and  a  notice  must  be  poste  J 
on  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  claim  staked  out. 


278  STICK  TO  YOUR  FRIENDS  IN  ADVERSITY. 

3.  An  Adverse  Claim.— An  adverse  claim,  to  be  effective, 
must  be  made  out  in  proper  form  and  filed  in  a  proper  legal 
office  during  the  period  of  publication  of  the  application  for  the 
patent.    The  adverse  claimant  must  commence  suit  in  proper 
form  within  the  required  time,  and  runs  a  risk  if  he  trusts  the  un- 
certainty of  the  United  States  Mail.    He  must  set  forth  in  detail 
the  facts  on  which  he  bases  his  adverse  claim. 

4.  A  Foreigner.— A  foreigner  may  make  a  mining    loca- 
tion and  dispose  of  it  if  he  becomes  a  citizen  before  disposing 
of  the  mine. 

5-  A  Prospector.— A  prospector  with  a  discovery  claim  is 
allowed  sixty  days  to  sink  a  discovery  shaft  to  the  distance 
of  ten  feet.  At  the  place  of  discovery  it  is  customary  to  post 

a  notice. 

Notice  of  Location. 

Notice  is  hereby  given,  That  the  undersigned  having  complied 
with  the  requirements  of  Section  2324  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  local  laws,  customs  and  regulations  of  this  dis- 
trict, have  located  fifteen  hundred  feet  in  length  by  six  hundred  feet  in 
width,  on  this,  the  California  lode,  vein  or  deposit,  bearing  gold,  silver 
and  other  precious  metals,  situated  in  Levan  Mining  District,  Juab 
County,  Utah,  the  location  being  described  and  marked  on  the  ground 
aa  follows,  to- wit: 

Commencing  at  this  monument  and  running  300  feet  easterly,  thence 
1,000  feet  southerly,  thence  600  feet  westerly,  thence  1,500  feet  northerly, 
thence  600  feet  easterly,  thence  500  feet  southerly,  thence  300  feet  westerly 
to  point  of  beginning;  point  of  discovery  and  corners  being  designated 
by  monument,  stakes  or  blazed  trees.  The  above  mine  is  located  about 
four  miles  up  Levan  Canyon  on  the  left  hand  side  and  about  six  miles 
west  of  the  town  of  Levan. 

The  Mining  Claim  above  described  shall  be  known  as  the  California 
Mine. 

Located  this  17th  day  of  September,  1901. 

NAMES  OF   LOCATORS: 
Richard  Roe.  John  Doe. 

6.  Lawful  Survey  Made.— After  sinking  the  shaft  ten  feet 
the  miner  will,  if  possible,  have  a  competent  and  lawful  survey 
made.    But  without  a  survey  a  claim  will  be  defined  sufficiently 
to  enable  a  record  to  be  made  if  it  is  marked  off  by  stakes  driven 
into  the  ground  or  supported  by  a  pile  of  stone  around  each.    The 
next  step  is  to  have  a  record  made  in  the  recorder's  office  of  that 
county. 

7.  The  Term.— The    term    of   a    mining    tunnel,  ditch    or 
mining  company  cannot  exceed  twenty  years.    No  miner  has  a 
right  to  undermine  the  improvements  of  another  unless  by  legal 
permission.     A  copy  of  mining  laws  in  each   district  will   be 
found  at  the  county  clerk's  oincc  in  the  district  where  the  mine 
is  located. 


ALL  MEN  ARE  EQUAL,  IF  UPRIGHT  AND  HONKST.        279 

8.  Right  of  Way.— Miners  have  the  right  of  way  across 
any  claim  when  hauling  quartz.    Water  may  be  brought  across 
any  claim,  road  or  ditch,  or  other  mining  improvement,  provided 
ft  is  so  guarded  that  it  does  not  interfere  with  the  prior  rights 
of  another. 

9.  In  Locating  a  Placer. — In  locating  a  placer  (that  is  sur- 
face or  loose  dirt)  claim,  the  amount  of  land  is  limited  to  20  acrea 
to  one  person.    An  association  of  eight  persons  may  locate  160 
acres. 

10.  Citizens  of  the  United  States — To  secure  claims  from 
the  government  the  miner  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States; 
or  have  legally  declared  his  intention  to  become  such. 

11.  Destroy  or  Remove  Location  Stakes.— Any   person 
who  shall  destroy  or  remove  location  stakes,  except  on  abandoned 
property,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  $1,000  and  one  year's  im- 
prisonment. 

12.  Jumping  a  Claim.— The  person  jumping  a  claim  owned 
by  another  and  gaining  the  same  by  threats  or  violence  shall  be 
liable  to  a  fine  of  $250  and  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  six 
months, 

13.  United  States  Law.— The  United  States  law  allows  five 
acres  to  be  taken  as  a  claim  for  a  mill  site,  but  the  site  must  not 
be   upon  known  mineral  lands.    Sometimes  the  district  regu- 
lations restrict  the  amount  to  much  less  dimensions. 

14.  Change  the  True  Value. — Any  person  engaged  in  mill- 
ing, sampling,  reducing,  shipping  or  producing  ores,  who  shall 
knowingly  change  the  true  value  of  the  same,  whereby  the  owner 
of  such  ore  shall  not  obtain  its  true  value,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fin* 
of  $1,000 and  one  year's  imprisonment 

15.  •'Salting."— "Salting"  a  claim,  that  is,  taking  ore  from 
another  mine  and  placing  it  in  the  one  that  is  to  be  sold,  thereby 
deceiving  the  purchaser,  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $1,000  and 
confinement  in  the  State  prison  fourteen  yean. 

16.  Liable  to   a  Fine.— The   superintendent,    manager   Off 
owner  of  a  quartz  mill,  mill  furnace  or  cupel,  engaged  in  ex 
trading  ore,  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  account  for  and  pay 
the  owner  of  the  quartz  or  mineral  all  sums  which  shall  be  due* 
except  such  as  may  be  retained  for  services,  shall  be  liable  to  a 
fine  of  $1,000  and  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year. 


••  ETERNITY  HAS  NO  GRAY  HAIRS. 

HOW  TO  LOCATE  A  MINE. 

1.  Who  May  Locate  a  Mine. — Any  person  of   lawful   age 
who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  shall  have  legally  de- 
clared his  intention  to  become  such  may  locate  a  mine. 

2.  Must    Be    Actually    Discovered. — A    mineral    bearing 
ledge,  lode  or  vein  must  be  actually  discovered  on  the  claim  it  is 
proposed  to  locate. 

3.  The  Ground   Entitled  to.— Unless  the  width  is  modi- 
fied by  the  laws  of  a  local   mining  district,  the  ground  enti- 
tled to  with  a  mining  claim  is  1,500  feet  along  the  ledge  by  300 
feet  each  side  of  the  ledge,  or  600  feet  wide. 

4.  Point  of  Discovery. — The  point  of   discovery    may  be 
within  any  part  of  the  1,500  feet. 

5.  Boundary  Description. — In  the  boundary  description  of  a 
mine  use  the  terms  easterly  and  westerly,  northerly  and  southerly 
instead  of  the  more  positive  terms  east,  west,  etc. 

6.  General  Description. — Make  the  general  description  as 
short  as  possible,  and  mention  adjacent  or  neighboring  mines, 
distance  and  direction,  well-known  natural  objects,  or  permanent 
monuments. 

7.  Location  Notice. — Tne  location  notice  must  be  posted  at 
the  point  of  discovery.    The  corners  of  claims  must  be  marked 
by  blazed  trees,  stakes  or  monuments. 

About  five  days  are  allowed  to  post  up  location  notice,  and 
from  ten  to  thirty  days  to  have  the  same  recorded.  Record  with 
the  district  recorder,  or  if  an  unorganized  mining  district,  record 
with  the  county  recorder.  If  not  in  actual  personal  possession 
of  the  proposed  location,  post  location  notice  and  have  it  re- 
corded as  soon  as  possible. 

N8.  Assessment  Work.— To  hold  a  mine  $100  worth  of 
assessment  work  in  labor  or  improvement  must  be  done  on  it 
annually,  and  the  calendar  year  in  which  to  commence  the  as- 
sessment work  begins  with  the  January  following  the  fractional 
year  in  which  the  location  is  made. 

9.  Two  or  More  Locators.— Two  or   more  locators  on  the 
same  ledge  may  consolidate  and  do  the  amount  of  their  combined 
assessment  work  on  one  claim  of  the  group. 

10.  How  to   Obtain  a   Patent.— The  affidavits    of  assess 
^essment  work  by  two  credible  witnesses  should  annually  he  filed 


AOVTS  THE  DAY,  AND  NOW 3  THE  HOUR  281 

with  the  district  or  county  recorder.  When  $500  worth  of  as- 
sessment work  has  been  done  on  a  mine  a  patent  to  it  may  bfl 
obtained  from  the  Government. 

MONEY. 

Definition.— Any  material  that  by  agreement  serves  as  a 
medium  of  exchange  and  measure  of  value  in  trade.  The 
earliest  money  of  our  country  was  wampum,  beads,  pieces  of 
cloth,  corn,  cattle,  etc. 

Gold  and  Silver.— Gold  and  silver  have,  from  the  earliest 
times,  been  used  by  all  commercial  nations  as  either  customary 
or  legalized  money. 

Functions  of  Money. — It  is  a  commodity — having  a  value 
of  its  own.  It  is  a  common  measure  of  values.  It  has  general 
exchangeability,  and  hence  is  a  general  medium  of  exchange. 

Bullion — Gold  or  silver  in  bars,  or  ingots,  uncoined. 

Kinds  of  Money  in  Use.— Gold  coins  of  $20,  $10,  $5  and  $2^; 
silver  coins  of  $i,  50  cents,  25  cents  and  10  cents;  nickel  5  cent 
coins;  cents;  United  States  notes  ("greenbacks").  Treasury 
notes;  United  States  gold  certificates,  issued  upon  deposits 
of  gold  coin;  United  States  silver  certificates,  issued  upon  de- 
posits of  silver  dollars;  United  States  currency  certificates, 
issued  on  deposits  of  United  States  notes,  to  National  banks 
only  (issue  now  suspended) ;  National  bank  notes  issued  by 
National  banks. 

Subsidiary  Coin. — Silver  coin  of  50  cents,  25  cents  and  10 
cents. 

Minor  Coin. — Nickel  5  cent  pieces  and  cents. 

Legal  Tender. — Lawful  money ;  money  which  may  be  of- 
fered in  payment  of  debts.  Gold  is  the  only  absolute  legal 
tender  in  the  United  States.  Silver  dollars,  greenbacks  and 
Treasury  notes,  and  fractional  silver  coins  in  amounts  of  $10  and 
less,  are  a  legal  tender,  except  where  otherwise  stipulated  in 
the  contract.  Gold  certificates,  silver  certificates,  currency  cer- 
tificates and  National  bank  notes  are  not  a  legal  tender,  but 
are  receivable  for  public  dues,  except  the  latter,  which  are  not 
receivable  for  custom.  Foreign  coins  are  not  legal  tender  in 
the  United  States. 

Sound  Money. — Standard  money  ;  no  depreciated  dollars. 

Fiat  Money. — The  doctrine  that  the  Government  can  make 


£82  MANY  A  LITTLE  MAKES  A  MICKLE. 

paper,  leather  or  any  other  material  into  money  by  simply 
putting  its  stamp  upon  it,  without  reference  to  its  redemption 
in  coin. 

Amount  in  Circulation.— From  a  report  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  the  following  interesting  items  are  taken: 
The  amount  of  money  in  circulation  in  our  country  in  1860 
was  $435,407,252;  in  1880  it  had  reached  $973,382,228;  in  1890, 
$1,429,251,270,  and  in  1896,  $1,506,434,966.  In  1860  the  circu- 
lation per  capita  was  $13.85;  in  1880,  $19.41;  in  1890,  $22.82,  and 
in  1896,  $21.10. 

The  Monetary  Question.— The  question  of  what  should  be 
the  medium  of  exchange  has  in  the  last  few  years  grown  into 
a  problem  of  such  magnitude  that  it  has  resulted  in  the  formation 
of  what  is  practically  a  political  party. 

MINTS. 

Definition. — A  mint  is  a  place  where  the  coin  of  a  country 
is  manufactured,  and  from  which  it  is  issued  by  sovereign  or 
public  authority. 

First  Mints.— The  first  United  States  mint  was  established 
at  Philadelphia  by  the  coinage  act  of  April  2,  1792.  The  first 
coinage  of  the  United  States  was  silver  half-dimes  and  copper 
cents.  The  first  building  erected  in  the  United  States  for  public 
use,  under  the  authority  of  the  Federal  Government,  was  a 
structure  for  the  United  States  mint.  This  was  a  plain  brick 
building  and  was  occupied  for  forty  years. 

Branches. — Branches  of  the  Philadelphia  mint  were  organ- 
ized at  New  Orleans,  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  and  Charlotte,  N.  C,  in 
1835;  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  a854,  and  at  Carson  City,  Nev., 
in  1870.  Those  at  Dahlonega  and  Charlotte  have  been  given 
up. 

Mint  Marks. —  These  are  letters  or  marks  on  the  coin 
designating  the  mint  at  which  it  was  struck,  as  "S"  for  San 
Francisco;  "C.  C."  for  Carson  City;  "O"  for  New  Orleans. 
The  coins  struck  at  the  parent  mint  in  Philadelphia  bear  no 
mint  mark. 

Assay  Offices.— These  are  places  where  coins  are  examined 
to  determine  their  economic  value.  Assay  offices  are  located 
at  Boise  City,  Idaho,  Charlotte,  N,  C.,  Helena,  Mont.,  New 
York  and  St.  Louis.  An  assayer  in  charge  is  appointed 
over  each  of  these  offices. 


ORDER  IS  HEAVEN' 3  FIRST  LAW.~  285 

PARLIAMENTARY    RULES. 


A  Complete  Set  of  Parliamentary  Rules  and  Usages  for 

Public  Meetings,  Political  Gatherings 

and  Debating  Societies. 

CONDUCTING  PUBLIC  MEETINGS. 

In  every  community  it  is  necessary  to  hold  public  meet- 
Ings  from  time  to  time,  and  in  order  to  expedite  the  pro- 
ceedings of  such  meetings,  as  well  as  to  settle  matters  of 
dispute,  it  is  necessary  that  rules  of  proceeding?  be  adopted. 
In  order  to  be  able  to  take  an  intelligent  int:rest  and  part 
in  such  meeting,  it  is  essential  that  young  and  old  be  informed 
on  the  most  important  points  of  parliamentary  rules. 

Ladies. — This  does  not  include  men  only,  for  we  are  living 
in  a  time  when  women  are  called  upon  to  carry  on  a  public 
meeting  as  well  as  men.  Then,  again,  women  are  taking  a 
much  more  active  part  in  public  affairs  than  formerly. 

The  following  suggestions,  together  with  the  three  hundred 
points  of  order,  if  carefully  followed,  will  be  very  helpful  in 
conducting  any  public  meeting. 

The  chairman  selected  should  be  a  man  of  maturity  and 
one  held  in  general  respect  and  confidence. 

Any  person  of  standing  may  call  the  meeting  to  order,  and 
put  the  motion  for  the  election  of  chairman. 

Upon  taking  the  chair,  a  few  remarks  by  the  chairman 
are  generally  expected. 

The  chairman  should  have  a  clear  voice,  positiveness  of 
manner  and  self  possession. 

When  a  motion  is  presented  to  the  meeting  and  seconded, 
it  should  be  stated  or  read  by  the  secretary  or  chairman,  and 
remarks  called  for. 

After  debate,  the  motion  should  be  put  to  the  meeting, 
the  chairman  announcing  the  result 

No  speaker  should  be  interrupted  unless  his  remarks  are 
out  01  order,  when  he  should  be  called  to  order  by  the  chair. 
If  the  chairman  fails  to  call  him  to  order  any  member  may 
do  so. 

19  Standard. 


284        BETTER  TO  DESERVE  SUCCESS  THAN  TO  BAVS  IT, 

Any  violation  of  rules  must  be  recognized  and  checked  by 
the  presiding  officer,  or  demoralization  must  result. 

When  a  member  is  called  to  order  by  the  president,  he 
should  take  his  seat,  unless  he  is  permitted  to  explain. 

It  is  the  privilege  of  any  member  to  call  for  the  yeas  and 
nays  and  thus  put  on  record  the  vote  of  every  member. 

OVER  THREE  HUNDRED  POINTS  OF  ORDER. 

Trace  up  each  reference  at  the  right,  and  then  look  up  the 
corresponding  numbers  on  opposite  page,  which  -will  give  the  full 
information  desired. 

Forms  in  which  questions  may  be  put 28, 29,  30,  81,  82 

Questions  of  precedence  of  questions 19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25 

Motion  to  withdraw  a  motion 1,5,  7,   9, 13, 14, 16 

To  take  up  a  question  out  of  its  proper  order , 1,5,  7,    9, 12, 14, 16 

Motion  to  take  from  the  table. 1,5,7,11,12,14,16 

Motion  to  suspend  the  rules 3,  5,  8, 10, 13, 14, 16 

To  substitute  in  the  nature  of  an  amendment 8, 5,  8,   9,  13,  14, 16 

Motion  to  make  subject  a  special  order 3, 5,  8,   9, 12, 14,  16 

Question  whether  subject  shall  be  discussed 1,  5,  7,   9, 12, 15, 17 

Motion  that  committee  do  not  rise  — ' 1,5,7, 10,13, 14,  16 

Motion  to  refer  a  question 3,6,8,10,13,14,16 

Motion  to  reconsider  an  undebatable  question 1, 5,  7, 10, 13, 14, 18 

Motion  to  reconsider  a  debatable  question 3, 6,  7, 10, 13, 14, 16 

Reading  papers. 1,5,7,   9,  13,14,16 

Questions  of  privilege 3,5,8,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Questions  touching  priority  of  business 1,5,8,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  for  previous  question 1,5,  7,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  to  postpone  indefinitely 3, 6,  7,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  to  postpone  to  a  definite  time 4, 5,  8,   9, 13,  14, 16 

Motion  for  the  orders  of  the  day 1,5,7,   9,13,15,17 

Objection  to  consideration  of  question 1, 5,  7,   9, 12, 15, 17 

Motion  tolimit  debate  on  question 1,5,  8,   9, 12, 14, 16 

Motion  to  lay  on  the  table 1,5,  7, 11, 13/14, 16 

Leave  to  continue  speaking  after  indecorum 1, 5,  7,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  to  extend  limits  of  debate  on  question 1,5,8,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  to  commit 3,6,8,   9, 13, 14, 16 

Motion  to  close  debate  on  question 1,5,8,   9,12,14,16 

Call  to  order . 1,5,7,   9,13,15,17 

Motion  to  appeal  from  Speaker's  decision  generally 8, 5,  7,   9,  13, 14, 17 

Motion  to  appeal  from  Speaker's  decision  re  indecorum  —  1,  5,  8,   9, 13, 14, 17 

Motion  to  amend  the  rules 8,5,8,   9, 12, 14,  16 

Motion  to  amend  an  amendment 3,  5,  7,   9, 18,  14, 16 

Motion  to  amend 8,  5,  8,   9, 18, 14, 16 

Motion  to  determine  time  to  which  to  adjourn 2,  5,  8,   9, 13, 14,  16 

Motion  to  adjourn 1,5,7,10,  13, 14, 16 

1.  Question  undebatable;  sometimes  remarks  tacitly  allowed. 

2.  Undebatable  if  another  question  is  before  the  assembly-, 

3.  Debatable  question. 

4.  Limited  debate  only  on  propriety  of  postponement. 
6.  Does  not  allow  reference  to  main  question. 

6.  Opens  the  main  question  to  debate. 

7.  Cannot  be  amended. 

8.  May  be  amended. 


FAITHFUL  IN  LEAST,  FAITHFUL  IN  MUCH.  285 

9.    Can  be  reconsidered. 
10.    Cannot  be  reconsidered. 
13.    An  affirmative  vote  on  this  question  cannot  be  reconsidered. 

12.  Requires  two-thirds  vote,  unless  special  rules  have  been  enacted. 

13.  Simple  majority  suffices  to  determine  the  question. 

14.  Motion  must  be  seconded. 

15.  Does  not   require  to  be  seconded. 

16.  Not  in  order  when  another  has  the  floor. 

17.  Always  in  order  though  another  may  have  the  floor. 

18.  May  be  moved  and  entered  on  the  record  when  another  has  the 
floor,  but  the  business  then  before  the  assembly   may   not  be  put  aside. 
The  motion  must  be  made  by  one  who  voted  with  the  prevailing  side,  and 
on  the  same  day  the  original  vote  was  taken. 

19.  Fixing  the  time  to  which  an  adjournment  may  be  made;  ranks 
first. 

20.  To  adjourn  without  limitation;   second. 

21.  Motion  for  the  Orders  of  the  Day;  third. 

22.  Motion  to  lay  on  the  table;  fourth. 

23.  Motion  for  the  previous  question;  fifth. 

24.  Motion  to  postpone  definitely;  sixth. 

25.  Motion  to  commit;  seventh. 

26.  Motion    to   amend;    eighth. 

27.  Motion  to  postpone  indefinitely;  ninth. 

28.  On  motion  to  strike  out  words,  "Shall  the  words  stand  part  of  the 
motion?"  anless  a  majority  sustains  the  words  they  are  struck  out. 

29.  On  motion  for  previous  question  the  form  to  be  observed  is:  "Shall 
the  main  question  be  now  put?"    This,  if  carried,  ends  debate. 

30.  On   an  appeal  from  the  chair's   decision,    "Shall   the   decision  be 
sustained  as  the  ruling  of  the  house?"    The  chair  is  generally  sustained. 

31.  On  motion  for  Orders  of  the  Day.    "Will  the  house  now  proceed 
to  the  Orders  of  the  Day?"    This,  if  carried,  supersedes  intervening  mo- 
tions. 

32.  When  an  objection  is  raised  to  considering  question,   "Shall  the 
Question  be  considered?"  objection  may  Tbe  made  by  any  member  before 
debate  has  commenced,  but  not  subsequently. 

POINTS  WORTH  REMEMBERING. 

Except  in  vote  by  ballot,  the  chairman  can  vote  only  when 
the  meeting  is  equally  divided,  or  when  his  vote  given  to  the 
minority  would  make  the  division  equal. 

That  speaker  is  listened  to  with  attention  who  speaks  only 
when  he  has  something  to  say. 

Speak  on  the  question  before  the  meeting.  Make  your  point 
and  stop  when  you  have  made  it. 

Any  ruling  by  the  chairman  may  be  appealed  from  and 
decided  by  a  vote  of  the  house. 

When  several  persons  rise  and  claim  the  chairman's  atten- 
tion at  the  same  time,  preference  should  be  given  to  the  one 
who  first  caught  the  chairman's  eye. 

The  chairman  is  the  servant  and  not  the  master  of  the 
house.  When  a  point  of  order  is  raised  the  person  speaking 
should  cease  and  wait  the  decision  of  the  chair. 

To  get  rid  of  an  undesirable  chairman  the  house  may  refuse  to 
do  any  business  or  may  adjourn. 


286  MAKE  EVERY  ARTICLE  RELIABLE, 

COUNTERFEITING,  GAMBLING,  BETTING  AND 
SWINDLING. 


HOW  TO  DETECT  COUNTERFEIT  HONEY. 

1.  A  Counterfeit  is  a  fac-simile  of  the  genuine,  or  mad«i 
as  nearly  like  it  as  possible.    A  spurious  note  is  different  in  de- 
sign from  the  genuine  and  is  calculated  to  pass  where  the  genu- 
ine is  not  much  known.    An  altered  note  is  one  altered  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  denomination.    Piecing  is  done  by  making  ten 
notes  or  bills  out  of  nine,  by  cutting  a  counterfeit  note  into  ten 
pieces. 

2.  There  are  two  silk  threads  through  the  bill  lengthwise^ 
one  near  the  top  and  ore  near  the  bottom.     By  holding  it  up 
to  the  light  you  can  easily  see  the  threads  in  each  bill.    This 
is  one  of  the  best  tests  of  a  genuine  bill,  because  no  counter- 
feiter can  put  in  the  silk  threads  and  imitate  the  genuine  bill 
in  that  respect* 

3.  See  that  the  portraits  are  good,  and  notice  that  the  pupil 
and  the  white  of  the  eye  show  distinctly.    Then  see  that  the 
sky  and  water  are  clearly  transparent.       In   counterfeit  notes 
the  pictures   are  always  poor  and  the  sky,   water,   etc.,   look 
scratchy  and  irregular. 

4.  The  ink  used  in  genuine  notes  is  very  difficult  to  imitate. 
It  gives  a  clear,  glossy  expression,  while  counterfeiter's  ink  looks 
dull,  smutty  and  muddy. 

5.  The  paper  of  a  counterfeit  is  always  of  an  inferior  quality, 
while  the  government  has  the  best  and  most  perfect  systerr 
of  manufacturing  the  highest  grade  of  paper. 

6.  Examine  the  medallion   rulings  and  circular  ornaments 
around  the  figures  with  a  microscope,  and  see  if  they  are  regular 
and  in  all  parts  mathematically  exact.    This  is  done  by  a  ma- 
chine that  costs  from  $75,000  to  $150,000,  and  consequently  is 

*OFFICE  OF  TREASURY,  U.  S.,  Oct.  5, 1897, 

The  present  issue  of  notes  has  distinctive  fibres  distributed  across  and 
near  the  ends  of  the  notes.  Former  issues  had  fine  silk  threads  running; 
tocjrthwise  of  the  paper  near  the  top  ^nd  the  bottom  of  the  notes. 

ELLIS  H    ROBERTS.  Treasurer,  U,  8, 


TRUST  IN  GOD  AND  KEEP   TOUR  POWDER  DRY.          287 

beyond  the  reach  of  counterfeiters.  Engravings  by  hand  can 
never  imitate  this  work.  These  medallion  \,nes,  or  rulings,  can 
i>e  traced  by  means  of  a  line  through  the  figures,  never  breaking 
or  losing  itself  in  another  line.  In  counterfeit  it  is  always 
broken  and  irregular. 

7.  Notes  are  altered  by  raising  the  denomination  by  taking 
out  the  genuine  with  acid  and  printing  in  a  higher  denomination 
with  a  counterfeit  die.     They  can  be  easily  detected  by  the  stain 
which  the  acid  produces  with  which  the  figures  are  taken  out. 

8.  Never  Be  in  a  Hurry  in  Taking  Money.— Look  at  it 
carefully,  and  never  hand  a  bill  of  large  denomination  to  a  show- 
man, especially  at  the  tent  of  these  traveling  circuses  or  at  the 
door  of  cheap  theaters.    If  they  have  counterfeit  money  they  will 
not  hesitate  to  mix  it  up  in  the  change  they  return  to  you. 

GAMBLING  AND  BETTING. 

1.  Every   Device  that  suddenly  changes  money  or  prop- 
erty from  one  person  to  another  without  leaving  an  equivalent 
produces  individual  embarrassment — often  extreme  misery.  More 
pernicious  is  that  plan,  if  it  changes  property  and  money  from 
the  hands  of  the  many  to  the  few. 

2.  Inflicts  Injury. — Gambling  does  this,  and  often  inflicts 
a  still  greater  injury,  by  poisoning  its  victims  with  vice  that 
eventually   leads   to   crimes   of  the   darkest   hue.     Usually,    the 
money  basely  filched  from  its  victims  is  the  smallest  part  of 
the  injury  inflicted.     It  almost  inevitably  leads  to  intemperance. 
Every  species  of  offense    on  the  black  catalogue  of  crime    may 
be  traced  to  the  gambling  table,  as  the  entering  wedge  to  its 
perpetration. 

3.  Innocent  Amusement. — To  the  fashionable  of  our  coun- 
try, who  play  cards  and  other  games  as  an   innocent  amuse- 
ment,  we   may   trace   the   most   aggravated    injuries    resulting 
from  gambling.     It  is  there  that  young  men   of  talent,   edu- 
cation and  wealth,  take  the  degree  of  entered  apprentice.     The 
example  of  men  in  high  life,  men  in  public  stations  and  respon- 
sible offices,  has  a  powerful  and  corrupting  influence  on  society, 
and  does  much  to  increase  the  evil,  and  forward,   as  well  as 
sanction,  the  high-handed  robbery  of  finely  dressed  blacklegs. 
The  gambling  hells  in  our  cities,  tolerated  and  patronized,  are  a 


288  THE  TRUTH  WILL  OUT, 

disgrace  to  a  nation  bearing  a  Christian  name,  and  would  be 
banished  from  a  Pagan  community. 

4.  Variety  of  Forms. — Gambling  assumes  a  great  variety 
01  forms,  from  the  flipping  of  a  cent  in  the  bar  room  for  a 
glass  \,i    whiskey   up   to   the    splendidly    furnished   faro    bank 
room,  where  men  are  occasionally  swindled  to  the  tune  of  "ten 
thousand  a  year,"  and  sometimes  a  much  larger  amount.     In 
addition  to  these  varieties,  we  have  legalized  lotteries  and  fancy 
stock  brokers,  and  among  those  who  manage  them    professors 
of  religion  are  not  unfrequently  found. 

5.  Gaming. — Gaming  cowers   in   darkness,  and  often  blots 
out  all  the  nobler  powers  of  the  heart,  paralyzes  its  sensibilities 
to  human  woe,  severs  the  sacred  ties  that  bind  man  to  man> 
to  woman,  to  family,  to  community,  to  morals,  to  religion,  to 
social   order,    and   to   country.     It   transforms   men   to   brutes, 
desperadoes,  maniacs,  misanthropists,  and  strips  human  nature 
of  all  its  native  dignity.     The  gamester  forfeits  the  happiness  of 
this  life,  and  endures  the  penalties  of  sin  in  both  worlds. 

6.  Betting   on  the  Races. — Look  for  greatness  and  good- 
ness on  the  race  track.     Where  is  it  to  be  found?     The  men 
who  have  paved  their  way  to  the  front  in  achieving  success  have 
never  been  the  companions  of  jockies  or  gamblers.     Those  who 
follow  the  races  will  live  to  seriously  regret  their  folly. 

7.  Shun  the  Monster.— Let  me  entreat  all    to    shun  the 
monster,  under  all    his    borrowed    and  deceptive    forms.     Re- 
membtr  that  gambling  for  amusement  is  the  wicket  gate  into 
the  labyrinth  and  when  once  in,  you  may  find  it  difficult  to  get 
out.     Ruin  is  marked  in  blazing  capitals  over  the  door  of  the 
gambler;  his  hell  is  the  vestibule  to  that  eternal  hell  where  the 
worm  dieth  not  and  the  fire  is  not  quenched. 

8.  Terrible  Consequences. — The   youth   should  not   forget 
that  if  he  is  onc"e  taken  in  the  coils  of  this  vice,  the  hope  of 
extricating  himself,   or  of   realizing   his  visions   of   wealth   and 
happiness,  is   exceedingly  faint.     He  has  no  rational    grounds 
to  expect  that  he  can  escape  the  terrible  consequences  that  are 
inseparably  connected  with  sin.     If  he  does  not  become  bankrupt 
in  property  he  is  sure  to  become  so  ip  character  and  in  moral 
principle;  he  becomes  a  debauched,  debased,  friendless  vagabond. 


DISHONEST  MEN  CONCEAL  THEIR  FAULTS. 


289 


SWINDLING  SCHEMES. 
Six  Practical  Rules  to  Remember. 

1.  Beware  of  the  Swindler.— He  is  everywhere  and  in  all 
kinds  of  business. 

2.  Never  sign  a  paper  of  any  kind  for  a  stranger.     Make 
every  man  unknown  f>  you,  who  desires  to  do  business  with 
you,  prove  .o  you,  beyond  a  doubt,  that  his  business  is  legitimate 
and  that  he  acts  within  the  limits  of  his  authority. 

3.  Never  try  to  beat  a  man  at  his  own  game.     The  sharpers 
at  every  fair  and  circus  and  other  places  where  people  in  large 
numbers  congregate    will  always   offer  you   great  inducements 
with   cards,   dice,   wheels  of  fortune,   etc.     They  will  urge  you 
to  bet  on  a  certain  card  or  number  and  show  you  how  one  dollar 
could   have  won   $20.00   or   $100.00;   but   when   you   bet   your 
money,  you  never  win. 

4.  Never  bet  or  gamble.     In  trying  to   get   something  for 
nothing,  we  too  often  find  ourselves  the  victims  of  confidence 
and  swindling  schemes.     Honesty  is  the  best  policy,  always  has 
been  and  always  will  be. 

5.  Never  try  to  get  the  best  of  a  sharper  by  buying  a  box, 
watch-case,  or  anything  else  in  which  you  have  seen  hin*  put  a 
$10  or  $20  bill. 

d  Deal  with  responsible  parties,  or  see  that  the  arti^k  »s 
worth  the  price  before  paying  for  it,  and  you  will  never  suffer 
the  mortification  of  being  swindled. 


HONEST  MEN  KNOW  AND  CONFESS  THEM. 


THE  CARD  SWINDLER'S  TRICKS. 
How  People  Lose  Their  Hard-Earned  Money. 

1.  The   Three-Card  Monte  Trick.— The  three-card  monte 
game  is,  of  course,  the  old  one  and  the  best  one  known  to  get  the 
greenhorn's  money. 

2.  The  successful  three-card  monte  player  generally  appears 
in  the  disguise  of  a  farmer  or  cattle  man,   he  speaks  in  the 
farmer's  tone  and  acts  in  the  farmer's  manner  and  is  dressed  in 
the  farmer's   style.     He  appears  ignorant  and  manifests   more 
or  less  intoxication.     Generally  has  his  pockets  full  of  rolls  of 
money. 

3.  The  Game. — The    cards    are  three  in    number  and  are 
made  especially  stiff  so  that  they  will  hold  a  corner  when  turned. 

4.  The  Capper. — Every   monte    player   has  a    capper.    A 
capper   is  a   green,   ignorant   looking  man,    who  always   plays 
the  game  and  wins  a  great  deal  of  money.  This  is  done  to  induce 
others  to  play  the  game.     The  capper  and  gamblers  are  general- 
ly in  partnership. 

5.  The  first  turn  the  capper  wins.     Then  he  turns  the  corner 
of  a  card  when  the  player  is  not  looking,  and  his  friend  thinking 
he  has  a  sure  thing  bets  on  the  card.     In  manipulating  them  the 
player  flattens  that  card,  with  some  sleight-of-hand  movement, 
and  turns  the  corner  of  another.     The  betting  man  of  course 
picks  up  the  wrong  card  and  loses  his  money. 

6.  The  capper  sometimes  marks  the  card  by  putting  a  wet 
Spot  on  it,  and  the  man  who  bets  on  that  card  finds  that  the  spot 


GAMBLING  IS  AS  FASCINATING  A8  A  RATTLESNAKE.       291 

from  the  right  card  has  been  wiped  off  and  the  spot  put  on 
an  )ther  card  by  the  same  sort  of  sleight-of-hand  performance. 

7.  There  are  some  three-card  monte  players  that  are  such 
experts  at  the  game  that  the  capper  will  tear  off  the  corner  of 
a  card,  and  the  innocent  farmer  betting  on  the  card  thus  marked 
finds  it  has  been  turned  under  the  corner  of  another  card  and  the 
corner  of  the  right  card  is  covered  up  with  the  corner  of  another 
card. 

8.  Beware. — The  man  who  is  fooling  with  cards  and  offer- 
ing   to    bet    is    not  fooling    away  his  money.    You  will  never 
win  anything  in  that  way.    Do  not  try  to  get  something  for 
nothing  and  think  you  have  a  snap;  for  if  you  play  the  game 
with  some  one  else  you  will  soon  become  a  wiser  but  a  pooler 
man. 

THE  PATENT  FENCE  SWINDLE. 

It  5s  an  old  but  true  maxim,  that  "experience  is  an  expensive 
teacher,"  but  many  will  learn  in  no  other  way.  The  wire  and 
picket  fence  combination  is  a  good  article  for  fencing  gardens* 
etc.,  too  expensive,  hov/ever,  for  general  use. 

An  agent,  very  nicely  dressed,  meets  you  in  your  garden  or 
field,  and  shows  you  extensive  engravings  of  the  patent  combina- 
tion fence.  He  warrants  the  fence  to  be  just  as  represented, 
44  pickets  to  the  rod,  well  painted,  firmly  fastened  by  six  gal- 
vanized steel  wires,  etc.  All  of  this  he  agrees  to  furnish  at  the 
low  price  of  20  cents  per  rod. 

After  convincing  you  of  the  cheapness  of  the  fence,  which  is 
easily  done,  he  offers  you  a  special  discount  to  take  the  agency 
for  your  township,  for  which  you  are  to  advance  your  credit  to 
the  amount  of  $128.  After  securing  your  note  he  sends  you  a 
sample  of  the  fence.  But  you  soon  find  that  the  fence  cannot  be 
made  for  any  such  price  per  rod,  and  you  are  out  of  the  amount 
of  credit  advanced.  The  note  has  been  sold,  and  after  passing 
into  the  hands  of  an  innocent  party  it  can  be  collected. 

1.  Caution.— The    fence    is    a    Patent    Right  Fraud.    Any 
man  who  asks  you  to  sign  a  note  to  secure  an  agency  is  a 
Swindler,  or  ij  acting  the  part  of  a  rascal  for  some  one  else. 

2.  If  the  fence  was  not  a  fraud,  our  hardware  merchant! 
Would  long  ago  have  investigated  it,  and  if  a  good  thing,  would 


292 


THROW  DICE,  BUT  THROW   THE?f  AWAY 


have  it  in  stock.    It  must  be  a  poor  concern  that  necessitates 
such  an  unbusinesslike  introduction. 

3.  Whoever  deals  with  an  agent  deals  with  him  at  his  own 
risk,  for  an  agency  can  be  revoked  at  any  time. 

4.  Most  of  those  swindling  contracts  are  for  no  specified 
time  and  consequently  the  agency  can  be  terminated  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  swindler. 

5.  Never   sign   a  paper  for  an  agent  without   satisfactory 
knowledge  of  his  character,  or  of  his  business. 


THE  FARn-flACHINERY  SWINDLE. 

The  latest  scheme  for  fleecing  unwary  farmers  is  as  follow: 
A  plausible,  well-dressed  fellow  drives  up  to  the  farmer's  house 
with  two  or  three  different  kinds  of  farm-machinery,  and  asks 
permission  to  store  his  machines  in  the  farmer's  barn,  and  the 
accommodating  farmer  usually  gives  permission. 

After  the  machines  are  stored  away,  the  sharper  remarks 
that  they  are  the  last  of  a  large  lot  that  he  has  been  selling 
through  the  country,  and  that  he  is  anxious  to  close  out  the  con- 
signment, ana  if  the  farmer  will  sell  two  or  mere  of  the  machines 
while  they  are  stored  in  the  barn,  he  shall  have  50  per  cent,  com- 
mission on  the  sale.  The  offer  is  a  tempting  one,  and  the  farmer 
usually  accepts.  He  is  then  requested,  merely  as  a  business 
form,  to  affix  his  signature  to  a  document,  specifying  the  terms 
on  which  the  machines  are  stored  on  the  premises.  The  farmer 
signs  a  lengthy  printed  document  without  reading  it,  or  perhaps 
if  read  without  understanding  it.  At  the  expiration  of  thirty 
dvys  ue  is  astounded  by  finding  himself  called  upon  by  another 


A  FOOL  AND  HIS  MONEY  ARE  SOON  PARTED.  293 

.stranger  to  pay  an  exorbitant  price  for  the  machines  stored  in 
his  barn.  When  the  farmer  objects,  he  is  shown  his  signa- 
ture attached  to  an  agreement,  which  agreement,  his  lawyer  tells 
him,  is  drawn  in  good  legal  form. 

The  victims  of  this  game  usually  lose  from  $200  to  $500. 

ALWAYS  READ  BEFORE  SIGNING. 

Among  the  pithy  sayings  of  a  well-known  German  philoso- 
pher and  reader  occurs  the  following:  "Sign  no  paper  without 
reading  it."  In  these  days  of  education,  enlightenment  and 
progress,  such  a  caution  would  hardly  seem  necessary  to  any 
person  in  the  full  possession  of  his  faculties;  yet  it  is  astonishing 
how  many  people  there  are,  including  good  business  men,  who 
attach  their  signatures  to  papers  or  documents  whose  contents 
may  have  a  serious  bearing  upon  themselves  or  their  affairs,  with 
scarcely  a  glance  at  their  contents.  Carelessness  in  failing  to 
acquaint  themselves  with  the  contents  of  a  paper  before  signing  it 
has  worked  incalculable  harm  to  thousands  of  well  intentioned 
people.  It  is  a  good  thing,  therefore,  to  bear  in  mind  contin- 
uously the  above  quotation,  particularly  with  respect  to  such 
papers  as  express  or  imply  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  contract 
or  a  legal  obligation. 

THE  ENVELOPE  SWINDLE. 

1,'  The  envelopes  filling  an  ordinary  box  each  have  slips  in- 
closed marked  with  numbers  corresponding  with  numbers  in 
a  show  case.  There  are  generally  numerous  cappers  around  a 
game  of  this  kind  who  play  and  win  large  prizes. 

2.  Many  of  the  envelopes  contain  a  double  ticket  and  the 
man  who  plays  the  game  generally  opens  the  envelopes  himself 
when  there  is  nothing  at  stake  and  shows  you  the  winning  num- 
ber, but  when  you  draw  it  he  will  show  you  the  other  slip  thaf 
contains  the  other  number  and  you  are  the  loser. 

3.  Many  of  these  players  give  a  lot  of  brass  or  silver  washed 
prizes  that  are  worth  about  two  or  three  cents  apiece. 

4.  If  you  desire  to  make  money,  remember  that  the  man 
who  plays  games  does  not  go  around  the  country  giving  away 
money,  but  they  are  generally  the  sharpest  and  shrewdest  of 
gamblers,  and  if  you  desire  to  be  safe  have  nothing  to  do  with 
them,  and  remember,  "that  an  honest  man  never  gambles.'1 


294 


^JV  I.D.L.&  BRAIN  BREEDS  IDLE  THOUGHTS. 


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PERSEVERANCE  CONQUERS  ALL  THINGS,  295 

COUNTERFEIT  MONEY  SWINDLE. 

This  scheme  has  long  been  practiced  in  different  parts  of  tht? 
country,  yet  the  victims  are  numerous,  hundreds  being  adde<J 
annually  to  the  list. 

It  is  simply  a  shrewd  system  of  black-mailing,  and  worked  as 
follows:  The  swindlers  or  black-mailers  (as  they  can  more 
properly  be  called)  get  together,  make  up  plausible  circulars, 
and  secure  advertisements  in  local  newspapers  in  the  territory 
which  they  intend  to  work  up.  The  "gang"  has  a  number  of 
schemes,  but  the  favorite  one  is  to  send  some  person,  who  has 
answered  their  circulars,  a  genuine  new  bill,  and  to  get  him  on 
pretense  to  see  if  it  is  good.  As  the  bill  is  genuine  there  is  no 
difficulty  in  passing  it.  The  dupe  is  then  informed  that  he  will 
be  supplied  with  any  amount  of  similar  good  money  at  a  trifling 
cost. 

If  the  man  bites  the  tempting  bait  placed  before  hjm,  he  is 
made  to  sign  a  document  which  he  is  told  admits  him  to  mem- 
bership in  a  secret  society  known  as  the  Y.  F.  A.  R.,  and  the 
money  is  to  come  in  a  few  days.  Instead,  however,  a  man 
makes  his  appearance  who  represents  himself  as  a  United  States 
officer;  he  shows  up  the  document  signed  by  the  poor  fellow, 
which  practically  proves  to  be  a  confession  of  circulating  coun- 
terfeit money,  and  calls  attention  to  the  bill  which  he  passed. 

The  victim  is  told  that  he  must  go  to  Washington  and  be 
tried  by  a  United  States  Court,  and  the  penalty  for  making  and 
passing  counterfeit  money  is  also  read.  He  is  cleverly  told  the 
long  delay  at  heavy  cost  and  the  sure  penalty. 

When  the  victim  is  sufficiently  wrought  up,  the  officer  offers 
to  compromise  for  all  the  way  from  $200  to  $2,000.  The  money 
is  paid  or  secured,  the  document  torn  up  and  the  dupe  released. 

Note. — A  man  who  is  caught  in  a  swindling  scheme  of  this 
kind  is  utterly  helpless  and  at  the  mercy  of  his  captors.  He  can 
not  go  to  officers  and  make  complaint  against  the  rascals  with- 
out exposing  himself,  because  he  never  would  have  been  caught 
in  the  trap  had  he  not  shown  a  willingness  to  handle  and  pass 
counterfeit  money,  and  consequently  is  as  guilty  as  the  swindler 
in  the  eyes  of  the  law. 

BEWARE   OF  STRANGERS  WHO   OFFER  YOU  GREAT 
INDUCEMENTS.     BEWARE!   BEWARE!!   BEWARE!!! 


SPARE  MOMENTS  ARE  THE  GOLD  DUST  OF  TIME. 


s 


A  SWINDLER  SECURING  THE  SIGNATURE  OF  HIS  VICTIM, 

THE  BARB-WIRE  SWINDLE. 

The  "Wire  Fence  Man"  is  a  new  swindler  working  the  farm- 
ers. The  scheme  is  a  shrewd  one  and  is  executed  as  follows:  A 
nicely  dressed  man,  very  pleasant  in  his  manner,  meets  the 
.farmer  in  his  field  or  at  his  home,  and  desires  the  privilege  of 
exhibiting  his  wire  fence  stretcher  machine,  for  which  privilege 
he  will  build  the  farmer  thirty  or  forty  rods  of  good  fence  for 
exhibition.  All  the  agent  asks  is  board  while  he  is  at  work  on 
the  fence,  with  the  understanding  that  the  farmer  is  to  go  after 
the  machine  at  the  nearest  depot  and  pay  the  charges,  not  to 
exceed  $3  for  the  fence,  all  set  up  where  he  wants  it.  In  order 
to  have  everything  understood,  and  as  a  warrant  of  the  farmer's 
good  intentions,  he  requires  him  to  sign  a  written  order  on  a 
postal  card,  which  he  mails  (as  he  says)  to  his  partner,  which 
proves  to  be  a  written  contract  for  the  machine,  price  $200 
(worth  less  than  $25).  After  the  machine  comes,  a  new  man 
turns  up  with  the  postal  order  for  the  machine,  and  requires  the 
payment  of  $200  as  per  agreement  on  the  card.  He  claims  to 
be  an  attorney  for  the  company  and  threatens  to  sue  in  the 
hichect  courts  until  he  secures  the  payment  of  the  order. 


WORK  AND   VOTE  AS   YOU  TALK  AND  PRAT.  297 

When  will  people  begin  to  study  the  "Safe  Methods  of  Busi- 
ness'' and  learn  that  it  is  not  safe  to  sign  a  paper  for  a  stranger? 


THE  LIGHTNING-ROD  SWINDLE. 


Contract. 

Naperville,  July  5,  1901. 

Mr.  F.  J.   Bechtold,   please   erect  at   your  earliest  convenience 
your  lightning  rods  on  my  House  according  to  your  rules,  of  which 

said  House  I  am  the  owner,  for  which  I  agree  to  pay  you  

cenU  per  foot  and  $3.00  for  each  point,  $4.00  each  for  vanes,  $5.00  each 
for  arrows,  $1.50  each  for  balls,  and  $2.00  for  braces,  cash,  when  com- 
pleted, or  a  note  due  on  the  first  day  of  January  next,  1898. 

F.  Hauiwirth. 


1.  In  the  blank  for  cents ,  the  canvasser  or  agent  puts 

in  some  single  figure,  say  7,  that  being  understood  to  be  the 
regular   price   per   foot,   but   after   the   contract   is   signed,   the 
agent  at  his  leisure  quietly  inserts  a  <>  before  the  7,  or  some 
other  figure,  making  the  amount  67  cents  per  foot  instead  of  7 
cents,  as  signed  and  agreed  upon. 

2.  A  swindling  note  is  generally  obtained,  and  the  contract 
is  kept  in  the  background;  but  when  the  collector  comes  along 
and  presents  the  note  backed  by  the  contract  in  plain  figures, 
the  farmer  sees  that  he  himself  has  been  struck  by  lightning 
•while  trying  to  protect  his  house. 

3.  The  note  is  generally  in  the  hands  of  an  innocent  party, 
and  according  to  law  may  be  collected. 

4.  The  agent  canvassing  the  victim  generally  promises  that 
the  rodding  of  the  house  shall  not  cost  over  $28.00  or  $35.00. 
But  that  man,  however,  never  appears  on  the  scene  again. 

5.  Never   deal    with   irresponsible   persons.     If   you    desire 
rods,  employ  your  hardware  merchants;  or  if  you  desire  anything 
in   the   machinery  line,    patronize   honest  and   trusted   dealers, 
and  take  no  chances  of  "being  taken  in." 


293     COUNT  THE  DA  Y  LOST  WHOSE  LO  W  DESCENDING  SU.V 


DON'T  1EY  TO  GET  SOMETHING  FOE  NOTHING. 


THE  CHEAP  JEWELRY  SWINDLE. 

Experience  has  proven  again  and  again  that  there  is  nothing 
gained  BY  TRYING  TO  BEAT  A  MAN  AT  HIS  OWN 
GAME  and  succeed  in  getting  something  for  nothing. 

The  auctioneer  starts  out,  after  getting  a  crowd  about  him, 
by  giving  back  to  the  purchasers  more  money  than  they  paid 
for  the  article,  but  this  does  not  generally  last  long.  Higher 
priced  articles  are  soon  put  up,  such  as  watches,  etc.,  and  the 
price  raised  from  50  cts.,  or  $1.00  to  $10.00  or  $20.00.  The  pur- 
chaser sees  the  seller  stick  a  $20.00  bill  or  a  $50.00  bill  into  the 
watch  and  close  it  up,  and  so  sure  are  the  spectators  that  they 
saw  the  money  go  into  the  watch  that  there  is  no  lack  of  pur- 
chasers. But  when  the  watch  is  purchased  and  opened  it  con- 
tains a  $1.00  bill  instead  of  a  $20.00,  and  the  purchaser  is  i 
wiser,  but  not  a  richer  man. 


VIEWS  FROM  THY  HAND  NO   WORTHY  ACTION  DONS. 


oJDookkeemnq, 
r    cJ 

HOW  TO  LEARN  BOOKKEEPING. 

1.  Mathematics. — Bookkeeping  is  purely  a  branch  of  mathe- 
matics, and  every  one  should  be  familiar  with  the  rules  and  prin- 
ciples of  common  arithmetic. 

2.  Ignorance. — It  is  lamentably  true  that  people  do  busi- 
ness all  thair  lives,  settle  accounts  and  transact  various  kinds- 
of  business,  and  never  know  anything  about  the  first  princi- 
ples of  bookkeeping.      They  settle  all  their  accounts  accord- 
ing to    somebody    else's    bookkeeping.     There    is    no     excuse 
for  the  younger  generation  to  be  ignorant   of  the   principles 
of  bookkeeping.    It  is  easily  acquired  and   may  be  self-taught 
if  a  young  man  or  woman  has  any  degree  of  perseverance. 

3.  How  to  Learn. — If  you  cannot  get  book-keeping  in  the 
common  or  public  school,  secure  some  primary  work  on  book- 
keeping and  devote   your   evenings  to  study,  and  you  will  be 
surprised  at  your  progress.    You  can  easily,  if  necessary,  secure 
the  assistance  of  some  one  that  is  familiar  with  the  subject 
But  this  will  be  scarcely  needed,  as  the  subject    of  bookkeep- 
iug  is  simple  as  well  as  interesting. 

4.  Necessity   for    Bookkeeping.— The     particular    neces- 
sity   for  bookkeeping    is    to    preserve    a    record    of    such    ex- 
changes as  would  otherwise  be  trusted  to  memory;  although 
its  ultimate  purpose  embraces  other  important  results.    Book- 
keeping is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  history  of  business; 
a  record  of  business  transactions. 

5.  A  Successful  Man. — A  man  who  is  successful  in  busi- 
ness invariably  keeps  a  correct  record  of  his  transactions.    He 
does  not  depend  upon  the  merchant  or  lumberman  with  whom 
he  deals,  but  he  has  all   his   own   records  correctly  kept  and 
by  that  means  proves  every  account  of  those  with  whom  he  deals. 
Keep  your  own  accounts;  do  your  own  figuring  and  never  trust 
to  the  accounts  or  figures  of  others.     It  is  the  only  sure  road  to 
success, 


300  STEADY  APPLICATION,  "  PEGGING  AT  IT." 

RULES  FOR  BOOK-KEEPING. 

i.  The  Law  of  Debit  and  Credit — The  first  thing  that  a 
student  must  learn  in  book-keeping  is  the  law  of  Debit  and 
Credit.  Debit  and  Credit  are  terms  used  to  express  the  relation 
which  exists  between  persons  or  commodities  that  enter  into  any 
business  transaction.  The  simplest  meaning  of  debit  is  to  charge, 
and  of  credit  to  trust. 

3.  Cash. — Cash  is  a  title  used  to  designate  money.  We 
include  under  it  currency,  bank  checks,  sight  drafts,  postal 
•orders,  etc. 

3.  Merchandise. — Merchandise  includes  all  goods  and  wares 
•dealt  in  by  the  concern  as  a  business,  and  which  are  in  store  or 
.stock. 

4.  Bills  Payable.— Bills    payable    are    our   notes    or   writ- 
ten obligations  which  others  hold,  for  which  we  are  to  pay  a 
certain  amount  when  due.     If  you  give  your  note  it  is  a  Bill 
Payable. 

5 .  Bills  Receivable.— Bills  receivable  are  other  persons'  notes 
or  written  obligations,  which  we  hold,  for  which  we  are  to  receive 
a  specified  sum  when  due. 

6.  Debit  and  Credit  Side.— When  anything  is  received  or 
bought,  it  is  always  placed  on  the  left  hand  or  debtor  side; 
when  money  is  paid  or  anything  sold,  the  amount  is  always 
placed  on  the  right  hand   or  credit   side   of  the  account.     If 
a  man  buys  goods  on  credit,  you  charge  him,  and  he  then  is 
a  debtor.    When  he  pays  the  amount,  he  then  is  credited  in  the 
books. 

7.  The  Day  Book.— The  Day  Book  affords  a  regular  daily 
history  of  the  business.      The    Day  Book    simply  states  what 
"has  been  done  and  is  called  in  law  the  Original  Book  of  Entry. 
The  form  of  the  Day  Book  is  simple  and  direct,   first  giving 
the  name  of  the  person  to  be  debited  or  credited  with  the  fact 
of  "Dr."  or  "Cr.,"  and  next,  the  detail  of  the  purchase,  sale  or 
payment,  with  the  final  extension  of  the  amount  in  the  proper 
Column.  •  ( . 

8.  The  Ledger.— The  Ledger  is  simply  a  classification  of 
accounts.    It  places  all  the  accounts  together  that  belong  under 
the  same  heading.    (See  Ledger.) 

9.  Posting.— The    student   will  first    copy    the    Day  Book 
with  much  care,  then  post  the  items  to  the  Ledger — indicating 


TOIL  AND  HOPE  IN  EARLY  LIFE.  301 

in  the  margin  of  the  Day  Book  the  page  or  number  of  the 
iccount  in  the  Ledger,  as  shown  in  the  written-up  set — next  con- 
struct a  Day  Book  and  Ledger  of  your  own  from  material  thu? 
selected,  and  you  will  soon  master  the  subject  of  bookkeeping. 

SYSTEMS. 

There  are  two  systems  of  bookkeeping.  Single  Entry  and 
Double  Entry. 

In  Single  Entry,  accounts  are  opened  only  with  individuals, 
the  books  used  being  the  Day  Book  and  the  Ledger. 

In  Double  Entry,  business  transactions  are  recorded  so  that 
each  entry  has  a  debit  and  a  credit  of  equal  amounts.  Here  ac- 
counts are  kept  with  both  persons  and  things. 

MODERN    BOOKKEEPING. 

With  the  increase  of  business  and  the  resulting  increase  of 
labor  in  keeping  books  the  tendency  in  recent  times  is  to 
simplify  and  to  make  practical  the  methods  of  keeping  accounts. 
Whatever  tends  to  save  labor  and  at  the  same  time  gives  the 
business  man  an  insight  into  his  financial  standing  is  accepted 
in  preference  to  the  old  methods.  What  concerns  the  business 
man  most  is  what  he  owes  others,  what  others  owe  him,  and 
what  he  possesses.  Modern  bookkeeping  varies  greatly  from 
the  old  systems.  The  immense  business  of  the  department  stores 
of  our  large  cities  has  tended  greatly  to  simplify  the  keeping 
of  accounts.  Since  every  line  of  business  has  its  own  peculiar 
features,  it  is  more  important  that  the  young  man  learn  the 
underlying  principles  of  good  bookkeeping,  and  then  these  can 
be  adapted  to  any  line  of  business.  There  should  constantly  be 
an  effort  to  use  labor-saving  methods,  at  the  same  time  facili- 
tating the  ascertaining  of  gains  and  losses  and  of  taking  bal- 
ances. 

LEGAL  POINTS  ON  BOOKKEEPING. 
Practical  Suggestions  for  Business  Men. 

1.  The  Day  Book,  or  other  books  of  original  entries,  is 
evidence  of  sale  and  delivery  of  goods,  and  work  done. 

2.  The   time  to   make   an   entry   against  the   purchaser   it 
the  goods  are  ready  for  delivery. 


302  EVERT  TUB  MUST  STAND  ON  ITS  OWN  BOTTOM. 

3.  Entries,  to  be  admissible  as  evidence,   should  be  made 
by  the  proper  person,  and  made  without  erasure,  alterations  or 
interlineation,s. 

4.  Mistakes  should  be  corrected  by  marking  the  wrong  entry 
void,  and  then  making  a  correct  entry,  or  if  there  is  sufficient 
room,  make  a  brief  explanation. 

5.  All  accounts  must  be  itemized,   and  no  general  charge 
can  be  considered  as  evidence  without  giving  the  items. 

6.  If  A.  guarantees  that  he  will  see  that  B.  will  pay  a  certain 
bill  of  goods,  then  the  goods  must  be  charged  to  A.  and  not  to 
B.,  but  if  A.  guarantees  the  account  of  B.,  if  the  account  is 
for  some  date  of  the  past,  then  such  a  guarantee  must  be  in 
writing. 

7.  To  collect  a  debt  on  the  evidence  of  book  account,  from  a 
person  in  a  distant  place,  a  copy  of  the  account  should  be  made 
out,  and  accompanied  with  an  affidavit,  setting  forth  that  the 
above   account   is   correctly   taken   from   the  book   of  original 
entries,  and  that  the  charges  were  made  at  or  about  the  time 
of  their  respective  dates,  that  the  goods  were  sold  and  delivered 
at  or  about  the  time  the  charges  were  made,  and  the  charges 
are  correct,  and  accounts  just,  and  that  the  person  named  is 
not  entitled  to  any  credits  not  mentioned  in  the  account.     This 
affidavit  should  be  sworn  to  before  a  magistrate,  commissioner 
or  notary  public,  and  it  will  save  the  trouble  of  producing  or 
sending  books. 

HOW  TO  DETECT  ERRORS  IN  A  TRIAL  BALANCE. 

No  rule  or  set  of  rules  can  be  given  for  the  certain  detection 
of  all  errors  in  a  Trial  Balance,  save  a  careful  review  of  the  entire 
work.  If  the  errors  are  few  the  following  rules  may  be  of 
service: 

If  the  error  be  exactly  $i,  $100,  $1,000,  etc.,  the  mistake 
is  very  likely  to  be  found  in  the  additions  either  in  the  Ledger 
accounts  or  in  the  Trial  Balance. 

2.  If  the  error  is  a  large  amount,  see  that  all  the  amounts 
have  been  entered  in  the  Trial  Balance. 

3.  If  an  amount  has  been  omitted  in  posting,  the  Trial  Bal- 
ance will  be  out  just  that  amount.    Look  for  the  amount  in  Jour- 
nal or  other  books. 


BONOR  AND  PROFIT  ARE  NOT  ALWAYS  IN  THR  SAME  SACK.    30$ 

4.  The  Cash  Balance  can  never  be  on  the  credit  side.     The 
balance  of  Bills  Receivable  should  never  be  on  the  credit  side, 
nor  the  balance  of  Bills  Payable  on  the  debit  side  of  the  ac- 
count. 

5.  If  tne  amount  has  been  posted   on  the  wrong   side   of 
the  Ledger  the  Trial  Balance  will  be  just  twice  that  amount  out 
of  balance.     Look  for  half  that  amount  through  the  books. 

6.  If  the  error  is  divisible  by  9,  it  is  very  likely  that  the 
mistake  was  made  by  a  transposition  of  figures  as,  345  posted 
453  makes  an  error  of  108,  which  is  divisible  by  9,  again  753 
posted  735  makes  an  error  of  18,  also  divisible  by  9.     Errors  ol 
transposition  are  the  most  difficult  to  find. 

7.  If  the  error  is  in  the  dollar  column  or  cents  column  only, 
the  columns  on  the  left  need  not  be  re-added. 

8.  If  the  above  rules  fail,  only  a  careful  review  of  the  entire 
work,  checking  each  entry,  will  determine  where  the  mistake  ha* 
been  made. 

TRANSACTIONS. 

This  Set  IB  Written  Up  In  the  Following  Pages. 

July  1. — Commenced  business  -with  the  following  resources:  Cash,  $1,000; 
Merchandise,  $500.— Total  investment,  $1,500. 

June  2.— Sold  A.  C.  Knox,  on  <#,  5  bbls.  Flour  @  $5.— Sold  Frank  Fisher  25 
Ibs.  Coffee,  @  20? ;  15  Ibs.  Oolong  Tea,  @  80?.  Received  cash  on  °jc $10— Paid 
for  drayage  on  merchandise  $5. 

July  8.— Bought  of  David  Spencer,  on  «fc,  50 bushels  Apples,  @  50? ;  100  bush- 
els  Potatoes,  @  $1.— Sold  D.  N.  Brown,  on  <#,  3  bbls.  Flour,  @  $5 ;  10  bushels- 
Apples,  @  75?.T-8old  A.  C.  Knox,  on  <#.  2  bbls.  Flour,  @  $5 ;  25  bushels  Potatoes. 
6  $1.25.  Received  cash  on  ^  $30.— Paid  for  postage  stamps,  $10. 

July  5.— Sold  G.  W.  Williams,  on  "£,  25  bushels  Potatoes,  @  $1.25 ;  20  bushelt 
Apples  @  75?. 

July  5.— Paid  David  Spencer  on  (1k  $50.— Received  of  A.  C.  Knox  on  ak  $10. 

July  6.— Bought  of  G.  N.  Hudson,  on  %  10  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $15.— Paid 
David  Bpcncer  on  qfe  $20. 

July  3.— Sold  A.  N.  Peters,  on  «fc,  5  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $18.— Sold  H.  C. 
Btockbridge,  on  <#,  10  Ibs.  Oolong  Tea,  @  80?;  10  bushels  Apples,  @  75?.-Re- 
ceived  cash  of  G.  W.  Williams  in  full  of  «*>,  $48.25.  Paid  for  help  around  thfc 
store  $12. 

July  9.— Sold  Chas.  E.  Henker  5  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $17.— Received  cash  on, 
same  $50.— Paid  David  Spencer  on  «t-  $20. 

July  lO.-Sold  A.  N.  Peters,  20  bushels  Potatoes,  @  $1.20,  on  <#.— Received 
of  H.  C,  Stockbridge,  cash  on  %  $10. 

July  11.— Sold  D.  N.  Brown,  on  «<•,  10  bushels  Apples  @  7(tf.  Sold  Frank 
Fisher  on  <#,  5  bushels  Potatoes  @  $1.20. 

July  12.— Received  of  A.  N.  Peters,  cash  on  «fc,  $100.  Received  of  D.  N. 
Jrown,  cash  on  %  $25. 

July  13.— Paid  G.  N.Hudson,  cash  in  full  of  «fc,  $150.— Received  of  D.  H. 
Brown  on  %  $5.00. 

July  15.— Inventory  :  Merchandise  on  hand,  $625. 


304  THERE  18  ALWAYS  WORK  FOR  SKILLED  HANDS. 

DAY  BOOK. 


July  1. 
Commenced  business  with  the  following  resources  : 
Cash                     $1000. 
Merchandise           500. 

$1500. 

(1) 

A.  C.  Knoxt  Dr. 
To  5  bblt.  Flour,  @  $5.00, 

25 

(2) 

Frank  Fisher,  Dr. 
To  25  Ibs.  Coffee,  @  20c,                                      #  5.00 
"15    "    Oolong  Tea,  @  80c.                               12.00 

Cr 

17 

(*) 

By  Cash  on  account 

10 

(5) 

David  Spencer,  Cr. 
By  50  bu.  Apples,  @  50c,                                  $  25.00 
*  100  "    Potatoes,  @  $1.00                              100.00 

125 

.. 

(4) 

D.  N.  Brown,  Dr. 
To  3  bbls.  Flour.  @  $5.00,                                   $15.00 
"  10  bush.  Apples,  ©  75c,                                     7.50 

22 

.-><> 

(1) 

A.  C.  Knox.  Dr. 
To  2  bbls.  Flour,  @  $5.00                                     $10.00 
"  25  bush.  Potatoes,  @  $1.25t                             31.25 

41 

25 

(1) 

By  cash  on  account 

30 

(5) 

G.  W.  Williams,  Dr. 
To  25  bu.  Potatoes.  @  $1.25,                               $31.25 
"20    "    Apples,(&75c,                                         15.00 

46 

25 

(5) 

David  Spencer,  Dr. 
.  To  Cash  paid  him  on  account 

50 

U) 

A.  C.  Knox,  Cr. 
By  Cash  on  account 

10 

(*) 

G.  N.  Hudson,  Cr. 
By  10  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $15.00. 

150 

TO  HIM  THAT  HA'IH  SHALL  BE  GIVEN. 

DAY  BOOK. 


(5) 

July  6. 
David  Spencer,  Dr. 
To  Cask  paid  on  account 

20 

(7) 

A.  N.  Peters,  Dr. 
To  5  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $  18.00, 

90 

« 

H.  C.  Stockbridge,  Dr. 
To  10  Ibs.  Oolong  Tea,  @  8oc%                              $8.00 
"   10  bush.  Apples^  @  75c,                                      7.50 

I 
15 

5O 

(5) 

0.  W.  Williams,  Or. 
By  Cash  in  full  of  account 

46 

2! 

(*) 

Chas.  E.  Henker,  Dr. 
To  5  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  @  $17.00, 

/"V 

85 

(9) 

By  Cash  on  above 

50 

(5) 

David  Spencer,  Dr. 
To  Cash  paid  on  account 

20 

(7) 

A.  N.  Peters,  Dr. 
To  20  bush.  Potatoes,  @  $1.20, 

24 

(«) 

H.  C.  Stockbridge,  Or. 
By  Cash  on  account 

10 

«) 

D.  N.  Brmtm,  Dr. 
To  10  bush.  Applet,  @  70c, 

7 

(a) 

Frank  Fisher,  Dr. 
To  5  bush.  Potatoes,  @  $130, 

6 

(7) 

A.  N.  Peters,  Or. 
By  Cash  on  account 

M 

100 

«) 

D.  JV.  Brown,  Or. 
By  Cash  on  account 

25 

(<?) 

G.  N.  Hudson,  Dr. 
To  Cash  in  full  of  account 

150 

to 

D.  N.  Brown,  Or. 
By  Cash  on  account 

5 

306 


"THERE  ARE  TOO  MANY  DOGS,"  SAID  A  CUR. 

CASH  BOOK. 


Received.       Paid, 


July 

1 

Amount  on  hand 

1000 

3 

Received  on  account  from  Frank  Fisher 

10 

M 

** 

Paid  for  dray  age  on  Mdse. 

5 

(I 

U 

5 

Received  on  account  from  A.  C.  Knox 
Paid  for  Postage  Stamps 

30 

W 

II 

5 

Paid  David  Spencer  on  account 

50 

M 

Received  of  A.  C.  Knox  on  account 

10 

«« 

6 

Paid  David  Spencer  on  account 

20 

«* 

8 

Rec'd  of  G.  W.  Williams  in  full  of  account 

46 

25 

H 

9 

Paid  for  help  around  the  store 
Received  from  Chas.  E.  Henkeron  account 

50 

12 

M 

10 
13 

Paid  David  Spencer  on  account 
Rec'dfrom  H.  C.  Stockbridge  on  account 
Received  from  A.  N.  Peters  on  account 

10 
100 

20 

II 

%» 

Received  from  D.  N.  Brown  on  account 

25 

tt 

13 

Paid  O.  N.  Hudson  in  full  of  account 
Received  of  D.  N.  Brown  on  account 

5 

ISO 

1" 

14 

Balance  on  hand 

1019 

25 

1286 

25 

1286 

25 

Dr. 


LEDGER. 

/.  A .  C.  Knox. 


Cr. 


July 

2 
3 

ToSbbls.  Flour 
"  Mdse. 

25 
41 

25 

July 
H 

3 
5 
15 

By  Cash 
*'  Balance 

30 
10 
26 

as 

25 

66 

25 

66 

2.  Frank  Fisher. 


July 

2 
11 

To  Mdse. 
"5bu.Potatoes 

17 
6 

July 

2 
15 

By  Cash 
"  Balance 

10 
13 

23 

23 

"NOT  TOO  MANY  GOOD  ONES,"  REPLIED  A  SETTER,       SOT 

Dr.  J-  David  Spencer.  cr. 


July 

5 

To  Cash 

50 

July 

3 

ByMdte. 

135 

** 

f 

k*          ** 

20 

•» 

9 

*4        i* 

HO 

M 

15 

"  Balance 

35 

125 

135 

4.  D.  N.  Brown. 


July 

M 

3 
11 
15 

To  Mate. 
44  10  bu.  Apple* 
**  Balance 

22 

7 

50 
50 

July 

12 
13 

By  Cash 

36 
5 

30 

00 

90 

5.  G.  W.  Williams. 


July 

5 

ToMdK. 

46 

25  JIJ  July 

8 

By  Cash 

«ff 

35 

\ 

6.  G.  N.  Hudson. 

July 

13 

To  Cash 

150 

Ijuly 

6 

By  10  bbls. 
[Mess  Pork 

150 

Dr.                   7-  A.  N.  Peters.                  cr. 

Klv 

8 
10 

To  5  bbls.  Mess 
\_Pork 
•'  20  bushe.ls 
[Potatoes 

90 
24 

July 

12 
15 

By  Cash 
'r  Balance 

100 
14 

114 

= 

114 

308 


THE  HEARTS  THAT  DARE  ARE  QUICK  TO  FEEL. 


8.  H.  C.  Stockbridge. 


July 

8 

To  Mdse. 

15 

50 

July 

10 
15 

By  Ca$h 
"  Balance 

10 
5 

50 

15 

50 

15 

50 

.  Chas.  E.  Henker. 


July 

9 

To  5  bbls.  Mess 
[Pork 

85 

July 

9 
15 

By  Cash 
"  Balance 

50 
35 

85 

85 

STATEMENT. 


Resources  or  Property. 

1. 

From  Ledger  Accounts—  Balances  due  from 

persons:— 

A.  C.  Knox 

X 

25 

Frank  Fisher 

13 

A.  N.  Peters 

14 

H.  C.  Stockbridge 

5 

50 

Chas.  E.  Henker 

35 

2. 

From  Cash  Book:—  Balance  of  Cash  on  hand 

1019 

25 

3. 

Inventory  .-—Merchandise  on  hand 

625 

1*798 

Liabilities  or  Debts. 

2  /do 

From  Ledger  Account*—  Balances  due  other  parties  :— 

David  Spencer 

35 

D.  N.  Brown 

5C 

QF 

fA 

Worth  at  close 

89 

OP 

1702 

50 

Investment 

1500 

Net  Gain 

202 

50 

THE  HANDS  THA  T  WOUND  ARE  SOFT  TO  HEAL. 


HOW  TO  KEEP  FARM  ACCOUNTS. 
Rules  for  Keeping  Accounts. 

The  following  are  suggested  as  simple  forms  for  keeping  ac- 
counts for  the  use  of  those  whose  business  or  taste  does  not  re- 
quire a  more  elaborate  form  of  bookkeeping: 

Always  charge  or  "debit"  a  person  for  what  he  may  get,  and 
"credit"  him  for  what  you  receive  from  him.  The  word  "To," 
prefixed  to  an  entry,  indicates  a  debit,  and  the  word  "By,"  a 
credit. 

The  books  necessary  are  two,  called  a  Day  Book  and  Ledger. 
In  the  Day  Book  should  be  entered,  in  diary  form,  every  trans- 
action as  it  occurs,  using  as  simple  and  concise  wording  as  pos- 
sible to  express  all  the  facts. 

Accounts  may  be  opened  with  "Cash,"  "Stock,"  "Merchan- 
dise," "Bills  Payable,"  "Bills  Receivable,"  "Interest,"  "Profit 
and  Loss,"  "Expense,"  etc.;  and  the  farmer  may  open  accounts 
with  each  field  of  his  farm,  as  "Field  No.  1,"  "Field  No.  2," 
"Orchard,"  "Meadow,"  etc.,  charging  each  field  with  the  amount 
of  labor  and  material  expended  upon  it,  and  crediting  it  with  its 
products.  He  may  also  keep  an  account  with  his  cows,  pigs, 
fowls,  etc.,  and  thus  at  any  time  tell  at  a  glance  the  profits  or 
losses  of  each  department  of  his  business. 


Cash  Book. 


Cash  Reed.  Cash  Paid. 


1897 
Mav 

2 

$200 

no 

$ 

5 

Paid  Hired  Man                                

20 

00 

5 

Paid  Interest 

150 

40 

10 

208 

90 

12 

11 

90 

15 

2 

00 

19 

20 

00 

23 

Paid  for  Coal                                  

16 

00 

97 

102 

6S 

1 

9 

2S 

2 

6 

30 

M 

10 

145 

SO 

NOTE—  To  find  the  balance  in  cash  add  up 
the  amount  received  and  subtract  from  that 
the  amount  paid  out  and  the  result  will  always 
equal  the  cash  on  hand. 

$446 

45 

$446 

45 

310 


FATHER  TIME  ISSUES  NO  LETTERS  OF  CREDIT. 


Corn  Field. 


DR. 


CB. 


1897 
April 

M 

May 

Aug. 
Oct. 

NOT. 
«• 

M 

M 

4 

8 
•i 

1 

8 

41 

14 

28 
22 
24 

« 

8 
17 
25 
81 

To  7  days'  Plowing  @  $2.50.                          .     . 

$17. 

5 
12 
3 
16 
15 
11 

50 
12 

15 
35 
189 

80 
75 
25 

50 

20 
88 

88 

$ 

9 

81 

8 
4 
225 

60 

06 
80 

~88 

"  2  days'  Furrowing  @  $2.40 

"  2  bushel  seed  @  $2.50  

"  8  days'  Planting  @  $1.50                   ..   .  . 

44  3  days'  Hoeing  @  $1.25  

*'  8  days'  Cultivating  @  $2.00    .  .     . 

44  12  days'  Hoeing@$1.25  

44  9  days'  Cutting  Corn  @  $1.25.    .  .  . 

By  12  bushels  Corn  @  75c  

"  74  bushels  Corn  @  42c  ;  Cornstalks,  $50.  .  . 
To  40  days'  Husking  @  $1.25            

44  5  days'  work  with  team  @  $2.50 

By  20  bushels  Corn  @  $40c                   

*'  12  bushels  Corn  @  40c 

44  Cash  for  300  bushels  Corn  @  75c  

44  Cash  for  80  bushels  @  75c 

To  Marketing  380  bushels  Corn  @  4c      .... 

**  Interest 

Total  Gain  

$387 

$387 

Family  Expense  Account. 


DR. 


CB. 


1807 
Jan.. 

»4 
M 

March 
May. 
June 
Sept.. 

Nov.! 
Dec.. 

M 

5 
15 
19 
26 
15 
29 
20 
24 
24 
3 
18 
18 

To  2  prs.  Boots  @  $6.00 

$12 
2 
3 
1 
10 
8 
8 
5 
4 
8 
1 
5 

50 
75 

75 

75 

50 

66 

==r 
2ft 

"   1  pr.  Ladies'  Boots  

44   MT  Cohn,  Cutting  Pants  and  Vest. 

44   lib.  Tea  

44   3  yds.  Cassimere  @  $2.00;  Sundries  $4.75.. 
"   1  pr.  Boots  $2.50  ;  Repairing  Shoes  50c  .  .  .  . 
44    Ipr.  Pants                         .                    .... 

44   1  pr.  Shoes  $1.75  ;  1  pr.  Boots  $4.00  

44   1  Umbrella  $2.00;  Sundries  $2.75        

41   M.  Cohn  Cutting  Pants..  ..              .  .  .. 

**    1  pr.  Boots  

Total  Expense.            

$  65 

25 

$65 

25 

Convenient  Form  of  Entries  in  Ledger  for  Farmers. 

CHARLES  WADS  WORTH. 


Jan.  5..  . 

To  1  Ton  Hay..  . 

$14  00 

$ 

44     80 

44  2  Bbl  s.  Potatoes  at  $1.75                    

3  50 

March  4 

10  00 

"     20 

TolCordWood            ..                 

4  25 

April  7.  .  . 

By  1  Plow  

17  50 

MayS 

To  10  Bush.  Oats,  at  40  cents  

4  00 

June  10 

44  3  Bbls  Potatoes  at  $2                          ... 

6  00 

Julyl.... 

By  balance  charged  below  .  .  .  '.  

42ft 

$31  75 

$3175 

Julj  l. 

To  balance  

$425 

GOOD  NATURE  IS  THE  BEAUTY  OF  THE  MIND.  311 

INTEREST. 

LEGAL  HINTS  AND  HELPS  CONCERNING  INTEREST. 

1.  Interest   is   money   paid   for   the   use   of   money.    All 
civilized  countries  regulate  the  rate  of  interest  by  law.    That 
which  the  law  allows  is  called  legal  interest. 

2.  Usury  is  charging  or  taking  more  than  the  legal  rate. 
Efforts  to  change  the  statutes  so  that  parties  may  make  any  bar- 
gain for  the  use  of  money  which  suits  them  have  succeeded  in  a 
number  of  States.    Usurers  resort  to  many  devices  to  conceal 
their  usury. 

3.  Time.— It  is  the  general  practice  of  the  courts  in  this 
country  to  award  interest  computed  at  the  legal  rate,  from  the 
time  when  payment  should  have  been  made.    Interest  upon  a 
judgment  dates  from  the  time  the  judgment  is  rendered. 

4.  A  Creditor  may  charge   interest   on   an   account   from 
the  expiration  of  the  time  of  credit.    When  no  time  is  specified, 
interest  may  be  charged  from  the  time  payment  is  demanded, 
or  when  the  statement  of  account  has  been  rendered. 

5.  A  Debt  for  board  and   lodging,   where  there   was   no 
fixed  price  or  time  of  payment  fixed,  will  not  draw  interest  until 
it  is  reduced  to  judgment,  or  until  its  amount  is  otherwise  de- 
termined   Interest  may  not  be  charged  upon  the  items  of  a  run- 
ning account  until  the  balance  is  struck,  and  the  statement  ren- 
dered. 

6.  Compound  Interest  cannot  be  collected  by  law.   When 
interest  has  already  accrued  and  become  payable,  an  agree- 
ment that  it  shall  be  added  to  the  principal  thus  formed  will  gen- 
erally be  deemed  legal.    When  such  interest  would  not  be  recov- 
erable upon  an  ordinary  contract  in  which  its  payment  was 
tgreed  upon,  yet  if  it  has  actually  been  paid,  it  cannot  be  recov- 
ered. 

7.  Guardians,  Executors,  Administrators   and    Trustees 
of  every  kind  may  be  charged  interest  upon  all  trust  funds 
In  their  hands  after  their  failure  to  invest  them  within  a  reason- 
able time.       . 

8.  Custom. — Where  it  is  a  uniform  practice  of  the  seller 
to  charge  interest  and  this  is  known  to  the  customer  or  pur- 
chaser at  the  time  when  the  transaction  takes  place,  interest  may 
fee  charged  on  book  accounts. 


312  LOOK  ON  THE  BRIGHT  SIDE, 

9.  Partners. — If  a  partner  withdraws  money  from  the  part 
nership  funds  belonging  to  the  firm,  for  private  use  or  foi 
the  purpose  of  speculation,  he  will  be  liable  for  interest  on  the 
money  so  withdrawn. 

I0o  Insurance  Policy.— When  loss  occurs  under  a  policy  o: 
insurance,  it  bears  interest  from  the  time  it  is  due  according  t( 
the  terms  of  the  policy. 

ii.  Banks  by  their  method  of  discounting  notes  get  mor< 
than  legal  interest.  The  interest  : ;  always  deducted  from  th( 
face  of  the  note.  Take  an  extreme  case:  a  bank  discounting 
a  note  for  $500  at  six  per  cent.,  for  fifteen  years,  would  deduc 
the  interest,  $450,  and  the  borrower  would  receive  $50,  and  a 
the  end  of  fifteen  years  he  would  pay  the  bank  $500.  This  woulc 
practically  be  paying  $450  for  the  use  of  $50  for  fifteen  years 
The  legal  interest  of  $50  for  the  same  time  would  be  but  $45 
But  this  method  is  established  by  usage  and  sanctioned  bj 
law. 

THE   CELEBRATED    LIGHTNING    METHOD    FOR 
CALCULATING    INTEREST. 

Where  the  Timo  Is  for  Days  Only. 

Rule. — To  find  the  interest  on  any  given  sum  for  any  number  of  day, 
multiply  tfi&  principal  by  the  number  'of  days,  then  point  off  two  places  an 
divide  as  follows: 

At  5  per  cent,  divide  by  72 
At  6  per  cent,  divide  by  60 
At  7  per  cent,  divide  by  52 
At  8  per  cent,  divide  by  45 
At  9  per  cent,  divi  ie  by  40 
At  10  per  cent,  divide  by  36 
At  12  per  cent,  divide  by  30 

Example:  What  is  the  interest  on  $900.00  for  8  days  a 
6  per  cent.? 

Solution:  900  X  8  -i-  60  =  $1.20  interest. 

When  the  Time  Consists  of  Years,  Months,  and  Days. 

2.  Rule. — Reduce  years  to  months,  adding  the  number  of  months,  the\ 
place  %  of  the  number  of  days  to  the  right  of  the  months  with  a  decima 
point  between. 

S.  Then  remove  the  decimal  point  two  places  to  the  left  in  the  princi 
pal,  and  divide  by  2,  and  the  result  will  equal  the  interest  for  one  montl 
at  €  per  cent. 

3.  Multiply  the  interest  for  one  month  by  the  number  of  months,  am 
the  product  it  the  interest  at  €  per  cent,  for  the  given  time. 


OR  POLISH  UP  THE  DARK  ONE. 


313 


Then  add  $  of  itself  for  7  per  cent. 
Then  add  y£  of  itself  for  8  per  cent 
Then  add  #  of  itself  for  9  per  cent 
Then  add  z/z  of  itself  for  10  per  cent. 
Subtract  \  of  itself  for  5  per  cent. 
Subtract  l/$  of  itself  for  4  per  cent. 

Example:  Find  the  interest  on  $150,  at  9  per  cent,  for  1  year, 
4  months,  and  12  days: 

Solution:  $1.50  -5-  2  =  .75  interest  for  1  month,  1  year,  4  months, 
and  12  days  —  16.4  months. 

.75  X  -S.4  =  $12.30,  interest  at  6  per  cent. 
12.30  +  6.15  =  $18.45,  interest  at  9  per  cent. 
N.  B.—  The  $6.15  is  one-half  of  $12.80. 

HOW    MONEY    GROWS    AT    INTEREST. 

If  one  dollar  be  invested  and  the  interest  added  to  the  prin- 
cipal annually,  at  the  rates  named,  we  shall  have  the  following 
result  as  the  accumulation  of  one  hundred  years. 
One  dollar,  100  years  at    1  per  cent,  $2^;  2  per  cent 
One  dollar,  100  years  at    3  per  cent,  $19  X  ;  4  per  cent 
One  dollar,  100  years  at    5  per  cent  ................ 

One  dollar,  100  years  at    6  per  cent  ................ 

One  dollar,  100  years  at    7  per  cent  ................ 

One  dollar,  100  years  at    8  per  cent  ................ 

9  per  cent  ................ 


One  dollar,  100  years  at 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  10  per  cent 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  12  per  cent 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  15  per  cent 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  18  per  cent  ................       15,145,000 

One  dollar,  100  years  at  24  per  cent  ................  2,551,799,404 


50  # 
131  # 
340 
868 
2,203 
5,513 
13,809 
84,675 
1,174,405 


BANKERS'  nETHOD  OF  CALCULATING  INTEREST. 

In  banking  nearly  all  the  business  is  transacted  on  the  basis 
oi"  30,  60,  and  90  days. 

Rule.—  To  find  the  interest  on  any  amount  at  60  day*,  remove  the  decimal 
point  two  places  to  the  left,  and  you  have  the  interest  at  6  per  cent. 

Increase  or  diminish  according  at  the  time  is  increased  or  diminished. 

For   90  days  add  #  of  itself;  for  30  days  divide  by  £j  for  15 
days  divide  by  4;  for  120  days  multiply  by  2. 


9l*    A  THOUGHT  AT  THE  START  SA  VES  A  GROAN  AT  THE  END. 

Example:  What  is  the  interest  on  $240  for  90  days  at  6  pe* 
tent?  2.40  interest  for  60  days. 

1.20  interest  for  ^  of  60  days,  or  30  days. 

3.60  interest  for  90  days. 

BANKERS'   TIME  TABLE. 

Showing  the  number  of  days  from  any  day  in  one  month  to  the 
same  day  in  any  other. 


From 


Jan.... 
Feb.... 
March. 
April.. 
May... 
June... 
July... 
Aug.... 


Oct. 
NOT. 
Dec. 


To 


365 
334| 
306 
275 


62 


242 


273 


153 
122 
92 
61 
30 
365 
334 
304 


304 
273 
245 

184 
153 


i 


334 

303 

244 
214 
188 
153 

91 
61 
30 


NOTB. — Find  in  the  left-hand  column  the  month  from  any  day  of  which 
yon  wish  to  compute  the  number  of  days  to  the  same  day  in  any  other  month ; 
then  follow  the  line  along  until  under  the  desired  month,  and  you  have  the 
?equired  number  of  days. 


Example: 
days.    Ans. 


How  many  days  from  May  17  to  Nov.  17?    184 


TIME  AT  WHICH  MONEY  DOUBLES  AT  INTEREST. 


AATE  PEE  CENT.  SIMPLE  INTEREST. 

2 50  years. 

2Vi 40  years. 

8 33  years  4  months. 

8tt 28  years  208  days. 

4 25  years. 

4H 22  years  81  days. 

20  years. 

16  years  8  months 

14  years  104  days. 

12H  years. 

11  years  40  days 

It ,, c.  ..10  years 


COMPOUND  INTEREST 

85  years     1  day. 

28  years  26  days. 

23  years  164  days. 

20  years    54  days. 

17  years  246  days. 

15  years  273  days. 

15  years  75  days. 

12  years  327  days. 

10  years  89  days. 
9  years  2  days. 
8  years  16  days 
7  year*  100  dayfc 


WHO  COMES  LATE  STAYS  HALF  AT  HOME.  315 

HOW  TO  USE  THE  INTEREST  TABLES. 

1.  The  interest  on  any  sum  of  money,  and  for  any  length  of 
time,  may  be  obtained,  by  adding  to  or  doubling  any  certain 
sum,  or  length  of  time  in  the  tables,  viz.:     If  the  interest  on  a 
certain    ium  of  money  at  8  per  cent,  for  a  given  time  should 
be  $28,  one-half  of  $28  or  $14  would  equal  the  interest  at  4  per 
cent.,  etc. 

2.  If  the  interest  at  6  per  cent,  should  amount  to  $26  on  a 
certain  sum  of  money  for  a  given  time,  twice  that  amount  or  $52 
would  equal  the  interest  at  12  per  cent.,  and  half  that  amount 
would  equal  the  interest  at  3  per  cent. 

3.  The  tables  are  computed  on  the  principle  of  360  days  in 
a  year,  the  rule  adopted  by  bankers  and  merchants  throughout 
the  entire  country. 

4.  When  the  fraction  of  interest  is  a  half  cent  or  more,  a 
whole  cent  is  taken,  but  when  less  than  a  half  cent,  nothing  is 
charged. 

EXAMPLE:    Find  the  interest  on  $1,108  for  one  year,  three  months  and 
twenty-nine  days,  at  1%. 


Interest  on 

$1,000,  for 

year, 

at  7  per 

cent,, 

$70.00 

i. 

44 

100,    " 

ti 

"   7 

44 

7.00 

i* 

II 

8, 

4 

14 

it    7 

44 

M 

it 

«» 

1,000, 

mos., 

>t   7 

•• 

17.50 

•i 

" 

100, 

44 

i.   7 

it 

1.75 

M 

II 

8, 

44 

it    7 

M 

14 

II 

II 

1,000, 

29  days 

"    7 

II 

5.64 

II 

M 

100, 

29     " 

it    7 

II 

56 

M 

II 

8,         29     " 

..   7 

14 

05 

Interest  on  amount $103.20 

EXAMPLE:    Find  the  interest  on  $1,024  for  1  year,  7  months,  19  days,  at 
4Vi  per  cent. 

From  table  interest  on  $1,000,  for  1  year,  at  9  per  cent,  $  90.00 

20,  "    "    M      "   9       "  1.80 

4,  " 9       "  .36 

Interest  on  $1.000.  for  T  mos.,  at  9  per  cent.,  52.50 

20, 9       •»  1.05 

4.  M    "    "      "9       "  .21 

Interest  on  $1,000,  for  19  days,  at  9  per  cent,,  4.75 

20,  "    • 9       "  .10 

4, «      "    9       M  .02 

Interest  at 9 per  cent..... $150.79 

Interest  at  4  Vi  per  cent.=$75.40    Ans. 


316       FAITHLESS  TO  HOMESPUW,  DISLOYAL  TO  BROADCLOTH. 


INTEREST  AT  FIVE  PER  CENT. 


$1,000 

$2,000 

$3,000 

$4,000 

$5,000 

$6,000 

$7,000 

$8,000  $9,000 

1.... 

.14 

.28 

.42 

.56 

.69 

.83 

.97 

1.11 

1.25 

a.... 

.28 

.56 

.83 

1.11 

1.39 

1.67 

1.94 

2.22 

2.50 

s.... 

.42 

.83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.91 

3.33 

8.75 

4.... 

.56 

1.11 

1.67 

2.22 

2.7S 

8.33 

3.89 

4.24 

5.00 

«.... 

.69 

1.39 

2.08 

2.78 

3.47 

4.17 

4.86 

5.56 

6.25 

«.... 

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

7.... 

.97 

1.94 

2.91 

8.89 

4.86 

5.83 

6.81 

7.78 

8.75 

€.... 

111 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

5.56 

6.67 

7.78 

8.89 

10.00 

«.... 

1.25 

2.50 

3.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

11.25 

10.... 

1.39 

2.78 

4.17 

5.56 

6.94 

8.SW 

9.72 

11.11 

12.50 

11.... 

1.53 

3.06 

4.59 

6.11 

7.63 

9.17 

10.69 

12.22 

13.75 

12.... 

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

15.00 

13.... 

1.80 

8.61 

5.42 

7.22 

9.02 

10.83 

12.64 

14.44 

16.25 

14.... 

1.94 

8.89 

5.83 

7.78 

9.71 

11.67 

13.61 

15.5(5 

17.50 

15.... 

2.08 

4.17 

6.25 

8.33 

10.41 

12.50 

14.58 

16.67 

18.75 

16.... 

2.22 

4.44 

6.67 

8.89 

11.11 

13.33 

15.55_ 

17.78 

20.00 

17.... 

2.36 

4.72 

7.08 

9.44 

11.80 

14.17 

16.53 

18.89 

21.25 

18.... 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

19.... 

2.64 

5.28 

7.91 

10.56 

13.19 

15.83 

18.47 

21.11 

23.75 

•20.... 

2.78 

5.56 

8.33 

11.11 

18.89 

16.67 

19.44 

22.22 

25.00 

21.... 

2.91 

5.83 

8.75 

11.67 

14.58 

17.50 

20.41 

23.33 

26.25 

•22.... 

8.05 

6.11 

9.17 

12.22 

15.28 

18.38 

21.38 

24.44 

27.50 

23.... 

3.19 

6.89 

9.59 

12.78 

15.97 

19.17 

22.36 

25.56 

28.75 

^4.... 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

30.00 

•25  .... 

8.47 

6.94 

10.42 

18.89 

17.86 

20.83 

24.80 

27.78 

81.25 

•26.... 

8.61 

7.22 

10.83 

14.44 

18.05 

21.67 

25.28 

28.89 

32.50 

21  .... 

3.75 

7.50 

11.25 

15.00 

18.75 

22.50 

26.25 

30.00 

s;us 

28.... 

8.89 

7.78 

11.67 

15.56 

19.44 

23.33 

27.22 

81.11 

85.  'JO 

29.... 

4.03 

8.06 

12.08 

16.11 

20.14 

24.17 

28.20 

32.22 

3625 

IMo 

4.17 

8.33 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 

29.17 

33.33 

37.50 

2    " 

8.33 

16.67 

25.00 

33.33 

41.67 

50.00 

58.33 

66.67 

7500 

3    " 

12.50 

25.00 

87.50 

50.00 

62.50 

75.00 

87.50 

100.00 

112.-)0 

4    " 

16.67 

33.33 

50.00 

66.67 

83.98 

100.00 

116.67 

133.33 

15000 

6    " 

20.83 

41.67 

62.50 

83.33 

104.16 

125.00 

145.83 

166.67 

187.50 

6    " 

25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 

150.00 

175.00 

200.00 

225,00 

7    " 

29.17 

58.33 

87.50 

116.67 

145.83 

175.00 

204.17 

233.33 

262.50 

8    " 

83.33 

66.67 

100.00 

133.33 

166.67 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

800.00 

9    •' 

37.50 

75.00 

112.50 

150.00 

187.50 

225.00 

262.50 

300.00 

337.50 

10    " 

4167 

83.33 

125.00 

166.67 

208.33 

250.00 

291.67 

833.33 

875.00 

11    " 

45.83 

91.67 

137.50 

183.33 

229.17 

275.00 

820,83 

866.67 

412.50 

lYr. 

50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 

250.00 

300.00 

350.00 

400.00 

450.00 

r 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  at.  heuce  wo  give  interest  in  sums  In 
thousands.  To  find  the  interest  of  any  number  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  tho  corresponding  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 
point  one  place  to  the  loft.  For  tens  move  the  point  two  places  to  the  left  and 
for  any  number  of  units  (from  one  10  nine  dollars)  more  the  point  threa 
places  to  the  left. 

I 


PULLING  ANOTHER  DOWN  MEANS  GETTING  BELOW  HIM,     313 

INTEREST  AT  SIX  PER  CENT. 


$1,000 

$2,000 

$3,000 

$4,000 

$5,000 

$6,000 

$7,000  $8,000 

$9,000 

1  

.17 

.83 

.50 

.67 

.83 

l.CO 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

2,.... 

.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

8  

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

3.00 

8.00 

8.50 

4.50 

4.50 

4  

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

5  

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.83 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

3  

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

7  

1.17 

2.33 

3.50 

4.67 

5.83 

7.00 

8.17 

9.33 

10.50 

8  

1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33 

6.67 

8.00 

9.83 

10.67 

12.00 

9  

1.50 

3.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

13.50 

£0  

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.13 

15.00 

11  

1.83 

3.67 

5.50 

7.33 

9.17 

11.00 

12.83 

14.67 

16.50 

82  

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

i8  

2.17 

4.33 

6.50 

8.67 

10.83 

13.00 

15.17 

17.33 

19.50 

14  

2.33 

4.67 

7.00 

9.33 

11.67 

14.00 

16.33 

18.67 

21.00 

£5  

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

w  

2.67 

5.33 

8.00 

10.67 

13.83 

16.00 

18.67 

21.33 

24.00 

17  

2.S3 

5.67 

8.50 

11.33 

14.17 

17.00 

19.83 

22.67 

25.50 

S8  

8.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

19  

3.17 

6.83 

9.50 

12.67 

15.83 

19.00 

22.17 

25.33 

28.50 

30  

8.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13  33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.83 

28.67 

30.00 

21  

3.50 

7.00 

10.50 

14.00 

17.50 

21.00 

24.50 

28.00 

31.50 

22  

3.67 

7.33 

11.00 

14.67 

18.33 

22.00 

25.67 

29.33 

33.00 

33  

3.83 

7.77 

11.50 

15.33 

19.17 

23.  CO 

26.83 

30.67 

84.50 

24  

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

K  

4.17 

8.83 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 

29.17 

83.83 

37.50 

38  

4.33 

8.67 

13.00 

17.33 

21.67 

26.00 

30.33 

34.67 

39.00 

27  

4.50 

9.00 

13.50 

18.00 

22.50 

27.00 

31.50 

86.00 

40.50 

28  

4.67 

9.33 

14.00 

18.67 

23.33 

28.00 

82.67 

37.33 

42.00 

29  

4.83 

9.67 

14.50 

19.33 

24.17 

29.00 

83.83 

38.67 

43.59 

IMo. 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.0P 

a  » 

10.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

60.00 

70.00 

80.00 

90.0i- 

8    M 

15.00 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 

75.00 

90.00 

105.00 

120.00 

135.  0* 

4    " 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

100.00 

120.00 

140.00 

160.00 

180.  G.'" 

5    " 

25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 

150.00 

175.00 

20J.OO 

225.  Oi> 

6    " 

80.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

loO.OO 

180.00 

210.00 

240.00 

270.0* 

7    " 

85.00 

70.00 

105.00 

140.00 

175.00 

210.00 

245.00 

280.00 

315.00 

8    " 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

200.00 

240.00 

280.00 

320.00 

360.0? 

9   •• 

45.00 

90.00 

135.00 

180.00 

225.00 

270.00 

315.  CO 

360.00 

405.00 

10    " 

50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 

250.00 

300.00 

850.00 

400.06 

450.0? 

11    " 

55.00 

110.00 

165.00 

220.00 

275.00 

830.00 

885.00 

440.00 

495.  or 

lYr. 

80.00 

120.00 

180.00 

240.00 

300.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540-09 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  al,  hence  we  give  interest  of  Bums  io 
thousands.  To  find  the  interest  of  any  nix  nber  of  hundreds  of  dollars  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  the  corresponding  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 
point  one  place  to  the  left.  For  tens  move  the  point  two  places  to  the  left,  and 
lor  any  number  of  units  (from  one  to  nine  dollars)  mo* e  the  point  threft 
&l«ee«  to  fcte  left. 


318 


HAPPINESS  SB  NES  IN  ALL  WEATHER. 


INTEREST  AT  SEVEN   PER  CENT. 


$1,000 

$2,000 

$3,000 

$4,000 

$5,000  $6,000 

$7,000 

$8,000 

$9,00® 

.... 

.19 

.39 

.58 

.78 

.97 

1.17 

1.36 

1.56 

1.75 

.39 

.78 

1.17 

1.56 

1.94 

2.33 

2.72 

8.11 

8.50 

.... 

.58 

1.17 

1.75 

2.33 

2.92 

3.50 

4.08 

4.67 

5.  25 

.... 

.78 

1.56 

2.33 

8.11 

8.89 

4.67 

5.44 

6.22 

7.00 

.... 

.97 

1.94 

2.92 

3.89 

4.86 

5.83 

6.81 

7.78 

8.75 

.... 

.17 

2.33 

3.50 

4.67 

5.83 

7.00 

8.17 

9.33 

10.50 

7.... 

.36 

2.72 

4.08 

5.44 

6.81 

8.17 

9.53 

10.89 

12.25 

8.... 

.56 

8.11 

4.67 

6.22 

7.78 

9.33 

10.89 

12.44 

14.00 

9.... 

.75 

3.50 

5.25 

7.00 

8.75 

10.50 

12.25 

14.00 

15.75 

10.... 

.94 

8.89 

5.83 

7.78 

9.72 

11.67 

13.61 

15.58 

17.50 

11.... 

2.14 

4.28 

6.42 

8.56 

10.69 

12.83 

14.97 

17.11 

19.25 

13.... 

2.33 

4.67 

7.00 

9.33 

11.67 

14.00 

16.33 

18.67 

21.00 

13.... 

2.53 

5.06 

7.58 

10.11 

12.64 

15.17 

17.69 

20.22 

22.25 

14.... 

2.72 

5.44 

8.17 

10.89 

13.61 

16.33- 

19.06 

21.78 

24.50 

15.... 

2.92 

5.83 

8.75 

11.67 

14.58 

17.50 

20.42 

23.33 

26.25 

16.... 

3.11 

6.22 

9.33 

12.44 

15.56 

18.67 

21.78 

24.89 

28.00 

17.... 

3.31 

6.61 

9.92 

13.22 

16.53 

19.83 

23.14 

26.44 

29.75 

18.... 

3.50 

7.00 

10.50 

14.00 

17.50 

21.00 

24.50 

28.00 

31.50 

19,... 

3.69 

7.39 

11.08 

14.78 

18.47 

22.17 

25.86 

29.56 

83.25 

20.... 

3.89 

7.78 

11.67 

15.56 

19.44 

23.33 

27.22 

31.11 

35.00 

21.... 

.08 

8.17 

12.25 

16.33 

20.42 

24.50 

26.58 

32.67 

36.75 

22.... 

.28 

8.56 

12.83 

17.11 

21.39 

25.67 

29.94 

84.22 

88.50 

28.... 

.47 

8.94 

13  42 

17.89 

22.36 

26.83 

81.31 

35.78 

40.25 

24.... 

.67 

9.33 

14.00 

18.67 

23.33 

28.00 

32.67 

87.83 

42.00 

25.... 

.86 

9.72 

14.58 

19.44 

24.31 

29.17 

34.03 

38.89 

43.75 

26.... 

5.06 

10.11 

15.17 

20.22 

25.28 

30.33 

35.39 

40.44 

45.50 

27.... 

5.25 

10.50 

15.75 

21.00 

26.25 

31.50 

36.75 

42  00 

47.25 

28.... 

5.44 

10.89 

16.33 

21.78 

27.22 

82.67 

38.11 

43.56 

49.00 

29.... 

5.64 

11.28 

16.92 

22.56 

28.19 

83.83 

89.47 

45.11 

50.75 

IMo 

5.83 

11.67 

17.50 

23.83 

29.17 

35.00 

40.83 

46.67 

52.50 

2   •• 

11.67 

23.33 

35.00 

46.67 

58.33 

70.00 

81.67 

93.33 

105.00 

•i 

17.50 

85.00 

52.50 

70.00 

87.50 

105.00 

122.50 

140.00 

157.50 

4t 

23.33 

46.67 

70.00 

93.33 

116.67 

140.00 

163.  S3 

186.67 

210.00 

•' 

29.17 

58.33 

87.50 

116.67 

145.83 

175.00 

204.17 

233.33 

262.50 

M 

85.00 

70.00 

105.00 

140.00 

175.00 

210.00 

245.00 

280.00 

315.00 

it 

40.83 

81.67 

122.50 

163.33 

204.17 

245.00 

285.83 

826.67 

367.50 

M 

46.67 

93.33 

140.00 

186.67 

233.83 

280.00 

826.67 

373.33 

420.00 

M 

52.50 

105.00 

157.50 

210.00 

262.50 

315.00 

867.50 

420.00 

472.50 

10   " 

58.33 

116.67 

175.00 

233.33 

291.67 

350.00 

408.33 

466.67 

525.00 

11  " 

64.17 

128.33 

192.50 

256.67 

320.83 

385.00 

449.17 

513.83 

577.50 

lYr. 

7000 

140.00 

210.00 

280.00 

350.00 

420.00 

490.00 

560.00 

630.00 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  at,  hence  we  give  interest  in  sums  in 
thousands.    To  find  the  interest  of  any  number  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  the  corresponding  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 

point  one  place  to  the  left.  For  tens  move  the  point  two  places  to  the  left,  and 
for  any  number  of  units  (from  one  to  nine  dollars)  move  the  point  three 
places  to  th«  left, 


THINK  OUT  TOUR  WORK,  WORK  OUT  TOUR  THOUGHTS.     319 


INTEREST  AT  EIGHT  PER  CENT. 


t 

$1,000  $2,000  $3,000  $4,000  $5,000  $6,  000  $7,000 

$8.000  $9.000 

1,... 

.22 

.44 

.67 

.89 

1.11 

1.33 

1.56 

1.78 

2.00 

35.... 

.44 

.89 

1.33 

1.78 

2.22 

2.67 

8.11 

3.56 

4.00 

.... 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 



.89 

1.78 

2.67 

3.56 

4.44 

5.33 

6.22 

7.11 

8.00 

.... 

1.11 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

5.56 

6.67 

7.78 

8.89 

10.00 

.... 

1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33 

6.67 

8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

12.00 



1.56 

3.11 

4.67 

6.22 

7.78 

9.33 

10.89 

12.44 

14.00 

&.... 

1.78 

3.56 

5.33 

7.11 

8.89 

10.67 

12.44 

14.22 

16.00 

9.... 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

10.... 

2.22 

4.44 

6.67 

8.89 

11.11 

13,33 

15.56 

17.73 

20.00 

11.... 

2.44 

4.89 

7.33 

9.78 

12.22 

14.67 

17.11 

19.56 

22.00 

12.... 

2.67 

5.33 

8.00 

10.67 

13.33 

16.00 

18.67 

21.33 

24.00 

13.... 

2.89 

5.78 

8.67 

11.56 

14.44 

17.33 

20.22 

23.11 

26.00 

14  .... 

3.11 

6.22 

9.33 

12.44 

15.56 

18.67 

21.78 

24.89 

28.00 

15.... 

8.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

30.00 

16.... 

8.56 

7.11 

10.67 

14.22 

17.78 

21.33 

24.89 

28.44 

32.00 

17.... 

3.78 

7.56 

11.33 

15.11 

18.89 

22.67 

26.44 

30.22 

34.00 

J8.... 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

24.00 

28.00 

82.00 

36.00 

19.... 

4.22 

8.44 

12.67 

16.89 

21.11 

25.33 

29.56 

33.78 

38.00 

20.... 

4.44 

8.89 

13.33 

17.78 

22.22 

26.67 

31.11 

35.56 

40.00 

21.... 

4.67 

9.33 

14.00 

18.67 

23.33 

28.00 

32.67 

37.33 

42.00 

22.... 

4.89 

9.78 

14.67 

19.56 

24.44 

29.33 

34.22 

89.11 

44.00 

23.... 

5.11 

10.22 

15.33 

20.44 

25.58 

30.67 

85.78 

40.89 

46.00 

24.... 

5.83 

10.67 

16.00 

21.33 

26.67 

32.00 

37.33 

42.67 

48.00 

25.... 

5.56 

11.11 

16.67 

22.22 

27.78 

33.33 

38.89 

44.44 

50.00 

26.... 

5.78 

11.56 

17.33 

23.11 

28.89 

24.67 

40.44 

46.22 

52.00 

27.... 

6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

30.00 

36.00 

42.00 

48.00 

54.00 

28.... 

6.22 

12.44 

18.67 

24.89 

81.11 

37.83 

43.56 

49.78 

56,00 

29.... 

6.44 

12.89 

19.33 

25.78 

32.22 

38.67 

45.11 

51.56 

58.00 

IMo 

6.67 

13.33 

20.00 

26.67 

33.33 

40.00 

16.67 

53.33 

60.00 

ft 

13.33 

26.67 

40.00 

53.33 

66.67 

80.00 

93.33 

106.67 

120.00 

•« 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

100.00 

120.00 

140.00 

160.00 

180.00 

M 

26.67 

53.33 

80.00 

106.67 

133.33 

160.00 

186.67 

213.33 

240.00 

H 

33.33 

66.67 

100.00 

133.33 

166.67 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

300.00 

•M 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

200.00 

240.00 

280.00 

320.00 

360.00 

M 

46.67 

93.33 

140.00 

186.67 

233.33 

280.00 

326.67 

373.33 

420.00 

»* 

53.33 

106.67 

160.00 

213.33 

266.67 

320.00 

373.33 

426.67 

480.00 

tl 

60.00 

120.00 

180.00 

240.00 

300.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540.00 

10    " 

66.67 

133.33 

200.00 

266.67 

333.33 

400.00 

466.67 

533.33 

600.00 

11  " 

73.33 

146.67 

220.00 

293.33 

366.67 

440.00 

513.33 

586.67 

660.00 

lYr. 

80.00 

160.00 

240.00 

320.00 

400.00 

480.00 

560.00 

640.00 

720.00 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  at,  hence  we  give  interest  of  sums  in 
thousands.  To  find  the  interest  of  any  number  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  the  corresponding  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 
point  one  place  to  the  left.  For  tens  move  the  point  two  places  to  the  left, 
and  for  any  number  of  units  (from  one  to  nine  dollars)  move  the  point  three 
places  to  the  left, 


320     LOOSE  LAW  AT  HOME  MEANS  LYNCH  LAW  ABROAD. 

INTEREST  AT  NINE  PER  CENT. 


$1,000 

$2,000 

$3,000 

$4,000 

$5,000 

$6,000 

$7,000 

$8,000 

$9,000 

1... 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2... 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

8.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

8... 

.75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

8.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

4... 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

6... 

1.25 

2.50 

8.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

11.25 

«... 

1.50 

8.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

13.50 

7... 

1.75 

3.50 

5.25 

7.00 

8.75 

10.50 

12.25 

14.00 

15.75 

8... 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

9... 

2.25 

4.50 

6.75 

9.00 

11.25 

13.50 

15.75 

18.00 

20.25 

10... 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

11... 

2.75 

5.50 

8.25 

11.00 

13.75 

16.50 

19.25 

22.00 

24.75 

12  ... 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21  00 

24.00 

27.00 

13... 

3.25 

6.50 

9.75 

13.00 

16.25 

19.50 

22.75 

26.00 

29.25 

14... 

8.50 

7.00 

10,50 

14.00 

17.50 

21.00 

24.50 

28.00 

81.50 

15... 

8.75 

7.50 

11.25 

15.00 

18.75 

22.50 

26.25 

30.00 

33.75 

16... 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

17... 

4.25 

8.50 

12.75 

17.00 

21.25 

25.50 

29.75 

84.00 

38.25 

18... 

4.50 

9.00 

13.50 

18.00 

22.50 

27.00 

31.50 

36.00 

40.50 

19... 

4.75 

9.50 

14.25 

19.00 

23.75 

28.50 

33.25 

38.00 

42.75 

20... 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

80.00 

35.00 

40.00 

46.00 

21... 

5.25 

10.50 

15.75 

21.00 

26.25 

31.50 

36.75 

42.00 

47.25 

22... 

5.50 

11.00 

16.50 

22.00 

27.50 

33.00 

38.50 

44.00 

49.50 

23... 

5.75 

11.50 

17.25 

23.00 

28.75 

34.50 

40.25 

46.00 

51.75 

24... 

6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

30.00 

86.00 

42.00 

48.00 

54.00 

25... 

6.25 

12.50 

18.75 

25.00 

31.25 

37.50 

43.75 

50.00 

56.25 

26... 

6.50 

13.00 

19.50 

26.00 

32.50 

89.00 

45.50 

52.00 

58.50 

27... 

6.75 

13.50 

20.25 

27.00 

33.75 

40.50 

47.25 

54.00 

60.75 

28... 

7.00 

14.00 

21.00 

28.00 

35.00 

42.00 

49.00 

56.00 

63.0(5 

29... 

7.25 

14.50 

21.75 

29.00 

86.25 

43.50 

50.75 

58.00 

65.25 

IMo 

7.50 

15.00 

22.50 

80.00 

37.50 

45.00 

52.50 

60.00 

67.50 

2... 

15.00 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 

75.00 

90.00 

105.00 

120.00 

135.00 

3... 

22.50 

45.00 

67.50 

90.00 

112.50 

135.00 

157.50 

180.00 

202.50 

4... 

30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

150.00 

180.00 

210.00 

240.00 

270.00 

5... 

37.50 

75.00 

112.50 

150.00 

187.50 

225.00 

262.50 

300.00 

337.50 

6... 

45.00 

90.00 

135.00 

180.00 

225.00 

270.00 

815.00 

360.00 

405.00 

7... 

52.50 

105.00 

157.50 

210.00 

262.50 

315.00 

867.50 

420.00 

472.50 

8... 

60.00 

120.00 

180.00 

240.00 

300.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540.00 

«... 

67.50 

135.00 

202.50 

270.00 

337.50 

405.00 

472.50 

540.00 

607.50 

10... 

75.00 

150.00 

225.00 

800.00 

375.00 

450.00 

525.00 

600  00 

675.00 

11... 

82.50 

185.00 

247.50 

330.00 

412.50 

495.00 

577.50 

660.00 

742.50 

»Yr 

90.00 

180.00 

270.00 

360.00 

450.00 

540.00 

630.00 

720.00 

810-00 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  at,  hence  we  give  interest  in  sums  in 
thousands.  To  find  the  interest  of  any  number  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  the  corresponding  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 
point  one  place  to  the  left.  For  tens  move  the  point  two  places  to  the  left, 
and  for  any  number  of  units  (from  one  to  nins  dollars)  move  the  point  three 
places  to  the  left. 


A  COURTESY  POSTPONED  IS  A  JOY  DETHRONED.          321 


INTEREST  AT  TEN  PER  CENT. 


$1,000  $2,000 

$3,000 

$4,000  $5,000 

$6,000  $7,000 

$8,000  $9,OOO 

1.... 

.28 

.56 

.83 

1.11 

1.39 

1.67 

1.94 

243 

2.50 

2.... 

.56 

1.11 

1.67 

2.22 

•  2.78 

3.33 

8.89 

4.44 

5.00 

3.... 

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5  00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

4.... 

1.11 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

5.56 

6.67 

7.78 

8  89 

lo.oa 

5.... 

1.39 

2.78 

4.17 

5.5S 

6.94 

8.33 

9.72 

11.11 

12.  5a 

6.... 

1.67 

8.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13  33 

15.00- 

7.... 

1.94 

3.89 

5.83 

7.78 

9.72 

11.67 

13.61 

15.56 

17.50 

8.... 

2  22 

4.44 

6.67 

8.89 

11.11 

13.33 

15.56 

17.78 

20.00- 

9.... 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.0ft 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

10.... 

2-78 

5  56 

8.33 

11.11 

13.89 

16.67 

19.44 

22.22 

25.00- 

11... 

3.06 

6.11 

9.17 

12.22 

15.28 

18.33 

21.39 

24.44 

27.50- 

12.... 

3.33 

8.67 

10.00 

13  33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

80.00 

13.... 

3.61 

7.22 

10.83 

14.44 

18.06 

21.67 

25.28 

28.89 

32.r>0 

14.... 

3.69 

7.78 

11.67 

15.56 

19  44 

23.83 

27.22 

31.11 

3r»  00- 

15.... 

4.17 

8.33 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 

29.17 

33.38 

87.50- 

16.... 

4.44 

8.89 

13.33 

17.78 

22.22 

26.67 

31.11 

35.56 

40  00 

17.... 

4.72 

9.44 

14.17 

18.89 

23.61 

28.33 

33.06 

37.78 

42.50- 

18.... 

5.00 

10.00 

15  00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

19.... 

5.28 

10.56 

15.83 

21.11 

26.39 

31.67 

36.94 

42.22 

47.50* 

20.... 

5.56 

11.11 

16.67 

22.22 

27.78 

33  33 

38.89 

44.44 

50.00 

21.... 

5.83 

11.67 

17  50 

23.33 

29.17 

35.00 

40.83 

46.87 

52.50- 

22.... 

6.11 

12.22 

18.33 

24  44 

30.56 

36.67 

42.78 

48.89 

55  00> 

23.... 

6.39 

12.78 

19.17 

25.56 

31.94 

38.33 

44.72 

51.11 

57.50- 

24.... 

6.67 

13  33 

20.00 

26.67 

33.33 

40.00 

46.67 

53.33 

60.00 

25  ... 

6.94 

13.89 

20.83 

27.78 

84.72 

41.67 

48-61 

55.56 

62  50 

26.... 

-7.22 

14.44 

21.67 

28.89 

36.11 

43.83 

50  56 

57.78 

65.00 

27..-.. 

7.50 

15.00 

22.50 

30.00 

37.50 

45.00 

52.50 

60.00 

67.5J 

28.... 

7.78 

15.56 

23.33 

31.11 

38.89 

46.67 

54.44 

62-22 

70.00 

29.... 

8.06 

16.11 

24.17 

32.22 

40.28 

48.33 

56.39 

64.44 

72.50= 

iMo 

8.33 

16.67 

25.00 

33.33 

41.67 

50.00 

58.33 

66.67 

75.00- 

2  " 

16.67 

33.33 

50.00 

66.67 

83.33 

100.00 

116.67 

133.33 

150.  00 

I  " 

25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 

150.00 

175.00 

200.00 

22500- 

4  " 

33.33 

66.67 

100.00 

133.33 

166.67 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

300  CO- 

6  " 

41.67 

83.33 

125.00 

166.67 

208.33 

250.00 

291.67 

333.33 

375.00 

6  •• 

50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 

250.00 

300.00 

350.00 

400.00 

450.00- 

7  " 

58.33 

116.67 

175.00 

233.33 

291.67 

350.00 

408.33 

406.67 

525.  00 

8  " 

66.67 

133.33 

200.00 

266.67 

333.33 

400.00 

466.67 

533.83 

600.00- 

9  " 

75.00 

150.00 

225.00 

300.00 

375.00 

450.00 

525.00 

600.00 

675.  OO 

10  " 

83.33 

166.67 

250.00 

333.33 

416.67 

500.00 

583.33 

666.67 

750  (XV 

11  " 

91.67 

183.33 

275.00 

366  67 

458.33 

550  00 

641.67 

733  33 

825.00- 

lYr. 

100.00 

200.00 

300.00 

400.00 

500.00 

600.00 

700.00 

800.00 

900.00 

In  the  above  table  accuracy  is  aimed  at,  hence  we  give  interest  in  sums  ia 
thousands.  To  find  the  interest  of  any  number  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  find 
from  table  the  interest  of  the  correspond  in  e  thousands  and  move  the  decimal 
point  one  place  to  the  left.  For  tens  mov^  the  point  two  places  to  the  left,  and 
for  any  number  of  units  (from  one  to  nine  dollars)  move  the  point 
places  to  the  left. 


322      A  CORN-COB  STOPPER  DON'T  HURT  MILK  IN  A  JUCk, 


POSSIBILITIES  OF  COMPOUND  INTEREST. 

An  Idaho  correspondent  sends  the  New  York  Tribune  a  pho- 
tograph of  an  old  Idaho  mortgage,  which  shows  in  a  startling 
way  the  amazing  possibilities  of  compound  interest.  The  mort- 
gage was  executed  in  1861,  on  a  piece  of  land  in  Boise  City,  "to 
secure  the  sum  of  $340,  if  paid  in  legal  tender,  with  interest,  at 
the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  month.  But  if  the  said  note  shall  not 

be  paid then  the  sum  of  $170,  with  interest,  at  10  per  cent, 

per  month,  and  if  said  interest  is  not  paid  at  the  time  of  maturity 
of  this  note,  said  interest  to  be  added  to  the  principal,  and  said 
principal  and  interest  together  shall  draw  interest  per  month  as 
above  stated."  These  conditions  were  evidently  not  fulfilled,  for 
a  note  is  appended  to  the  document  as  follows:  "The  above 
mortgage  is  not  satisfied,  according  to  the  records  of  Ada  Coun- 
ty. With  interest  on  $170,  at  10  per  cent,  per  month,  compound- 
ed every  six  months,  the  debt  would  now  amount,  to  $45,972,003.- 
182,826.50.'"  There  are  a  great  many  millionaires  in  the  coun- 
try, but  there  is  probably  only  one  man  in  the  world  who  is 
indebted  in  the  sum  of  nearly  forty-six  trillions  of  dollars. 


BETTER  SAW  WOOD   WELL  THAN  PLEAD  LAW  POORLY.     323 

THE    APPLICATION    OF    COMPOUND    INTEREST. 

Direct  compound  interest  is  illegal  in  all  the  States.  But  every  man  that 
loans  his  money  and  keeps  it  out  at  a  legal  rate  of  interest  receives  and 
makes  a  compound  rate  of  interest.  He  annually  collects  his  interest,  and 
that  in  turn  loaned  out  again  makes  an  accumulation  equal  to  a  regular 
compound  rate  of  interest. 

EXAMPLE  :-If  Captain  Newport,  at  his  first  landing  at  Jamestown.  Vir- 
ginia, in  1607,  had  loaned  out  $100  at  compound  interest,  it  would  now  equal  a 
sum  greater  than  the  entire  wealth  of  the  United  States. 


COnPOUND    INTEREST    TABLE. 

Showing  the  amount  of  $1  from  1  to  15  years  at  compound  interest,  interest 

added    semi-anuually,  at  different    rates.    This  table  will  be  found 

valuable  in  computing  interest  on  Savings  Bank  deposits,  Ac. 


TEARS. 

3 

P.r  Cent. 

4 
Per  Cent. 

5 

Per  Cent. 

6 
Per  Cent. 

7 

PerCent. 

8 

Per  Cent. 

10 

Per  Cent. 

M 

1.015000 

1.020000 

1.025000 

1.030000 

1.035000 

1.040000 

i.a-soono 

l 

1.030225 

1.040400 

1.050625 

1.060900 

1.071225 

1.081600 

1.10251)0 

iy* 

1.045678 

1.061208 

1.076890 

1.092727 

1.108718 

1.124864 

1.157625 

2 

1.061363 

1.082432 

1.103813 

1.125509 

1.147523 

1.169858 

1.2155;  .6 

2H 

1.077284 

1.1(4081 

1.131408 

1.159274 

1.187(P6 

1.216658 

1.27(52-1 

3 

.098443 

1.126162 

1.159693 

1.194052 

1.  229255 

1.2»jr>3l« 

1  340095 

sy* 

.109845 

1.148385 

1.1881185 

1.229874 

1.272279 

1.315931 

1.4071dO 

4 

.126492 

1.171659 

1.218403 

1.226770 

1.316809 

1.368569 

1.477455 

41/, 

.143390 

1.195U92 

1.24K363 

1.304773 

1.363897 

1.423312 

1.551328 

5 

.160541 

1.21H994 

1.2300*1 

1.343916 

1.410">98 

1.480244 

1.62*894 

5V, 

1.177949 

1.243374 

1.312086 

1.384234 

1.4599R9 

1.5o9454 

1.7U-339 

6 

1.195618 

1.2t»8241 

1.344888 

1.425761 

1.511068 

1.601032 

1.7958T-6 

6H 

1.213552 

1.293606 

1.378511 

1.463533 

1.563956 

1.665073 

1.88*649 

7 

1.231755 

1.319478 

1.412973 

1.512589 

1.618694 

1.731676 

1.P79931 

7K 

1.250232 

1.345863 

1.448298 

1.557967 

1.67--349 

1.800943 

2.078923 

8 

1.263985 

1.372785 

1.484505 

1.604706 

1.733986 

1.872981 

2  182874 

sya 

1.288020 

1.400241 

1.521618 

1.652847 

1.794675 

1.947900 

2.292019 

9 

.307340 

1.428246 

1.559658 

1.702433 

1.857489 

2.025816 

2.406619 

BMI 

1.326950 

1.456811 

1.598650 

1.753506 

1.922501 

2.106849 

2.5269."0 

10 

1.346355 

1.485947 

1.G38616 

1.806111 

1.989789 

2191123 

2.653?97 

10* 

1.367058 

1.515666 

1.679581 

1.860294 

2.0594S1 

2  27876s* 

2.785W2 

11 

.387563 

1.545980 

1.721571 

1,916103 

2.131511 

2  369919 

2.9252*50 

114 

.408377 

1.576899 

1.761610 

1.973586 

2.206114 

2.464715 

3.071523 

12 

1.429503 

1.608437 

1.808726 

2.032794 

2.28332P 

2.^63304 

3  2251*0 

124 

.450945 

1.6W006 

1  853944 

2.093778 

2  363245 

2.665836 

3.8963*5 

13 

.4727'  .9 

1.673418 

1.900292 

2.156591 

2.445959 

2.77-M70 

3.555673 

1SH 

.494800 

1.706886 

1.9478"0 

2.2'21289 

2.531567 

2.833368 

3.733456 

14 

.517222 

1.741024 

1.996*95 

2.287927 

2.620172 

2.99*7'  >3 

3.920129 

144 

1.539980 

1.775845 

2.046407 

2.356  Vffi 

2.711878 

3.118651 

4  116ia5 

15 

1.563080 

1.811361 

2.097567 

'J.427262 

2.806793 

3.243397 

4321940 

Ex  AMPLE.— What  will  $400  amount  to  in  8  years  and  6  months  at  4  per  cent 
compound  interest,  interest  added  semi-annually?  Referring  to  table,  it  is 
found  $1  in  8  years  and  6  months  at  4  per  cent  will  amount  to  $1.400241.  Th« 
amount  of  $400  will  be  400  times  this  or  $560.0964. 

No-"K.— If  the  interest  only  be  wanted,  deduct  the  principal,  $400,  from 
$560.0064. 


S24  NO  PAINS,  NO  GAINS. 

INTEREST  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Showing  days  of  grace  in  the  various  States  as  they  exist  January,  1903. 


STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 

PENALTY  or  USURY. 

& 

as 

<& 

SPECIAL. 

Forfeiture  of  all  interest  (a) 

R 

8  per  ct. 

Alaska  

Forfeiture  of  debt  (a)  .  .  . 

fl 

10  per  ct. 

None  (a) 

g 

No  limit. 

Arkau  sa  s  

Forfeiture  of  principal  and  interest  (a) 

6 

10  ppr  ct 

California 

Noue  (h) 

7 

Colorado  

None  (b)  

g 

Connecticut  

Forfeiture  of  all  above  legal  rate  (b) 

g 

Delaware  
District  of  Col.. 

Forfeiture  of  interest  and  principal  (b)  
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest  (b)  

6 
6 

6  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 

Florida  

Forfeiture  of  interest  (b) 

g 

10  per  ct 

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  interest  •  •  • 

7 

Idaho  

(c)  (b)  

7 

12  per  ct 

Illinois  

Forfeiture  of  entire  interest  (b) 

5 

Indiana  

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  interest  *a) 

(\ 

8  per  ct. 

Forfeitureof  interest  and  costs  ^e)  (a)  

8 

8  per  ct. 

Kentucky  

F  orf  pit  u  re  of  excess  of  interest  (a)  
Forfeiture  of  excess  of  interest  (a) 

6 
(5 

10  per  ct. 

Louisiana  

Forfeitureof  interest  (a)  

=i 

8  per  ct. 

Haiti*  

None  (a)  .              .... 

g 

Massachusetts  .. 
M  ichigan  .     ... 

None  (b)  
Forfeiture  of  interest  (a)  .... 

6 
5 

No  limit. 

Minnesota  

Forfeiture  of  all  interest  (a)  

g 

10  per  ct. 

Mississippi  

Forfeiture  of  interest  (a) 

g 

10  per  ct. 

Mis-souri  

Forfeiture  of  excess  of  interest  (a)... 

ft 

8  per  ct. 

Montana  

None  (h)  

g 

No  limit. 

Nebraska  

Forfeiture  of  interest  and  costs  (a) 

7 

10  per  ct 

Nevada  

7 

New  Hampshire 
Ne>^  Jersey  
NPW  Mexico  

BWfei'ure  of  three  times  the  interest  
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest  and  costs  (b)..  . 
Forfeiture  of  excess  and  $100  fine  (a)  ... 

6 
6 
g 

6  per  ct. 
6  per  ct. 
12  per  ct. 

New  York 

(d)  (b) 

g 

North  1'arolina.. 

Forfeitureof  interest  (a).                              ... 

ft 

N  >rth  Dakota... 
(Uno    

Forfeitureof  double  the  int.  if  collected  (b) 
Noue  (h)  

7 
g 

12  perct. 
8  per  ct« 

Gklitioma  

Forfeiture  of  interest  (a)  

7 

12  per  ct. 

Oregon 

g 

1  ^nnsylvanit.  .  .  . 

Forfeiture  of  all  interest  (b) 

g 

R;i  de  Island.  .. 

None  (a)  

g 

No  limit. 

South.  Carolina.. 

Forfeiture  of  double  the  interest  (a). 

7 

South  Dukota.  .. 
Tennessee.     .   . 

Forfeiture  of  interest  and  punishable  as  mis- 
demeanor and  fine  not  exceeding  (500)  (a). 
Forfeit,  of  excess  of  int.  alsomisdem'r  (b) 

7 
Q 

13  per  ct 

Texas. 

double  can  be  received  back  (a) 

g 

10  per  cl« 

Utah 

None  (b) 

g 

Vermont. 

Forfeiture  of  excels  of  interest  (b) 

g 

•»  per  ct. 

Virginia  

Forfeitureof  excess  over  6  percent,  (b)  

n 

6  per  ct. 

Washington  
Wet  Virginia... 
Wisconsin  

forfeiture  of  twice  amount  of  interest  (b)  .  . 
Forfeitureof  excess  of  interest  (b)  
Forfeitureof  entire  interest  (b). 

6 
ft 
g 

12  i  er  ct 
6  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 

Wyoming  . 

(a) 

g 

12  per  ct. 

(a)  Grace,     (b)  No  Grace,    (c)  LOPS  of  interest  by  lender;  10  per  cent, 
fror*  borrower  for  school  fund,     (d)  Contract  void;  punishable  as  misde- 
meanor,   (e)  Defendant  also  forfeits  10  per  cent,  a  year  to  school  fund. 
*  18  per  cent,  on  less  than  $1,000.    Corporations  only  7  per  cent* 


XANY  A  SLIP  BETWEEN  THE  CUP  AXD  THE  LIP.        825 

SHORT  METHODS  OF  COMPUTATION  AND  BUSI- 
NESS RECKONJNG  TABLES. 


SHORT  RULES  OF  ARITHMETIC. 

In  these  short  rules,  which  we  have  developed  and  compiled, 
our  aim  has  been  to  make  them  superior  to  anything  that  has 
ever  been  published.  We  have  endeavored  to  teach  the  how, 
and  not  the  why.  Our  object  is  brevity  and  completeness. 
Business  demands  brief  and  practical  rules.  To  every  farmer, 
teacher,  mechanic,  merchant,  lawyer  and  laborer,  these  rules 
will  prove  available  and  valuable  knowledge. 

AN  EASY  WAY  TO  ADD. 

This  is  a  very  simple  and  easy  method,  and  will  be  a  great 
help  to  those  who  find  difficulty  in  adding  long  columns  of  fig- 
ures correctly: 

4?  -  EXAMPLE: 

7  Process.— Begin  at  9  to  add  as  near  20  as  you  can,  thus: 

6  9  +  2  +  4  +  3  =  18,   reject  the  tens  and  place  the  8  to 
3«  the  right    of    the  3,  as   in    example;    begin   at  6  and 
4  add  6  +  8+4  =  18,    reject    the    tens,    as     before,    and 
9  place  8  to  the    right    of    4,  as  in    example;    begin   at 
4T  6  +  7  +  4  =  17,  reject    tens,  place    7    to  the    right  of 

7  4,    as    in    example;    then  9  +  4  +  3=16,   reject    tens, 
6  place  6  to  the  right  of  3;  then  6  +  7  +  4  =  17,  reject 
48  tens    and    place    7    to    the     right,    as    before,    having 

8  arrived  at    the    top    of    the    column,  add  the    figures 
6  in    the     new    column,    thus:     8  +  8  +  7  +  6  +  7  =  36, 
38  or  3  tens    and    6    units;     place    the    6    units    as    the 
4  unit's    figure  of    the  sum,  having  3  tens    to    carry  to 
2  5  tens,  the  number  of  integers  or  catch  figures  already 

9  rejected.    3  +  5  =  8  tens,   which    prefixed    with   the  6, 
86  makes  86  the  sum. 

N.B.— Two  or  more  columns  maybe  added  in  the  same  way  by  rising  a 
lead  pencil,  and  then  erasing  the  figures  used  after  the  addition  is  complete* 


326  HARD  LABOR  PREVENTS  HARD  LUCK, 


f  3 


Commence  at  the  right  and  add  each  column  of  figures 
by  itself,  as  for  instance  the  first  column  equals  24;  put  down  the 
24;  the  next  column  equals  24;  put  it  down  as  above;  the  next 
column  equals  2/5,  the  next  27,  and  so  on,  and  then  add  the  results 
as  shown  in  the  above  form. 

The  advantage  of  this  method  is  that  a  person's  attention  may 
be  called  to  other  things,  while  he  is  in  the  midst  of  his  results$ 
and  not  lose  any  time  or  suffer  any  disadvantage.  In  the  count- 
ing-house or  places  of  business  where  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
talking  and  many  other  things  call  the  clerk,  when  he  left  off  he 
is  never  at  a  loss  to  resume  his  work. 

ADDING  AND  SUBTRACTING  FRACTIONS. 

To  find  the  sum  of  two  fractions  with  ones  for  numerators, 
add  the  denominators  for  the  numerator  of  the  answer  and  mul- 
tiply them  for  the  denominator.  To  subtract  them,  subtract  the 
denominators  for  the  numerator  of  the  answer  and  multiply 
''hem  for  the  denominator. 

Thus,  J  +  i  =  &    ^_1iff  =  ^. 

This  rule  is  well  worth  remembering. 


BETTER  CUT  THE  SHOE  THAN  PINCH  THE  FOOT,        327 

ADDITION. 


"Lightning  addition"  lies  in  the  ability  to  see  and  take  in  the 
result  of  two  or  more  figures  without  stopping  to  add  each  figure 
separately,  i.  e.,  to  read  results  in  figures  as  in  reading  a  book, 
the  meaning  of  the  word  or  sentence  is  known  without  spelling 
out  each  syllable  or  word. 

Process.  —  Commence  at  the  bottom  at  the  right  and  add 
thus  in  the  above  example:  n,  20,  2g;  then  carry  the  2  tens  to 
the  second  column;  then  add,  7,  16,  25,  33;  carry  the  3  hundreds 
to  the  third  column  and  add  the  same  way;  10,  21,  30,  36,  etc.,  etc. 

Never  allow  yourself  to  add  up  a  column  in  this  manner: 
9  and  2  are  n  and  5  are  16  and  4  are  20  and  9  are  29.  It  is  just 
as  easy  to  name  the  results  of  two  or  more  figures  at  once,  and 
five  times  as  rapid. 

Make  combinations  of  10  or  of  other  numbers  and  add  them  as 
«mple  numbers.    Thus  in  adding 

~  "+7  +  4-f 


8  +  6~+4  +  9  + 

say  8,  18,  27,  37,  47,  53,  taking  each  group  at  a  glance  as  a  single 
figure.  Group  figures  as  conveniently  as  possible.  After  a  little 
practice  the  mind  readily  grasps  the  groups  of  figures  and  results 
are  quickly  reached.  You  will  be  astonished  at  the  result  after 
practicing  a  half  hour  daily  for  a  month. 


DIRT  IS  DIRTIEST  UPON  THE  FAIREST  SPOTS. 


IMPROVED  METHOD  FOR  ADDING  LONG  COLUflNS. 

Add  the  right-hand  column  as  in  simple  addition;  write  down 
the  full  amount,  but  carry  the  left-hand  figure  or  figures  to  the 
next  column,  as  in  the  common  method;  write  the  full  amount 
of  the  second  column  directly  under  the 
amount  of  the  first  column,  carrying  again 
the  left-hand  figure  or  figures  as  before  to 
the  next  column.  Thus  add  each  column 
separately,  always  writing  down  the  full 
amount  and  at  the  same  time  carrying  the 
left-hand  figure  or  figures  as  above  di- 
rected. 

The  result  will  appear  by  reading  the  last 
amount  written,  together  with  the  right- 
hand  figures  of  the  partial  amounts,  in  the 
reverse  order  in  which  they  were  set  down. 
This  method  has  all  the  advantages  of 
the  Civil  Service  method,  with  the  addi- 
tional advantage  of  showing  the  result  without  a  second  addition 
of  the  partial  amounts;  besides,  it  requires  less  space. 

If  it  is  desired  to  preserve  the  figures  they  may  be  placed  in 
light  pencil  to  the  right  or  left  of  the  column  being  added. 


Example: 

2343478 

71321.96 

86798.43 

38 

30586.51 

55 

61369.57 

54 

15438.90 

46 

19709.76 

52 

20673.24 

30 

10931-43 

34 

340264.58 


"NOW"  IS  ON  THE  BANNER  OF  THE  PRUDENT.     329 

LIGHTNING  HETHOD  OF  MULTIPLICATION  AND 
DIVISION. 

To  multiply  by  125,  divide  by  8,  and  call  it  thousands,  because 
125  is  y&  of  a  thousand. 

To  multiply  by  12  J4,  divide  by  8;  call  it  hundreds. 

To  multiply  by  iJ4,  divide  by  8;  call    it  tens. 

To  multiply  by  62^2,  divide  by  16,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  6^4,  divide  by  16,  and  call  it  hundreds. 

To  multiply  by  31 *4,  divide  by  32,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  333  1-3,  divide  by  3,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  33  1-3,  divide  by  3,  and  call  it  hundreds. 

To  multiply  by  3  1-3,  divide  by  3,  and  call  it  tens. 

To  multiply  by  50,  divide  by  2,  and  call  k  hundreds. 

To  multiply  by  66  2-3,  divide  by  15,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  833  1-3,  divide  by  15,  and  call  it  ten  thousands, 
t>y  annexing  four  ciphers. 

To  multiply  by  83  1-3,  divide  by  12,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  8  1-3,  divide  by  12,  and  call  it  hundreds,  be- 
cause 8  1-3  is  1-12  of  a  hundred.  The  reason  is  similar  in  each 
case.  ^  ^  ^ 

To  multiply  by  166  2-3,  divide  by  6,  and  call  it  thousands. 

To  multiply  by  16  2-3,  divide  by  6,  and  call  it  hundreds. 

To  multiply  by  i  2-3,  divide  by  6,  and  call  it  tens. 

To  multiply  by  37^,  take  }i  of  the  number,  and  call  it  hun- 
dreds; 87^,  Y%  of  the  number,  and  call  it  hundreds,  etc. 

We  simply  reverse  these  methods  to  divide.  To  divide  by 
10,100.  1,000,  etc.,  we  remove  the  point  one,  two  and  three  places 
to  the  left. 

To  divide  by  25,  remove  the  decimal  point  two  places  to  the 
left,  and  multiply  by  4. 

Removing  the  point  two  places  divides  by  one  hundred; 
hence  the  quotient  is  four  times  too  small;  hence  we  remove  the 
point  two  places,  and  multiply  by  4. 

To  divide  by  2^,  remove  the  point  one  place  to  the  left,  and 
multiply  by  4. 

To  divide  by  125,  remove  the  point  three  places  to  the  left, 
and  multiply  by  8. 

To  divide  by  12^2,  remove  the  point  two  places  to  the 
and  multiply  by  8. 


3)0  FttlWlON  WEARS  OUT  MACHINERY. 

To  divide  by  i^4»  remove  the  point  one  point  to  the  left,  and 
multiply  by  8.  There  are  about 'ij4  cubic  feet  in  one  bushel 
Hence  dividing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  by  ij4  gives  the  number 
of  bushels  nearly. 

To  divide  by  I33K.  remove  the  point  three  places  to  the  left, 
then  multiply  by  3  and  divide  by  4. 

To  divide  by  8^,  remove  the  point  two  places  to  the  left,  and 
and  multiply  by  12. 

SHORT  METHODS  OF  MULTIPLICATION. 

How  to  Multiply  Any  Small  Number  Ending  with  5. 

Example:  25X85.  To  the  product  of  2  and  8  add  one-half  their  sum,  and 
ft©  (his  result  annex  25. 

Solution:  25  5X5=25 

85          2X8= 16, 164-H  (2+8)  =21. 

2125 
This  rule  is  very  simple  and  useful ;  practice  it,  it  never  fails. 

The  Complement  Rule. 

JJQ.O  The  complement  of  a  number  added  to  the  number  mekea  it  10.  o> 
IH  o  100,  or  1000,  etc.  The  complement  of  98  is  2,  of  91  is  9.  To  find  the  prod« 
_  net  of  these  two  numbers  multiply  the  complements  together ;  and  for 
flnia  the  other  two  figures  subtract  across,  either  the  two  from  the  91.  or  the 
8018  9  from  the  98. 

How  to  Multiply  Any  Number  by  21,  22,  23,  24,  etc. 
Multiply  each  figure  in  the  multiplicand  by  the  units  figure  in  the  multi- 
OTno    plier,  increasing  each  separate  product  by  double  the  figure  to  the 
{:    right  of  the  one  multiplied ;  double  the  last  figure. 

Solution :    3X2=6,  3X0=0,  and  double  the  right  hand  figure.  2,  =4. 
'  ASK  MR    3X1=3,  and  double  the  right-hand  figure,  0,  =3.    3X2=6,  double  the 
48348    1,  =8.    Double  the  last  figure. 

How  to  Multiply  Any  Number  by  21,  31, 41,  etc. 
To  multiply  any  number  of  two  figures  when  the  last  is  1,  or  of  threfl 
figures  when  the  last  two  are  01. 

Example :  Multiply  230412  by  21.  Instead  of  the  ordinary  long 
process,  simply  multiply  by  2,  placing  the  product  one  figure  to 
the  left,  and  then  add.  This  rule  is  as  practical  as  it  is  simple ;  try 
it,  using  31,  51,  201,  etc. 

How  to  Multiply  Any  Two  Numbers  Whose  Right-Hand  Figures  Add 

to  Ten,  and  the  Left-Hand  Figures  Are  the  Same. 
Example:     87     Three  times  7  are  21.    Put  down  both  figures,  add  one  to 
the       second     83      figure,  and  then  Bay  9  times  8  are  72.    Put  down  both 

figures,     and    you  have  the  correct  result.    This  rule  is  practical,  and 

the    ap plica-    7221    iion  of  it  is  simple. 

Trvifwith        21        32        43        54        65        76        87        98 
iryitwith,      jjg,       ^       4?,       w»       ^       u>       ^       w, 

To  Multiply  by  9's. 

To  multiply  by  9,  99,  or  ar,y  number  of  9's  annex  as  many  ciphers  to  the 
UMiltiplicand  as  there  are  9's  in  the  multiplier,  and  from  the  result  subtract 
the  muliplicaud. 

Example:  Multiply  2,736  by  999=2,736,000 

2,730 

2J38.264.4ni. 


WCRRY,  JVOT  .WORK,  USES  UP  MEN, 


331 


To  Multiply  by  11. 

MO  multiply  any  two  figures  by  11,  add  two  figures  together  ana  place  theii 
sum  between  the  two  figures  of  that  number. 

Example:  43X11=473,  or  4,  (4+3,)  and  3.  If  the  sum  of  the  two  figures 
exceeds  9,  the  left-hand  figure  must  be  increased  by  1.  Thus  48X11=528. 

To  Multiply  by  75. 

Find  cost  of  428  yards  at  75  cents.  Take  H  of  the  number  of  yards,  107  ^ 
subtract  this  from  the  number,  428-lu7=321  and  call  the  remainder  dollars, 
This  is  a  very  convenient  and  practical  rule. 


HOW  TO  DETERMINE  RESULTS  BY  CANCELLATION. 

1.  Cancellation  is  the    method  of  shortening  operations  by 
rejecting  equal  factors  from  numbers  used  as  a  divisor  and  the 
smmbsrs  used  as  a  dividend. 

2.  Cancellation  shortens   the    process  of    multiplication   and 
division  and  is  very  practical  in  the  following  examples: 

ILLUSTEATION  :    Multiply  18  r  16  x  28  and  divide  the  result  by  12 1 7  x  14, 
and  it  will  equal  6?. 

SOLUTION  J 


8 


Or, 


16 


48  =  6f ,  Ans, 


HOW    TO    ESTIMATE    ALL  KINDS   OF   PRODUCE,    AND 

FIGURE  UP  WHEAT,  OATS,   POTATOES,  ETC., 

SOLD  BY  THE  BUSHEL. 


Cancellation  Method. 

EXAMPLE  :    What  will  1660  pounds  of  wheat  cost 
at  80  cents  a  bushel  7 


Bor 


1660 


.4 


3  I  66.40=$22.13i,  Arts. 

EXPLANATION  :  It  will  be  seen  at  a  glance  that 
the  number  of  pounds  and  the  price  are  to  be  multi- 
plied together  and  the  result  divided  by  60 ;  so  place 
1660  and  80  on  one  side  of  the  line  and  60  on  the 
other  and  determine  the  result  by  cancellation,  as 
shown  in  the  above.  This  principle  will  apply  to 
any  commodity,  and  is  one  of  the  best  and  most 
'.-apid  methods  in  solving  practical  examples. 

22  Standard. 


332 


MAN  DESIRES  LONG  LIFE. 


EXAMPLE :    What  will  2849  pounds  of  corn  cost  at  33  cents  per  buthell 
SOLUTION;  2841^ 

.36 


7  I  102.24 =$14.60f  Ans. 

TO   FIGURE   LUMBER   BY   CANCELLATION. 

RULE. — Lumber  is  measured  by  the  running  foot.  A  foot 
squai-e  and  one  inch  thick  is  the  unit  of  measurement.  It  is 
.as  y  :een  that  the  number  of  pieces  of  lumber,  multiplied  by 
the  ^.ength,  and  that  result  multiplied  by  the  cost,  and  the  total 
re.ult  divided  by  12,  will  determine  the  cost  of  any  quantity 
of  lumber  that  may  be  desired. 

SOLUTION: 

EXAMPLE  :  How  many  feet  « 

in  a  stick  of  lumber  6x3  and 
18  feet  long?  •*" 


8 


SOLUTION: 


I  72  feet,  Ans. 


EXAMPLE:  What  will  be 
the  cost  of  10  planks  14  inches 
'wide,  2  inches  thick,  14  feet 
iong,  at  $20  per  thousand? 


EXAMPLE:  What  will  be 
the  cost  of  20  pieces  2x4, 18  feet 
long,  at  $12  per  thousand. 


14 

10 
20 


SOLUTION 


2 

4 

IS 

20 

<** 


#2.880,  Ans. 

«OW  TO  RQURE  UP  THE  PLASTERING  OF  A  ROOM 
BY  CANCELLATION. 

RULE. — Multiply  the  distance  around  the  room  in  feet  by 
the  height  of  the  room  in  feet,  and  this  result  by  the  price  per 
square  yard,  and  divide  the  product  by  9,  because  there  are 
9  square  feet  in  a  square  yard.  For  the  ceiling,  multiply  the 
length  of  the  room  by  the  width  of  the  room  in  feet,  and  this 
by  the  price  per  square  yard,  r.^d  divide  the  product  by  9.  Add 
the  two  results,  and  you  have  the  cosi  of  plastering  the  room. 


.VO  If^V    WOULD  BE  OLD.  333 

EXAMPLE  :  What  would  it  cost  to  plaster  a  room  18  feet  wide,  22  feet 
long,  and  9  feet  high,  at  20  cents  per  square  yard? 
SOLUTION  :      i    OQ 


20 


22 
20 


#16.00  +  $8.80=$24.8Q,Ans. 
RAPID  METHODS  IN   BUSINESS   CALCULATIONS. 

To  Multiply  Any  Two  Numbers  Together,  Each  Having  the  Same 
fractions. 

EXAMPLE: 

Rule.—  1.    Multiply  the  whole  numbers  together. 
2.    Add  the  two  numbers  together  and  multiply  this  sum  by 
either  one  of  the  fractions. 
_     3.    Multiply  the  tico  fractions  together. 

4.    Add  the  results  together.  llli"e  Ane. 

How  to  Multiply  Any  Mixed  Numbers. 

EXAMPLE.—  MULTIPLY  16%  BY  95Si. 
16* 
9% 


Rule.  —  1.    Multiply  the  whole  numbers  together  .....................  144 

9.    Mu  Itiply  the  upper  whole  number  by  the  lower  fraction  .........  12 

3.  Multiply  the  lower  whole  number  by  the  upper  fraction  ........        6 

4.  Multiply  the  fractions  together  ...................................          ys 

5.  Add  the  four  products  together  ..................................  162V3  Ans. 

N.  B.—  The  middle  parts  should  be  added  mentally  without  writing  them 
out. 
Business  Methods  for  Multiplying  All  Kinds  of  Mixed  Numbers. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  whole  numbers  together,  then  multiply  each  whole 
number  by  the  fraction  in  the  other  number  to  its  nearest  unit  and  add  the 
products. 

NOTK.—  In  business  it  is  the  custom  to  reject  fractions  less  than  V4  in  each 
•um  and  count  one  for  each  fraction  over  V6- 

How  much  will  34%  yards  of  cloth  cost  at  22*4  cents  per  yard. 

Solution  :  34  x  'J2=$7.48 

34xy2=    .17 

Nearest  unit,    22  x  %=    .16^ 


$7.81^=7.82  Ans. 

What  is  the  cost  of  17  dozen  and  9  eggs  at  1214  cents  per  dozen? 
Solution  :  17  x  12=$2.04 

17xH=      9    (Make  the  V*  a  unit.) 
0  eggs=M  dozen,    12  x  %=      9 

$2.22  Ans. 

The  Curious  Figure  9. 

Multiply  9  by  any  figure  you  like,  and  the  sum  of  the  digits  of  the  prod. 
net  will  be  9.  Thus,  4  X  9=36  ;  add  the  digits,  3  +  6=9.  So  it  goes  up  to 
11  times  9=99  ;  add  these,  9  +  9=18,  add  again  8  +  1=9.  You  will  never  be  able 
to  get  away  from  the  figure  nine.  9  X  454=4086,  add  the  digits  and  the  result 
is  18,  and  8  and  1=9. 

Again  :  Take  a  row  of  figures.  487,632 

Reverse  the  order  of  the  figures.    236,784 

Subtract,  250,848 

Add  the  digits  and  the  result  is  27,  and  2  +  7=9. 


334  A  FAT  KITCHEN  MAKES  A  LEAN   WILL. 


How  to  Find  tlie  Number  of  Yards  of  Carpet  to  Cover  a  Floor. 


Ingrain  carpet  is  1  yard  wide,  Brussels  and  velvet  carpets  are 
%  yard  wide. 

Rule. — Divide  the  width  of  the  carpet  into  the  width  of  the  room 
and  the  result  will  be  the  number  of  strips  ;  multiply  the  number 
of  strips  by  the  length  of  the  room  and  the  result  will  equal  the 
number  of  yards  of  carpeting  to  cover  the  floor. 

If  there  is  a  fraction  in  the  division  add  one  to  the  number  of 
strips.  In  that  case  it  will  be  necessary  to  turn  under  the  carpet 
at  one  side. 

Example :  A  room  is  12  feet,  9  inches  by  14  feet,  6  inches.  How  much 
ingrain  carpet  is  required  to  cover  the  floor? 

12%  ft.,  width  of  room  -*-  3  width  of  ingrain  carpet  =  4  and  a  fraction.  5 
Strips  are  therefore  required.  14*4  ft.  length  .of  room  X  5  =  72*4  f  t  -*-  3  =  24J 
yards. 

It  is  sometimes  more  desirable  or  economical  to  run  the  strips 
crosswise.  In  that  case  divide  the  length  of  the  room  by  the  width 
of  the  carpet,  and  multiply  this,  the  number  of  strips,  by  the  width 
of  the  room. 

Example  above:  14%  ft.,  length  of  room,  •*•  3  =  4  and  a  fraction.  It, 
therefore,  takes 5  strips.  12 X  ft.,  width  of  room.  X  5  =  63%  ft.  •*•  8  =  2134  yds. 

The  difference  in  the  results  arises  from  the  fact  that  more 
must  be  turned  under  when  the  strips  run  lengthwise. 

For  Brussels  carpet  reduce  the  width  or  length  to  inches  and 
divide  by  27,  width  of  Brussels  in  inches.  The  result  will  b«  the 
number  of  strips,  then  proceed  as  above. 


RUNNING  AFTER  A  SHADOW  IS  A    WEARISOME  RACE.     335 

How  to  Find  the  Amount  of  Paper  Required  to  Paper  a  Room. 

Measure  the  distance  around  the  room;  deduct  the  width  of 
each  window  and  door;  take  %  of  the  result  and  it  will  equal  the 
number  of  strips  required.  Divide  the  result  thus  found  by  the 
number  of  strips  that  can  be  cut  from  one  roll,  and  it  will  equal 
the  number  of  rolls  required  to  paper  the  room. 

Each  roll  is  1^  feet  wide,  24  feet  long  and  contains  36  square 
feet  or  4  square  yards. 

If  the  room  has  but  few  doors  and  windows,  no  allowance 
is  made  for  them,  as  there  is  always  a  waste  in  cutting  the  paper. 
Paper  will  stick  better  on  new  walls,  if  they  are  brushed  over 
with  a  sizing  of  weak  glue.  If  you  have  no  glue,  brush  paste 
over  the  wall,  as  well  as  over  the  paper. 

How  to  Find  the  Contents  of  a  Watering-Trough. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  height  in  feet  by  the  length  in  feet,  and  the  product 
by  the  width  in  feet,  and  divide  the  result  by  4,  and  you  will  have  the  contents 
in  barrels  o/3lV£  gallons  each. 

Example:    What  are  the  contents  of  a  watering  trough  8  feet 
long,  4  feet  wide,  and  3  feet  deep? 
Solution:    3x4x8  •*-  4=24  barrels. 

NOTE.— For  exact  results  multiply' the  length  in  inches  by  the  height  in 
inches,  by  the  width  in  inches,  and  divide  the  result  by  231,  and  you  will  have 
the  coctenta  in  gallons. 

How  to  Find  the  Contents  of  a  Round  Tank. 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  feet  by  the  depth  in  feet,  and  multi* 
ply  this  result  by  6,  and  you  have  the  approximate  contents  of  the  tank  in  gal- 
lons. (For  exact  results  multiply  the  product  by  5X  instead  of  6.) 

Example:  How  many  gallons  will  a  tank  hold  6  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  8  feet  deep? 

Solution:  6x6x8=288. 

288x6=1728  gallons.    Ans. 

NOTE.— If  the  tank  is  larger  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  find  the  aver- 
age diameter  by  measuring  the  middle  part  of  the  tank,  half  way  between  the 
top  and  bottom. 

FOR  MORE  EXACT  RESULTS. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  feet  by  the  depth  in  feet,  and 
multiply  this  result  by  47,  and  divide  the  product  by  8,  and  you  will  have  the 
number  of  gallons. 

NOTE.— In  calculating  the  capacity  of  tanks,  31V£  gallons  are  estimated  to 
one  barrel,  and  63  gallons  to  one  nogshead. 

A  TABLE  FOR  CIRCULAR  TANKS  ONE  FOOT  IN  DEPTH. 

Five  feet  in  diameter  holds. 4H  barrels. 

Six  feet  in  diameter  holds 6% 

Seven  feet  in  diameter  holds 9          " 

Eight  feet  in  diameter  holds 12 

Nine  feet  in  diameter  holds 15          " 

Ten  feet  in  diameter  holds 19r/i       " 

N.  B.— To  find  the  contents  of  a  tank  by  the  table,  multiply  the  contents  of 
one  foot  in  depth  by  the  number  of  feet  deep. 


336 


CONTENTMENT  MAKES  THE  POOREST  MAN  RICH. 


Table  for  Square  Tanks  One  Foot  in  Depth. 

A  Tank  Five  feet  by  five  'feet  holds 6    barrels. 

Six  feet  by  six  feet  holds 8^ 

Seven  feet  by  seven  feet  holds \\l/2 

Eight  feet  by  eight  feet  holds 15^ 

*'          Nine  feet  by  nine  feet  holds 

"          Ten  feet  by  ten  feet  holds : 


To  find  the  contents  of  a  trough,  measure  its  depth  in  feet  and 
multiply  it  by  the  contents  of  one  foot  in  depth. 

Shorter  Forms  of  How  to  Find  the  Contents  of  Cylindrical  Cisterns, 
Tanks,  Etc. 

If  you  cut  the  largest  possible  square  from  a  circle  drawn  on 
paper,  the  square  will  be  a  little  more  than  %  of  the  whole  circle. 
Therefore,  to  find  the  area  of  a  circle,  take  }{  of  the  square  of 
the  diameter  (or  for  exactness  .78)  and  the  result  will  be  the 
area  of  the  circle. 

Rule. — Multi-ply  the  square  of  the  diameter  of  the  cistern  in  feet,  by  the 
height  in  feet,  and  divide  this  result  ly  5,  and  it  will  equal  the  number  of 
barrels  the  cistern  -will  hold  (approximately).  ( Or  for  exact  results,  instead 
of  dividing  by  5,  take  i\  of  the  product. ) 

Example:  A  cistern  is  5  feet  in  diameter,  and  8  feet  deep. 
How  many  barrels  will  it  hold? 

Solution:  5X5X8=200. 

200-^5=40  barrels.     Ans. 
To  find  the  number  of  gallons,  multiply  by 


DISCONTENT  MAKES  THE  MILLIONAIRE  POOR. 


33? 


FINDING  THE  CONTENTS  OF  A  BARREL. 

BARRELS 

In  measuring  cisterns,  reservoirs,  vats,  etc.,  the  barrel  is  esti- 
mated at  31 X  gallons,  and  the  hogshead  at  63  gallons. 

A  gallon  of  water  weighs  nearly  Sl/i  pounds,  avoirdupois. 
A  pint  is  generally  estimated  as  a  pound. 

How  to  Find  the  Contents  of  Barrels  and  Casks. 

Rule.— Add  together  the  diameters  of  the  bung  and  head  in  inches,  an& 
divide  the  sum  by  2.  and  its  result  icill  equal  the  average  diameter.  Then  mul- 
tiply the  square  of  the  average  diameter  by  the  length  in  inches  and  multiply 
this  result  by  34  and  cut  off  the  four  right  hand  figures,  and  you  will  have  the 
number  of  gallons. 

Example:  How  many  gallons  in  a  barrel  whose  bung  diame- 
ter is  22  inches,  head  diameter  18  inches,  and  length  80  inches? 

Solution:  22  +  18-^2  =  20,  average  diameter.  20X20X30X 
34  =  40.8000,  or  40f  gallons 

To  Find  the  Number  of  Barrels  in  a  Square  Cistern. 

Multiply  the  height,  width  and  depth  together,  and  divide  the  product 
obtained  by  4  (or  for  exactness,  by  4.2),  and  the  result  will  equal  the  number 
cf  barrels  of  31%  gals,  each  the  cistern  will  hold. 

Example:    4x8x5  =  160. 

160  -M  =  40  barrels. 


338  NEVER  QUIT  CERTAINTY  FOR  HOPE, 

STONE-WORK, 

A  cord  of  stone,  three  bushels  of  lime  and  a  cubic  yard  of  sand 
will  make  100  cubic  feet  of  wall. 

One  cubic  foot  of  stone-work  weighs  from  130  to  175  pounds, 

Short  Method  of  Estimating  Stone-work. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and  thai 
by  the  thickness  in  feet,  and  divide  this  result  by  21%  and  the  quo- 
tient will  be  the  number  of  perches  of  stone  in  the  wall. 

Example:  A  wall  is  4  X  15  X  2  =  120  the  solid  contents,  120 
-5-  27^  =  4T4r  perches. 


N.  B.  —  A  perch  of  stone  is  a  variable  measure  of  about  25  cubic 
feet.  Usually  24|^  cubic  feet  are  allowed,  to  which  2%  cubic  feet 
£.re  added  for  the  mortar  and  filling,  making  27^  cubic  feet  of 
wall  for  every  perch  of  stone. 

How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Cords  of  Stone  to  Build  Cellar  and 
Barn  Walls. 

RULE.—  Multiply  the  length,  height  and  thickness  together  ic 
feet  and  divide  the  result  by  156. 

N.  B.  —  There  are  128  cubic  feet  in  a  cord,  but  the  mortar  and 
sar/i  make  it  necessary  to  use  but  100  cubic  feet  of  stone. 

FACTS  FOR  BUILDERS. 

A  cubic  yard  of  sand  is  called  a  load. 

Five  hundred  bricks  make  a  load. 

A  bricklayer's  hod  will  hold  20  bricks;  the  ordinary  load, 
however,  is  16  walling,  or  12  facing  bricks.  A  bricklayer  can 
lay  about  1,500  bricks  in  a  day  of  10  hours,  where  the  joints 
are  left  rough;  about  1,000  when  both  faces  are  to  be  worked 
fair,  and  not  more  than  500  when  carefully  joined  and  faced 
with  picked  bricks  of  a  uniform  color. 

To  every  barrel  of  lime  estimate  about  {Hi  of  a  cubic  yard  of 
good  sand  for  plastering  and  brickwork. 

One-third  of  a  barrel  of  stucco  will  hard-finish  100  square 
yards  of  plastering. 

One  and  one-quarter  barrels  cement  and  ^  yards  sand  will 
lay  loo  feet  rubble  stone. 

One  and  one-eighth  barrels  of  lime  and  £6  yards  of  sand 
will  lay  i.ooo  bricks. 


LITTLE  AND  OFTEN  FILLS  THE  PURSE,  339 


HOW  TO  FIND  THE    NUMBER  OF   COMMON    BRICKS  IN 
A  WALL  OR  BUILDING. 

A  BRICK  is  8  inches  long,  4  inches  wide  and  2  inches  thick,  and  contains  84 
cubic  inches.  Twenty-seven  bricks  make  one  cubic  foot  of  wall  without  mor 
tar,  and  it  takes  from  20  to  22  bricks  according  to  the  amount  of  mortar  used 
to  make  a  cubic  foot  of  wall  with  mortar. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  length  of  the  wall  in  feet  by  the  height  in 
feet,  and  that  by  its  thickness  in  feet,  and  then  multiply  that  result  by 
20,  and  the  product  will  be  the  number  of  bricks  in  the  wall. 

Example:  How  many  bricks  ir  a  wall  30  feet  long,  20  feet  high 
and  18  inches  thick? 

Solution:  30  length  X  20  height  X  \1A  thick  =  900  X  20  = 
18,000.  Ans. 

N.  B.— For  a  wall  8  inches  thick,  multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  iir 
feet,  and  that  result  by  14,  and  the  product  will  equal  the  number  of  bricks. 

When  doors  and  windows  occur  in  the  wall,  multiply  their  height,  width 
end  thickness  together,  and  deduct  the  amount  from  the  solid  contents  of  the 
wall  before  multiplying  by  20  or  14,  as  the  case  may  be. 

BRICK-WORK. 

Five  courses  of  bricks  will  make  one  foot  in  height  on  achirn 
ney. 

One  cubic  foot  of  brick -work  with  common  mortar  weighs  from 
100  to  110  pounds. 

A  cask  of  lime  will  make  mortar  sufficient  for  1,000  bricks, 

FOR  PLASTERING. 

Six  bushels  of  lime,  40  cubic  feet*  of  sand,  and  1^  bushels  of 
hair  will  plaster  100  square  yards  with  two  coats  of  mortar. 

In  plastering  no  deductions  are  made  for  openings,  because 
the  extra  work  in  finishing  around  them  balances  the  material 
saved. 

•N.  B,— There  are  about  IM  cubic  feet  in  a  bushel. 


340  THOUGHT  IS  MORTAR;  DEEDS  ARE  STONE. 


How  to  Calculate  the  WEIGHT  of  Coal  in  a  Bin  or  Box. 

A  solid  cubic  foot  of  anthracite  coal  weighs  about  93  pounds. 
When  broken  for  use  it  weighs  about  54  pounds.  Bituminous 
coal  when  broken  up  for  use  weighs  about  50  pounds. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and 
again  by  the  breadth  in  feet,  and  this  result  by  54  for  anthracite 
coal,  or  by  50  for  bituminous  coal,  and  the  result  will  equal  the 
number  of  pounds.  ' 

To  find  the  number  of  tons,  divide  by  2,000. 

Example:  A  coal  bin  is  ten  feet  long,  8  feet  wide,  and  5  feet 
high.  How  many  tons  of  anthracite  coal  will  it  hold? 

Solution:  10x8x5x54=21,600.  21,600-^2,000=10  tons  and 
1,600  pounds. 

Amount  of  Charcoal  in  a  Bin. 

Multiply  length,  breadth,  and  height  (all  in  inches)  together, 
and  divide  by  2571,  the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  bushel  of 
charcoal. 

How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Cords  in  a  File  of  Wood. 

A.  cord  of  wood  is  a  pile  8  feet  long,  4  feet  .wide  and  4  feet  high  and  con- 
tains 128  cubic  feet. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  width  in  feet  and  that  result  by 
the  height  in  feet  and  divide  the  product  by  128  and  you  have  the  number  of 
cords. 

Example :  How  many  cords  in  a  pile  of  wood  4  feet  wide,  7  feet  high,  24 
feet  long. 

Solution;   4X7X24=672  cubic  feet.    672+128=514  cords.    Ans. 

A  cord  of  wood  contains  128  cubic  feet  when  the  wood  is  Cut 
4  feet  long.  It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  a  cord  should  always 
contain  128  cubic  feet,  as,  for  instance,  cooking  stove  wood  is 
seldom  over  20  inches  in  width  when  corded,  but  the  width  is. 
counted  the  same  as  if  it  was  four  feet.  As  for  instance  in  the 
following  example: 

Rule.— Multiply  the  length  of  the  pile  by  the  height,  and  divide 
by 32. 

Example: — How  many  cords  are  contained  in  a  pile  of  stove 
wood  17  feet  long,  6  feet  high  and  19  inches  in  width? 

Solution:  17  length  X  6  height=102;  102 -;- 32=3  ft  cords. 
—Ans. 


TO  BE  AN  HONEST  MAN  IS  THE  MASTER  CRAFT. 


341 


PRICE  OF  WOOD  PER  CORD. 

EXPLANATION.—  Find  the  number  of  feet  in  the  left-hand  column  of  the  table, 
then  the  price  in  dollars  and  cents  at  the  top  of  the  table,  and  trace  the  line 
and  column  until  they  meet,  and  you  will  find  the  amount  in  dollars  and  cents. 


r-(r-lr-lCOCOCOCOCOCOTf<Tt<''tfTt<iOiC><£> 

rt<OOCOl^r-iiOO*^OOCOC~COCOO»O'^COOOOiOCOC-OiOO 
OO«-^r-"OaCOCOCO^pCOt>pr}<r^p^COC--O5'-«rHOqr-jiO 

*  ,-i  r-I  r-i  co"  c^'  co"  co  co"  co  oo  co  ^  ^'  ^'  o  10 

8  ' 

«&  .  

CO"  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  -<t  -^ 

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•  ^i  r-i  r-i  r-i  co"  co'  co'  co*  co'  co'  co'  co  co'  co'  •*' 

p  O  p  »-J  r-i  r-H  r-(  CO  T?  SO  OO  O  CO  O  C-^  OS  I-H  GO  ^  O  CO  CO  p  CO  iO 
"  r-i  r-i  r-i  r-i  r-i  CO"  Co"  CO*  CO  CO  CO  CO*  CO  CO 

CO 

co'cococococo'co'co'co 

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"r-Jr-Ht-Hr-Ir-Jr-ir-irHCo'Co'Co'co'CO 

^OCO^t<OrHl^COOO'^CiiOr--«D^COOOCCOOir^O 

"  r-I  r-i  i— I  r-i  r-I  r-H  r-i  f-J  CO  CO  CO  CO* 

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c>"  p  O  p  p  p  O_ '-'.'— '.CO^CO  •^iOCOt^OOO;ip?-HCOCOCO'rf*O?Dt^ 


342 


NEVER  PROMISE  WHAT  YOU  CANNOT  FULFIL. 


A  TILE  FACTORY. 

HOW  TO  FIND  THE  CARRYING  CAPACITY  OF  TILE. 

Gallons  Per  Minute. 


FALL 

PER  100 

FEET. 

SIZE  OF  TILE. 

lin. 

Sin. 

6  in. 

9  in. 

12  in. 

24  in. 

36  in. 

8-inch                 

13 

23 

32 

40 

46 

64 

79 

4-  inch  

27 

47 

66 

81 

93 

131 

163 

6-inch    .  .         

75 

129 

183 

224 

258 

864 

450 

8-inch  

158 

265 

875 

460 

529 

750 

923 

9-inch      .  "         .     .. 

205 

355 

593 

617 

711 

1006 

1240 

10-inch                       . 

267 

463 

655 

803 

926 

1310 

1613 

12-inch  

422 

730 

1033 

1273 

1468 

2076 

2551 

A  large  tile  will  carry  more  water  according  to  its  size  than  a  small  one. 
This  is  because  there  is  less  surface  on  the  inside  of  the  large  tile  compared 
with  the  size  of  stream,  and  therefore  less  friction.  More  water  will  flow 
through  a  straight  tile  than  a  crooked  one  having  the  same  diameter. 

EXAMPLE  :  A  nine-inch  tile  at  6  inches  fall  to  the  100  feet  will  flow  593 
gale,  per  minute. 

AREA  AND  WEIGHT  OF  TILE. 

The  following  table  shows  the  area  and  the  weight  of  the  different  sized 
tile: 


SIZE. 

WEIGHT. 

AREA. 

SIZH. 

WEIGHT. 

AREA. 

8     inch   . 

5  Ibs    ea 

8Vi  BQ    in 

7  inch. 

15  Ibs    ea 

8K    "    . 

6       " 

9Y*       " 

8    " 

18        " 

53  Y*      ** 

I       ••   .. 

7        " 

14          " 

9    " 

21        " 

67         " 

5       " 

10       " 

21  V4       " 

10    " 

24        " 

6054     " 

6      "   

12       " 

30V4 

12    '* 

28        " 

113         - 

ILL  GOTTEN  GOODS  SELDOM  PROSPER. 


343 


A  COMPLETE  SET  OF  CARPENTER'S  RULES. 

Plain,  Simple  and  Practical. 

THE  GABLE  is  a  space  the  form  of  a  triangle  on  the  end  of  & 
building,  with  a  common  double  roof. 

QUARTER  PITCH.— Is  a  roof  that  is  one-fourth  as  high  as  the 
width  of  the  building. 


24  feet. 

Rule. —  To  find  the  area  of  the  gable  end,  multiply  the  width  of 
the  building  by  the  height  of  the  roof,  and  take  one-half  of  tht 
result.  Or,  if  the  roof  is  "  quarter  pitch,"  find  the  area  by  multi- 
plying width  of  the  roof  by  Y*  of  itself. 

To  find  the  number  of  feet  of  stock  boards  to  cover  a  house  or 
barn. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  distance  around  the  barn  by  the  height  of 
the  post,  and  to  this  result  add  the  area  of  the  two  gable  ends,  (If 
there  are  many  openings,  allowance  should  be  made  for  them), 


344 


THJX  EARLY  BIRD  CATCHES  THE  WJRM. 


How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Shingles  Required  for  a  Roof. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  of  the  ridge  pole  by  twice  the  length  of  on« 
rafter,  and,  if  the  shingles  are  to  be  exposed  4l/z  inches  to  the  weather,  multi- 
ply by  9,  and  if  exposed  5  inches  to  the  weather,  multiply  by  8,  and  you  have 
the  number  of  shingles. 

NOTE.— Shingles  are  16  inches  long,  and  average  about  i  inches  wide. 
They  are  put  up  in  bundles  of  250  each. 

Rule. — 900  shingles,  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather,  will  cover 
100  square  feet,  and  800  shingles  laid  4^  inches  to  the  weather 
will  cover  100  square  feet. 

How  to  Find  the  Number  of  Laths  for  a  Room. 

Laths  are  4  feet  long  and  1>£  inches  wide,  and  16  laths  are 
generally  estimated  to  the  square  yard.  There  are  50  in  a  bunch. 

RULE. — Find  the  number  of  square  yards  in  the  room,  and 
multiply  by  16,  and  the  result  will  equal  the  number  of  laths 
necessary  to  cover  the  room. 

FLOORS  AND  SIDING.— To  find  the  number  of  feet  of  6- inch 
matched  flooring  for  a  given  floor.  Find  the  number  of  square 
feet  of  surface  to  be  covered,  and  add  \  of  itself  to  it,  and  the 
result  will  be  the  required  number  of  feet. 

FOR  THREE-INCH  FLOORING.— Find  the  number  of  square 
feet  to  be  covered,  to  which  add  l/2  of  itself. 


JL 


How  to  Find  the  Length  and  Bevels  of  Rafters. 

1.  Place  your  steel  square  on  a  board  (say  the  building  is 
40  feet  long),  20  inches  from  the  corner  one  way,  and  7  inches 
the  other,  and  mark  it  as  shown  in  the  above  figure.  Now  the 
angle  at  c  will  be  the  bevel  of  the  upper  end,  and  the  angle 
at  a  the  bevel  at  the  lower  end  of  the  rafter. 


THE  EARL  Y  WORM  IS  A  VICTIM  OF  THE  EARL  Y  BIRD-       345 

2.  LENGTH  OF  RAFTER. — The  length  will  be  from  a  to  b  on 
the  outer  edge  of  the  board.  The  20  inches  shows  the  20  feet, 
or  half  of  the  width  of  the  building;  the  7  inches  the  7  foot  rise. 
Now  the  distance  from  a  to  b,  on  the  edge  of  the  board,  is  21  inches, 
two-twelfths  and  one-quarter  of  a  twelfth  (always  use  a  square 
with  inches  on  one  side  divided  into  twelfths),  therefore  this  rafter 
will  be  21  feet  and  2#  inches  long. 

f 


How  to  Make  a  Curve  with  a  Set  Triangle. 
1.  In  the  above  figure  let  a,  b  represent  the  length,  and  ct  eftht 
height  of  the  curve.  Drive  two  awls  at  e  and  e;  then  take  two 
strips,  marked  s  s,  and  nail  them  together  at  the  point  d,  and 
spread  out  the  -i^es  to  the  awls  at  e  and  e\  then  tack  on  the 
brace  ft  hold  a  penal  at  the  point  dt  then  move  the  point  toward 
the  point  e  both  ways.  Be  sure  and  keep  the  strips  s  s  hard  against 
the  awls  at  e  and  et  and  the  pencil  will  mark  out  the  exact  curve. 


SLATE  TABLES. 

Slates  are  sold  by  the  square,  which  covers  100  square  feet, 
weighs  about  600  pounds  and  costs  from  $3.00  to  $10.00:  average 
about  $5.00.  They  are  laid  with  three  inches  under-lap,  and  to 
find  how  much  to  lay  each  size  to  the  weather  subtract  three  inches 
from  the  length  of  the  slate  and  divide  the  remainder  by  two. 

Example:  How  much  will  an  18  inch  slate  lay  to  the  weather? 

Solution:  18  —  3  =  15.    15  -*-  2  =  7^  inches.  Ans. 


NUMBER  OF  ELATES  PER  SQUARE. 


Sizes 

Number 

Sizes 

Number 

Sizes 

Number 

Sizes 

Number 

6x10 

685 

8x14 

328 

10x18 

192 

13x22 

116 

7x10 

588 

9x14 

291 

11x18 

175 

14x22 

108 

8x10 

515 

10x14 

262 

12x18 

160 

12x24 

115 

6x12 

534 

12x14 

219 

10x20 

170 

13x24 

105 

7x12 

458 

8x16 

277 

11x20 

154 

14x24 

98 

86 

8x12 
K>xl2 

400 

9x16 

247 

12x20 

142 

16x24 

356 

10x16 

222 

14x20 

121 

18x24 

77 

820 

12x16 

185 

11x22 

138 

14x26 

90 

7x14 

374 

9xlB 

214 

12x22 

127 

14x28 

83 

346 


8H1NE  AS  LIGHTS  IN  THE 


How  to  Make  the  Curves  for  Brick  and  Stone  Arches. 

Measure  the  width,  and  draw  the  figure  as  above.  If  the 
points  in  1,  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  are  equal  on  both  sides,  the  curve  will 
be  an  exact  part  of  a  circle. 

DEFINITIONS  FOR  MECHANICS. 

An  angle  is  the  opening  between  two  lines  that  have  a 
different  direction. 

When  two  straight  lines  cross  each  other  so  as  to  form  four 
equal  angles,  each  angle  is  called  a  right  angle. 

An  acute  angle  is  less  than  a  right  angle.  An  obtuse  angle  is 
greater  than  a  right  angle. 

A  triangle  is  a  figure  having  three  sides. 

A  surface  having  four  straight  lines  and  four  right  angles 
is  called  a  rectangle. 

A  rectangle  whose  sides  are  equal  is  called  a  square. 

The  perimeter  of  a  figure  is  the  distance  around  it. 

An  arc  is  any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 

A  chord  is  a  line  drawn  through  the  circle  and  ending  on 
the  circumference. 

A  quadrant  is  a  quarter  circle. 

A  tangent  is  a  line  that  touches  a  circle  but  does  not  cut  it 

A  polygon  is  a  figure  bounded  by  straight  lines. 

The  following  figures  show  the  principal  polygons  used  with 
numbers  of  sides  of  each: 

JOOOOO 

Pentagon,      Hexagon,       Heptagon.       Octagon.        Nonagon.        Decagon. 

Concentric  circles  are  circles  that  have  the  same  center  and 
the  space  included  between  their  circumference  is  called  a  ring. 

POINTERS  FOR  MECHANICS. 

A  good  stain  for  floors  is  made  by  boiling  shellac  and  borax 
in  water. 

Marble  mantels  require  very  careful  handling. 

Gas  fixtures  should  be  carefully  stored  away  in  some  dry  place, 
for  they  may  often  be  in  service,  and  can  easily  be  renovated  if 
tarnished  or  soiled. 


BUT  DO  NOT  PUT  THE  CANDLE  IN  A  DRA  UGHT.          347 

Furnace  registers  should  never  be  placed  near  a  mantel  if  it 
is  desired  to  utilize  the  heat. 

A  monthly  rubbing  of  floors  with  oil  is  much  better  than 
painting.  This  will  also  make  them  look  as  good  as  new. 

Locks,  hinges,  keys  and  other  hardware  should  have  special 
care,  every  piece  represents  money,  and  if  not  well  cared  for  will 
result  in  waste. 

Porch  floors  should  be  made  of  narrow  stuff!  it  is  well  to 
lay  the  joints  in  white  lead. 

Shingles  or  any  other  light  wood  work  can  be  made  fire 
proof  by  using  lime  water. 

Poor  work  testifies  to  the  fact  that  the  lowest  priced  builder 
is  not  always  the  cheapest. 

Use  oak  instead  of  maple  for  basement  flooring,  because  it 
will  stand  dampness  better. 

Tools  should  be  kept  in  a  handy  place  and  in  good  con- 
dition. 

There  is  nothing  like  having  an  exact  place  for  every  tool 
and  keeping  it  there  when  not  in  use. 

Keeping  tools  in  good  order  is  as  essential  as  keeping  them 
in  the  proper  place. 

No  man  should  use  a  dull  cool.  If  there  is  time  to  use  it 
there  ought  to  be  time  to  keep  it  in  good  order. 

Old  material  should  never  be  destroyed  because  it  is  old. 

Do  not  use  one  chimney  flue  for  two  stove-pipes;  one 
draught  may  counteract  the  other. 

It  is  well  to  have  a  ventilating  Hue  from  the  kitchen  into  the 
chimney;  this  will  do  away  with  atmospheric  meals. 

Don't  grumble  if  you  do  not  get  as  good  results  from  the 
use  of  old  material  as  from  new. 

Fasten  stops  to  doors  and  windows  with  round-headed 
screws:  they  can  be  easily  removed. 

Moths  and  insects  will  not  be  found  in  closets  finished  with 
red  cedar  shelves  and  drawers. 

All  fixtures,  such  as  grates,  hearth-stones,  bath-tubs,  desks, 
heating  appliances,  should  be  moved  with  care;  they  may  fre- 
quently be  used  for  inferior  fixings  and  thus  much  money 
saved. 

Furnaces  should  be  located  with  care.     It  is  easier  to  force 
warm  air  through  a  furnace  flue  50  feet^away  from  the  prevalen 
wind  than  10  feet  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Hot  air  flues  should  not  be  carried  for  any  distance  through 
cold  cellars  or  basements,  as  they  will  become  chilled,  and  will 
not  draw,  unless  they  are  inclosed  in  some  non-conducting 
material. 

Hot  water  heating  has  a  number  of  advantages  in  its  favor. 
For  mild  climates  it  answers  very  well;  there  are,  however,  ob- 
jections to  its  use  in  northern  latitudes. 

Hot  water  will  cool  down  and  freeze  much  quicker  than 
ordinary  water,  under  the  same  circumstances. 

23  Standard 


$48 


A  BUSINESS  WILL  RUN  ITSELF  ONLY  ONE  WAY. 


L.  soldering,  see  that  the  surface  to  be  soldered  is  clean;  it 
not,  make  it  so  by  riling  or  scraping. 

There  is  no  surer  way  of  gaining  knowledge  than  by  a  careful 
and  understanding  watchfulness  of  others  in  the  same  line  of 
business  as  yourself. 

Don't  tell  all  you  know,  or  else  others  will  know  one  valuable 
thing  that  you  don't  know,  and  that  is  that  you  don't  know 
as  much  as  you  pretend  to  know. 

USEFUL  AND  PRACTICAL  RULES  FOR  MECHANICS 

To  Find  the  Diagonal  of  a  Square. 
Multiply  the  side  of  the  square  by  1.41421. 

To  Find  the  Circumference  of  a  Circle. 

Multiply  the  diameter  by  3£  or  multiply  the  area  by  12.566  aiwJj 
extract  the  square  root  of  the  product. 

To  Find  the  Area  of  a  Circle. 
Multiply  the  square  of  the  radius  by  3}. 
The  radius  is  one-half  the  "diameter. 

To  Find  the  Diameter  of  a  Circle. 
Divide  the  circumference  by  3f. 

To  Draw  a  Circle  Through  Three  Points. 

Let  the  three  points  be  A,  B  and  C.  Join  A  and  B  and  B 
and  C  by  straight  lines.  At  the  middle  points  of  these  lines 
draw  lines  perpendicular  to  them.  This  can  easily  be  done  by 
using  a  square.  Produce  these  lines  and  let  them  meet  at  O. 
O  is  the  center  of  the  circle.  With  O  as  center  and  OA  as 
radius  construct  the  circle. 

To  Find  the  Area  of  any  Polygon. 

Find  the  center  of  the  figure  and  multiply  distance  around 
the  figure  (perimeter)  by  one-half  of  the  diameter  and  the  re- 
sult will  equal  the  area. 

Inscribed  and  Circumscribed  Squares. 


GRAVITY  IS  ALWA$~S  DOWNWARD.  349 

The  square  described  within  the  circle  is  exactly  half  as 
large  as  the  square  described  outside  of  the  circle,  that  i& 
the  described  one  is  one  half  the  area  of  the  circumscribed  square. 

The  square  c  dn  k  contains  exactly  one-half  the  area  of  the 
square  a  c  m  b. 

It  is  thus  easily  seen  that  the  area  of  the  circumscribed 
square — (that  is  the  square  a  c  m  b]  is  equal  to  the  square  of  the 
diameter  of  the  circle. 

How  to  Lay  Off  Small  Lots  of  Land. 

Farmers  and  gardners  often  find  it  necessary  to  lay  off  small  jwrtionfi  at 
land  for  the  purpose  of  experimenting  with  different  crops,  fertilizers,  etc. 
To  such  the  following  rules  will  be  helpful : 

One  acre  contains  160  sq.  rods,  or  4,840  sq.  yards,  or  43,560  sq.  feet. 
One  acre  it  will  take  208,70  feet  each  way. 
One-half  acre  it  will  take  147*4  feet  each  way. 
One-third  acre  it  will  take  120'^  feet  each  way. 
One-fourth  acre  it  will  take  104X  feet  each  way. 
One-eighth  acre  it  will  take  73&  feet  each  way. 

How  to  Make  an  Ice  Chest. 

Take  two  dry  goods  boxes,  one  enough  smaller  than  the  other 
to  leave  a  space  of  three  or  four  inches  all  around  when  placed 
inside  the  larger  box.  Pack  this  space  between  the  two  boxes 
closely  with  sawdust  and  make  a  heavy  cover  to  fit  neatly  inside 
the  top  of  the  larger  box.  A  small  pipe  inserted  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  chest  will  carry  off  the  waste  water.  For  family 
use  and  all  ordinary  purposes  it  will  be  as  serviceable  as  refriger- 
ators costing  twenty-five  times  as  much. 

THE  LIGHTNING    METHOD    FOR   MEASURING    LUMBER. 

1.  A  FOOT  OF  LUMBER  is  one  foot  long,  one  foot  wide  and  one 
inch  thick.    This  is  called  a  Board  Foot. 

2.  PIECE  STUFF  OR  DIMENSION  STUFF  is  lumber  that  is  two  or 
more  irithes  thick  and  of  uniform  width  and  length. 

3.  SCANTLING  is  usually  from  three  to  four  inches  wide  and 
from  two  to  four  inches  thick. 

4.  JOIST  is  two-inch  lumber  of  any  width. 

5.  PLANK  is  two  inches  in  thickness  and  wider  than  a  scantling. 

Rule  for  12-foot  Boards :  Find  the  width  of  the  boards  in  inches  and  add 
together,  and  the  sum  obtained  will  be  equal  to  the  number  of  feet  in  the  pile. 
(Each  inch  in  width  equals  one  foot  of  lumber.) 

Note:  U?e  no  fractions  If  a  board  is  between  9  and  10  inches  wide,  but 
nearer  9  than  10,  call  it  9;  if  nearer  10  than  9,  call  it  10.  If  it  is  9J4,  call  it 
either  9  or  10. 

For  14-foot  boards  add  the  width  ot  the  boards  in  inches,  and  to  the  sum 
add  i  of  itself,  and  the  result  will  equal  the  number  of  feet  in  the  pile. 

For  16-foot  lumber,  add  the  width  of  the  bo  irds  in  inches  and  to  that  sum 
add  i  of  itself,  ana  you  will  have  the  number  of  feet  in  the  pile. 

Example :  How  many  feet  of  lumber  in  ten  boards,  9  inches  wide.  -*nd  16 
ffeet long? 

Solution.  10x9=90. 

H  of  90=30. 

804-90=120,  the  number  of  feet 


350 


BETWEEN  IDLENESS  AND  OVERWORK  LIES  THE 


20ft. 


ft    10  ft.     \« 


How  to  Find  the  Height  of  a  Tree. 

Suppose  you  desire  a  log  30  feet  long  —  measure  off  from  the 
base  of  the  tree  30  feet  —  (allow  for  the  height  of  the  stump),  then 
measure  10  feet  back,  and  put  your  10-foot  pole  at  b  ;  let  some  one 
hold  it  the  height  of  the  stump  from  the  ground,  then  put  your 
eye  at  ^,  looking  over  the  top  of  the  pole  at  ct  and  where  the  eye 
strikes  the  tree  at  dt  will  be  30  feet  from  a. 

N.  B.—  This  rule  will  apply  to  any  tree,  or  any  height.  The  princip'e* 
hold  true  in  any  case. 

How  to  Ascertain  the  Number  of  Feet  (Board  Measure)  in  a  Log. 

Rule :  Subtract  from  the  diameter  of  the  log  in  inches,  4  inches  (for  slabs)  f 
one-fourth  of  this  result  squared  and  multiplied  by  the  length  in  feet  ivill  give 
the  correct  amount  of  lumber  made  from  any  log. 

Example :— How  many  feet  of  lumber  can  be  made  from  a  log  which  is 
86  inches  in  diameter  and  10  feet  long? 

Solution :— From  36  (diameter)  subtract  4  (for  slabs)  =32.  Take  ^  jf  32 
=8,  which  multiplied  by  itself  equals  64.  Then  multiply  64  by  10  (length) 
=640.  Ans. 

ROPP'S  RULE:  Square  the  diameter  in  inches  and  subtract  60  from  the 
result,  then  multiply  this  result  by  the  length  and  divide  by  2,  and  cut  off  the 
right  hand  figure. 

How  to  Reduce  Logs  to  Square  Timber. 

Rule:  Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  inches  by  the  length  of  the 
log  in  feet  and  divide  the  result  by  300,  and  the  result  will  equal  the  number 
of  cubic  feet. 

Example :  How  many  cubic  feet  in  a  log  30  inches  in  diameter  and  20  feet 
long? 

Solu  tion :    30x30x20  •*•  300= Ans .  60  cubic  feet. 

The  Actual  Weight  of  Dry  Pine  Lumber. 


Timber 8  Ibs.  per  ft. 

Joists 2.8    ' 

Inch  Lumber  (rough).. 2.6    " 

(dressed)  .2.3    "      "    " 


White  Pine  Flooring..  .1.9  Ibs.  per  ft. 

Norway  Flooring 2.3    "      "    4t 

Shingles 250    "     "   M. 

Latha 500  "     "    1L 


FIGURES  DON" T  LIE.  IF  LIARS  DO' NT  FIGURE. 

EASTERN  LOO  TABLE. 

(For  larger  logs  see  table  on  page  854.) 


351 


Ft 

long 

Dia. 
6 

Dia. 
7 

Dia. 
8 

Dia. 
9 

Dia. 
10 

Dia. 
11 

Dia. 
12 

Dia. 
13 

Dia. 
14 

Dia. 
15 

Dia. 
16 

Dia. 
17 

Dia. 
18 

Dia. 
19 

Dia. 
20 

Dia. 
21 

Dia. 
22 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

49 

61 

72 

89 

99 

116 

133 

150 

175 

190 

209 

11 

16 

22 

27 

33 

38 

44 

54 

67 

79 

98 

109 

127 

147 

165 

192 

209 

230 

& 

18 

24 

80 

36 

42 

48 

59 

73 

86 

107 

119 

139 

160 

180 

210 

228 

251 

18 

19 

26 

82 

89 

45 

52 

64 

79 

93 

116 

129 

150 

173 

195 

227 

247 

272 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

69 

85 

100 

125 

139 

162 

187 

210 

245 

266 

292 

15 

22 

30 

37 

45 

52 

60 

74 

91 

107 

134 

149 

173 

200 

225 

262 

285 

813 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

79 

97 

114 

142 

159 

185 

213 

240 

280 

304 

334 

17 

25 

84 

42 

51 

59 

68 

84 

103 

122 

151 

168 

196 

227 

255 

297 

323 

855 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

88 

109 

129 

160 

178 

208 

240 

270 

315 

849 

376 

19 

28 

88 

47 

57 

66 

76 

93 

116 

136 

169 

188 

219 

253 

285 

832 

361 

897 

20 

80 

40 

BO 

60 

70 

80 

98 

122 

143 

178 

198 

232 

267 

800 

850 

380 

418 

21 

81 

42 

52 

63 

73 

84 

103 

128 

150 

187 

208 

243 

280 

815 

868 

399 

439 

22 

88 

44 

55 

66 

77 

88 

108 

134 

157 

196 

Z18 

255 

293 

830 

885 

418 

460 

23 

84 

46 

57 

69 

80 

92 

113 

140 

164 

205 

228 

266 

807 

345 

403 

437 

480 

24 

86 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

118 

146 

172 

214 

238 

278 

320 

860 

420 

456 

501 

25 

37 

50 

62 

75 

87 

100 

123 

152 

179 

223 

248 

289 

333 

375 

438 

475 

522 

CUBICAL  CONTENTS  OF  ROUND  TIMBER. 


Ft. 

Dia. 

Dis 

. 

Hi 

a. 

E 

ia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

long 

6 

7 

* 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

8 

1.57 

2.1 

4 

2 

79 

a 

.53 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

9 

1.76 

2J 

0 

3 

14 

a 

.97 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

10 

1.96 

2.( 

>7 

8 

49 

4 

.42 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

11 

2.16 

2.1 

>4 

3 

84 

4 

.86 

6 

7 

8 

10 

12 

18 

15 

17 

19 

22 

24 

26 

12 

2.35 

8.; 

JO 

4 

19 

5 

.80 

6 

8 

0 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

24 

26 

20 

j  18 

2.55 

3.4 

17 

4 

54 

5 

.74 

7 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

26 

28 

81 

i  14 

2.75 

8.' 

4 

4 

89 

fl 

.19 

7 

9 

11 

18 

15 

17 

19 

22 

25 

28 

81 

84 

!  W 

2.94 

4.( 

)5 

5 

24 

6 

.63 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

80 

33 

36 

!  16 

3.14 

4.2 

57 

5 

58 

1 

.07 

9 

11 

12 

14 

17 

20 

22 

25 

28 

82 

35 

88 

17 

8.33 

4.! 

)4 

5 

98 

1 

.51 

9 

11 

13 

16 

18 

21 

24 

27 

80 

33 

87 

41 

18 

8.53 

4.{ 

il 

6 

28 

1 

.95 

10 

12 

14 

16 

19 

22 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

19 

3.78 

5.C 

)7 

6. 

63 

E 

.39 

10 

13 

15 

17 

21 

23 

27 

30 

83 

87 

41 

45 

20 

8.92 

B.J 

14 

6. 

98 

8 

.84 

11 

13 

16 

18 

21 

25 

28 

31 

35 

89 

44 

48 

Ft. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

D 

a. 

Du 

i. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

Dia. 

long 

22 

23 

2 

4 

2f 

26 

27 

28 

29 

80 

31 

82 

38 

34 

35 

86 

87 

38 

~F 

21 

23 

5 

5 

2' 

29 

32 

34 

37 

39 

42 

45 

48 

50 

53 

57 

60 

~63 

9 

24 

26 

J 

8 

8 

i 

33 

36 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

70 

10 

26 

29 

£ 

I 

34 

I 

87 

40 

43 

46 

49 

52 

56 

59 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

11 

29 

32 

1 

5 

3' 

' 

41 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

61 

65 

69 

73 

77 

82 

86 

12 

82 

34 

£ 

8 

4 

I 

44 

47 

51 

55 

58 

62 

67 

71 

76 

80 

85 

90 

94 

13 

34 

87 

4 

1 

1< 

I 

48 

51 

56 

60 

63 

68 

72 

77 

82 

87 

92 

97 

102 

14 

37 

40 

4 

4 

4! 

J 

52 

55 

60 

64 

68 

73 

78 

83 

88 

94 

99 

105 

110 

15 

40 

43 

4 

t7 

5 

L 

55 

59 

64 

69 

78 

78 

84 

89 

95 

IOC 

106 

112 

118 

16 

42 

46 

I 

0 

5 

i 

59 

63 

68 

78 

78 

83 

8S 

95 

101 

107 

118 

US 

126 

17 

45 

49 

I 

3 

5 

3 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

8fl 

95 

101 

107 

114 

121 

127 

135 

18 

48 

52 

! 

7 

6 

L 

66 

72 

77 

82 

88 

94 

IOC 

106 

114 

12C 

128 

134 

143 

19 

50 

55 

( 

>0 

6 

i 

70 

75 

81 

87 

93 

9S 

KM 

112 

12C 

12r 

135 

142 

151 

20 

53 

58 

f 

)3 

61 

j 

74 

79 

85 

91 

98 

10S 

112 

118 

12* 

134 

142 

14t 

159 

If  a  log  is  longer  than  given  in  table,  unite  two  numbers.     Thus,  if  it  is 
88  feet,  double  the  product  of  19. 


352      MAGNIFY  YOUR  OFFICE.    THE  ORGAN  BLOWER  SAYS, 


STATISTICS  ON  LUMBER, 

Manufactures — Census   of  1890. 

Establish-  Cost  of     Valu*  et 

ments.  Capital.  Employes.  Wages.      Material.    ProducU. 
tHii  I     Products 

from  Logs  ....  21,011  $496,339,968    286,197  $87, 784.. 433  $231,555,618  $403,667,575 
Planing   Mill 

Products     3,670    120,271,440      86,888    48,970,080    104,926,834    183,681,552 

Looking  Glass 
and    Picture 

Frames    1,290       8,554,995        9,664      5.257,553        7,069,115      16,376,178 

Furniture     5,970      93,642,147      92,504    48,792,752      55,125,830    135,627,332 

JOISTS,  SCANTLING   AND  TIMBER  MEASUREMENT. 


Size  in 
Inches. 

Length  in  Feet. 

12 

H 

16 

18 
12 

2O 

22 

24 
16 

2.6 

28 

30 

20 
30 

2  x  4  

8 

9 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

2  x  6  

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

2   8  

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

29 

32 
40 

35 

37 

40 

2   10  

20 

23 

27 

30 

83 

37 

43 

47 

50 

2   12  
3   4  

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 
22 

48 

52 

56 

60 
30 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 

26 

28 

3   6  

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

83 
44 

36 

48 

39 
52 

42 

45 

60 

8  

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

56 
70 

10  

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

75 
90 

12  

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

4  

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 
40 

29 

82 

85 

37 

40 
60 

6  

24 

28 
37 

.82 

36 

44 

48 

52 

56 

8  

32 

43 

48 

53 

59 

64 

69 

75 
~W 

80 

10  

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

87 

100 

12  

48 

56 

64 

72 
54 
~~72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 
~90~ 
~i20 
150 

6  

86 

42 

48 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

(   8  

48 

56 

64 

80 

80 

88 

96 
120 

104 

112 

6   10  

60 

70 

90 

100 

110 
136 

130 

140 

6   12  

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

144 

128 
160 

156 
139 

168 
149 

180 

8   8  

64 

75 

85 

96 

107 

117 

160 

8   10  

80 

93 

107 

120 

133 

147 

173 

187 

200 

8   12  

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 
~250 

10   10  

100 

117 

133 

150 

167 

183 

200 

217 

233 

10   12  

120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

220 
264 

240 

260 

280 

308 

12   12  

144 

~m~ 

168 

192 

216 

240 

288 

812 

336 

360 

12   U  

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

864 
425 

892 

420 

14   14  

196 

229 

261 

294 

827 

359 

392 

457 

490 

Example  :    A  timber  12  by  14  inchoe,  18  feet  long,  contains  252  square  feet. 


-J  CAJf  PUMP  ASY  TUNE  THE  ORGANIST  CAN  PLAT.' 


363 


BOARD  AND  PLANK  MEASUREMENT— AT  SIGHT. 


This  table  gives  the  aq.  ft.  and  inches  in  hoards  from  6  to  25  in.  wide,  and  from  8 

to  K  ft.  long.    If  a  board  be  longer  than  36  ft.,  unite  two  numbers.    Thus,  if  a  board 

!•  40  ft,  long  and  16  in.  wide,  add  30  and  10  and  you  have  53  ft.  4  inches.    For  2  inch 
plank  double  the  product. 

00 

4  in. 

5  in. 

6  in. 

7  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

10  in. 

.1  in. 

12  in. 

13  in. 

14  in. 

W 

15  in. 

W 

J 
PM 

w. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

t.  in. 

ft.  in. 

t.  in. 

ft.  in.  ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

8 

2    8 

3    4 

4    0 

4    8 

5    4 

6    0 

6    8 

7    4 

8    0 

8    8 

9    4 

10 

V 

3    0 

3    9 

4    6 

5    3 

6    0 

6    9 

7    6 

8    3 

9    0 

9    9 

10    6 

11 

10 

3    4 

4    2 

5    0 

5  10 

6    8 

7    6 

8    4 

9    2 

10    0 

10  10 

11    8 

12 

11 

to 

3    8 

4    7 

5    6 

6    5 

7    4 

8A 

8    3 

9/\ 

9    2 

1  A      A 

10    1 
nn 

11    0 
10    fi 

11  11 
i  Q     n 

12  10 

Uf\ 

13 

-t  » 

n 

13 

4    4 

5    5 

6    6 

7    7 

u 

8    8 

U 

9    9 

1U    U 

10  10 

u 
11  11 

\L      U 

13    0 

la    u 
14    1 

U 

15    2 

ID 

16 

14 

mm 

4    8 

5  10 

7    0 

8    2 

85 

9    4 

1  J  t       fl 

10    6 

11    8 

1  .,       c 

12  10 

1    Q              (I 

14    0 

t  r         ,  , 

15    2 

1  A       O 

16    4 

no 

17 

1O 

la 
16 

5    4 

6    8 

8    0 

\ 

9    4 

10    0 
10    8 

11    3 

12    0 

1-     0 

13    4 

13     V 

14    8 

id    o 
16    0 

JO      o 

17    4 

0 

18    8 

10 

20 

17 

5    8 

7    1 

8    6 

9  11 

11    4 

12    9 

14    2 

15    7 

17    0 

18    5 

19  10 

21 

18 

6    0 

7    6 

9    0 

10    6 

12    0 

13    6 

15    0 

16    6 

18    0 

19    6 

21    0 

22 

19 

6    4 

7  11 

9    6 

11    1 

12    8 

14    8 

15  10 

17    5 

19    0 

20    7 

22    2 

23 

20 

6    8 

8    4 

10    0 

11    8 

13    4 

15    0 

16    8 

18    4 

20    0 

21    8 

23    4 

25 

91 

7    0 

8    9 

10    6 

12    8 

14    0    15    9 

17    6 

19    3 

21    0 

22    9 

24    6 

26 

22 

7    4 

9    2 

11 

12  10 

14    8    16    6 

18    4 

20    2 

22    0 

23  10 

2i    8 

27 

23 

7    8 

9    7 

11 

13    5 

15    4 

17    3 

19    2 

21    1 

23    0 

24  11 

26  10 

28 

24 

8    0 

10    0 

12 

14    0 

16    0 

18    0 

20    0 

22    0 

24    0 

26    0 

28    0 

30 

25 

8    4 

10    5 

12 

14    7 

16    8 

18    9 

20  10 

22  11 

25    0 

27    1 

29    2 

81 

9 

8    8 

1010 

13 

15    2 

17    4 

19    6 

21    8 

23  10 

26    0 

28    2 

30    4 

82 

3? 

9    0 

11    3 

13 

15    9 

18    0 

20    3 

22    6 

24    9 

27    0 

29    3 

31    6 

33 

28 

9    4 

11    8 

14 

16    4 

18    8 

21    0 

23    4 

25    8 

28    0 

30    4 

32    8 

35 

29 

9    8 

12    1 

14 

16  11 

19    4 

21    9 

24    2 

26    7 

29    0 

31    5 

83  10 

36 

80 

10    0 

12    6 

15 

17    6 

20    0 

22    6 

25    0 

27    6 

80    0 

32    6 

85    0 

87 

SI 

10    4 

12  11 

15 

18    1 

20    8 

23    3 

25  10 

28    5 

31    0 

33    7 

36    2 

98 

82 

10    8 

13    4 

16 

18    8 

21    4 

24    0 

26    8 

29    4 

32    0 

»4    8 

87    4 

40 

83 

11    0 

13    9 

16 

19    8 

22    0 

24    9 

27    6 

30    S 

33    0 

85    9 

38    6 

41 

84 

11    4 

14    2 

17 

19  10 

22    8 

25    6 

28    4 

81    2 

34    0 

36  10 

39    8 

42 

M 

11    8 

14    7 

17 

20    5 

23    4 

26    S 

29    2 

32    1 

35    0 

87  11 

40  10 

43 

86 

12    0 

15    0 

18    0 

21    0 

24    0 

27    0 

80    0 

33    0 

36    0 

89    0 

42    0 

45    0 

16  in. 

17  in. 

18  in. 

19  in. 

20  in. 

21  in. 

22  in. 

28  in. 

24  in. 

25  in. 

26  in. 

27  in. 

8~ 

10    S 

11    I 

12    0 

12    8 

13    4 

14    0 

14    8 

15    4 

16    0 

16    8 

17    4 

18    0 

9 

12    0 

12    9 

13    6 

14    3 

15    0 

15    9 

16    6 

17    8 

18    0 

18    9 

19    6 

20 

10 

13    4 

14    2 

15    0 

15  10 

16    8 

17    6 

18    4 

19    2 

20    0 

20  10 

21    8 

22 

11 

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17    5 

18    4 

19    3 

20    2 

21    1 

22    0 

22  11 

23  10 

24 

12 

16    0 

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18    C 

19    0 

20    C 

21    0 

22    0 

28    0 

24    0 

25    0 

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27 

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17    4 

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22    9 

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28    2 

29 

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29    2 

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354       THE  MOUNTAIN  OF  SUCCESS  DOES  NOT  COME  TO  US] 

HOW  TO  REDUCE  LOOS  TO  INCH  BOARD  MEASURE. 


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21M  22S2 
)  225612376 

HOW  TO  USE  THE  LOG  TABLE. 

First  find  the  average  diameter  of  the  log  by  adding  together  the  two 
ends  of  the  log,  in  inches  ;  then  divide  by  two,  and  the  result  will  equal  the 
arerage  diameter,  and  then  apply  the  above  table. 

Ezample.— How  many  feet  of  lumber  ara  there  in  a  log  15  inches  at  one 
end  and  21  inches  at  the  other,  and  22  feet  long? 

Solution.— 15+21=36 ;  one-half  of  86=13  inches,  the  average  diameter. 

Then  refer  to  the  column  under  13  inches  opposite  to  22  and  yon  will  find 
tne  answer— 2f.9  foet. 


WE  MUST  GO  TO  IT  STEP  BY  3TSP. 


HOW  TO  FIND  THE  DISTANCE  TRAVELED  IN  PLOWING.. 

Showing  the  distance  traveled  by  a  horse  in  plowing  an  acre 
of  land,  and  the  quantity  of  land  cultivated  per  day,  computed  at 
the  rate  of  16  and  18  miles  per  day  of  9  hours: 


Breadth 
of 
furrow 
•lice  in 
inches.] 

Miles 
traveled  in 
plowing 
an  acre. 

Acres 
plowed 
per  day. 

Breadth 
of 
furrow 
slice  in 
inches. 

Miles 
traveled  in 
plowing 
an  acre. 

Acres 
plowed 
per  day. 

18  Mi. 

16  Mi. 

18  Mi. 

16  ML 

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a 

HOW  MUCH  ADVANTAGE  IS  GIVEN  IN  CHANGING  THE 
EVENER. 


Caution. — In  moving  the  center  pin  of  an  evener  one  inch  toward 
one  of  the  end  pins  it  changes  the  draft  twice  as  much  as  it  does  to 
move  one  of  the  end  pins  one  inch  toward  the  center  pin.  Or  in 
other  words,  moving  the  center  pin  changes  the  draft  twice  as  much 
as  changing  one  of  the  end  pins  or  clevises. 

An  average  evener  is  42  inches  in  length. 

Now  if  the  center  pin  is  moved  one  inch  from  the  center  to  the 
right  or  left,  the  horse  drawing  on  the  short  end  will  pull  about 
g1,,  more  than  the  horse  drawing  on  the  opposite  end. 

If  one  of  the  end  pins  is  moved  one  inch  the  difference  will  be  about  ^,. 

Example:  If  a  team  of  horses  draw  2000  pounds,  and  the  cen- 
ter pin  is  moved  one  inch  from  the  center,  what  part  of  the  whole 
iioad  will  each  draw? 

2090X5^  =  100  pounds,  the  difference. 
100+1000=1100  pounds.    1000—100  =  900  pounds. 

Hence  the  horse  at  the  short  end  of  the  evener  draws  1100  Ibs., 
and  the  other  horse  draws  900  Ibs. 

The  draft  on  a  14  inch  plow,  plowing  4  inches  deep,  is  aboi* 
HOOO  Ibs.;  5  inches  deep,  1250  Ibs.;  6  inches  deep,  1500  Ibs. 

24  Stp'idard. 


366  WOULD  YOU  LIVE  LONV>   WORK  BARD 


HOW  TO  MEASURE  HAY  IN  THE  MOW  OR  STACK. 

*A  ton  of  dry  hay  is  variously  estimated  from  400  to  500  cubis 
feet  to  the  ton. 

To  be  on  the  safe  side  it  is  best  to  estimate  about  500  cubic 
leet  to  the  ton. 

Hay  in  a  Mow. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and  this  by  the 
Breadth  infect,  and  divide  the  result  by  500  and  you  have  the  number  of  tons. 

Example:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  mow  20  feet  long,  10 
5«et  high,  and  15  feet  wide? 

Solution:  20  X  10  X  15-5-  500-6.    Ans. 

How  to  Estimate  the  Number  of  Tons  in  a  Stack. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  width  in  feet,  and  this  by  one* 
Jtcl/  the  height,  and  divide  the  product  by  300. 

Example:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  stack  20  feet  lorg,  12 
leet  high,  and  15  feet  wide? 

Solution:    20  X  6  X  15  -f-  300=6  tons.    Ans. 

How  to  Estimate  the  Contents  of  a  Round  Stack. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  square  of  the  distance  around  the  stack  in  yards  by  4 
MS  the  height  in  yards,  and  point  off  two  places  from  the  right,  and  thU 
will  be  the  number  of  cubic  yards  in  the  stack,  which  divided  by  ?0  will  equal 
ftto  number  of  tons. 

Example:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  stack,  distance  around 
lie  bulge,  25  yards,  and  height,  C-"  yards? 

Solution:  25  X  25  =  625,  the-  625  X  36  =  22,500,  pointing  off 
two  places  makes  225,  then  225  -«-'*0  =  11^  tons.  Ans 

*Some  authorities  aMow  only  850  cnbic  feet  for  a  ton  of  timothy  hay  when 
thoroughly  settled.  Others  allow  344  to  420.  For  millet  allow  only  216  cubic 
feet  to  a  ton.  The  fact  is,  hay  in  stuck  or  mow  can  only  be  approximately 
ascertained  by  measurement. 


LITTLE  STROKES  FELL  LARGE  OAKS.  357 

NOTE. — No  exact  rule  can  be  given  for  measuring  hay  in  the 
bulk  because  of  its  settling  more  in  one  case  than  another,  and  the 
different  kinds  of  hay  vary  greatly.  While  timothy  hay  requires 
from  400  to  500  cubic  feet  for  a  ton,  common  meadow  hay  requires 
from  800  to  1,000  cubic  feet.  The  above  estimates  are  as  reliable 
as  estimates  can  be  made. 

There  were  about  67,000,000  tons  of  hay  harvested  in  the  United 
States  in  1890. 

HOW  TO  FIND  THE  CONTENTS  OF  A  WAGON  BOX. 

A  common  wagon  box  is  a  little  more  than  10  feet  long  and 
3  feet  wide,  and  will  hold  about  2  bushels  for  every  inch  in  depth, 

Rule.— Multiply  the  depth  of  the  wagon  box  in  inches  by  2,  and  you 
have  the  number  of  bushels. 

If  the  wagon  box  is  11  feet  long,  multiply  the  depth  in  inches  by  2,  and 
add  one-tenth  of  the  number  of  bushels  to  itself. 

Example:   How  many  bushels  of  grain  will  a  wagon  box  hold, 
22  inches  deep  and  10  feet  long? 
,    Solution:  22  X  2  =  44.    Ans. 

N.  B. — A  bushel  to  the  inch  is  calculated  for  corn  011  the  cob. 

H«W  TO  FIND  THE  NUMBER  OF  BUSHELS  OF  GRAIN 
IN   A   BIN   OR  BOX. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet,  and  then  again 
by  the  breadth  in  feet,  and  then  .igain  by  S,  and  cut  off  the  right  hand 
figure.  The  last  result  will  be  the  number  of  bushels. 

Example:  How  many  bushels  in  a  bin  12  feet  long,  10  feet 
wide,  and  6  feet  high? 

Solution:  12  X  10  X  6  X  ,8=576.0.    Ans. 

NOTE. — For  exact  results  multiply  the  length  in  inches  by  the  height 
in  inches,  and  that  again  by  the  width  in  inches,  and  divide  the  result 
by  2150.4,  the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  bushel. 

SHRINKAGE  OF  GRAIN. 

In  deciding  to  keep  their  grain  farmers  should  take  into 
account  the  shrinkage.  Wheat  will  shrink  two  quarts  to  the 
bushel  in  six  months  from  the  time  it  is  threshed.  Corn  shrinks 
much  more,  the  shrinkage  being  nearly  one  fifth'  of  the  whole 
amount.  So  that  for  corn  forty  cents  from  the  field  is  as  much 
as  fifty  cents  in  March.  In  the  case  of  potatoes,  the  loss  from 
October  to  May  is  about  thirty-three  per  cent. 

BUSHELS. 

The  dimensions  of  the  bushel  are  1854  inches  inner  diameter;  19^4  inches 
outer  diameter,  and  8  inches  deep  ;  and  wben  heaped  the  cone  is  not  to  be  loss 
than  6  inches  high,  which  makes  a  heaped  bushel  equal  to  1H  struck  ones. 


858 


HE  THAT  WOULD  THRIVE  MUST  RISE  AT  FIVE. 


HOW  TO  MEASURE  EAR  CORN  IN  THE  CRIB. 

Measuring  corn  in  the  crib  is  at  best  an  estimate.  Much 
Depends  upon  the  condition  of  the  corn.  A  bushel  of  corn  means 
cither  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn  or  ear  corn  enough  to  make  a  bushel 
of  shelled  corn. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  height  in  feet  and  that  again  by 
the  width  in  feet,  multiply  the  result  by  4  and  cut  off  the  right  hand  figure  and 
you  have  the  contents  in  bushels  of  shelled  corn. 

Example :  How  many  bushels  of  shelled  corn  in  a  crib  of  corn  in  the  ear, 
V)  feet  long,  10  feet  high  and  8  feet  wide? 

Solution:    20X10x8X4=640.0  bushels.    Ans. 

This  is  the  result  when  2*4  cubic  feet  or  4320  cubic  inches  are  taken  fora 

ih-el. 

mting  4200  cubic  inches  in  a  bushel  multiply  by 411 

-  4100 " 421 

4000  "  "  "  "  "  "  432 

•*  8900  "  '*  "  M  "  " 443 

3800 4  "  "  455 

la  each  of  these  cases  cut  off  the  three  right  hand  figures  after  multiply- 
ing. The  result  will  be  the  number  of  bushels.  There  is  often  a  disagreement 
in  measuring  ear  corn  in  the  crib.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  above,  the  differ- 
ences result  from  taking  a  different  number  of  cubic  inches  to  the  bushel. 

Here  is  another  very  simple  rule: 

Multiply  the  cubic  feet  by  4  and  divide  the  product  by  9. 

Example :  A  crib  of  corn  is  15  feet  long,  8  feet  wide  and  9  feet  high.  How 
many  bushels  of  corn  does  it  contain? 

Solution :    15X8X9=1080X4-4320-1-9-480  bushels. 

This  allows  2*4  cubic  feet,  or  about  3900  cubic  inches  for  a  bushel. 

This  rule  is  not  only  very  simple  but  is  very  frequently  used.  It  will  hold 
ont  in  good  dry  corn. 

When  the  crib  is  flared  at  the  side  multiply  half  the  sum  of  the  top  and 
bottom  widths  in  feet  by  the  perpendicular  height  in  feet,  and  then  again  by 
the  length  in  feet.  This  gives  the  number  of  cubic  feet.  Then  proceed  as 
above. 


MAN,  KNOW  THY  WORK  AND  DO  IT. 


HOW  TO  ESTIMATE  THE  CONTENTS  OF  A   PILE  OF 
GRAIN,  POTATOES,  ETC. 

Rule.— Put  the  commodity  in  the  form  of  a  heap.  Then  multiply  the  diam* 
eter  in  feet  by  itself,  and  then  again  by  the  height  in  feet,  and  divide  the 
result  by  4,  and  you  have  the  approximate  contents  in  bushels. 

Example:    How  many  bushels  in  a  heap  of  grain  6  feet  in 
diameter  and  3  feet  high? 

Solution:    6x6x3-*-4=:27  bushels.    Ans. 

HOW  TO  FIGURE  UP  A  LOAD  OF  GRAIN. 

Rule. — Find  the  total  number  of  pounds  and  divide  that  by  the 
number  of  pounds  in  one  bushel  and  it  will  equal  the  number  of 
bushels. 

Example:  How  many  bushels  in  2840  pounds  of  wheat,  and 
what  will  it  cost  at  90  cents  per  bushel? 

Solution:  2840-5-60=47  bushels  and  20  pounds  or  47^  bushels. 
47K  X  90c.=$42.60.  Ans, 

HOW  TO  USE  THE  GRAIN  TABLE. 

The  heavy  type  column  represents  the  weight  of  the  load,  and 
the  number  of  bushels  and  pounds  ar*  at  the  right  under  the  kind 
Of  grain. 

Example:    How  many  bushels  of  oats  in  2490  pounds? 

Answer:    77  bushels  and  26  pounds,  n 


360 


IF  NO  WE  ALES,  TRY  AN  OIL  WELL, 


MOW  TO  RND  THE    NUMBER   OF   BUSHELS  IN  A  LOAD 
OF   GRAIN  AT   SIGHT. 


W«g't 

Oats. 

321bs. 

Corn,  rye. 
56  Ibs. 

Barley. 
48  Ibs. 

Wheat. 
60lbs. 

Weig't 

Gate. 
32  Ibs. 

Corn,  rye. 
56  Ibs. 

Barley. 
48  Ibs. 

Wheat. 
60  Ibs. 

Baa 

Lbs 

BUB 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus  i  Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbfl 

Bus 

LlM 

1500 
1510 

46 

47 

28 
06 

26 
26 

44 
54 

31 
31 

12 

22 

25 
25 

00 
10 

2010 
2020 

62 
63 

26 
04 

35 
36 

50 
04 

41 
42 

42 

04 

33 
33 

30 
40 

47 

16 

27 

08 

81 

32 

25 

20 

2030 

63 

14 

36 

14 

42 

14 

33 

50 

47 

26 

27 

18 

31 

42 

25 

3<J 

2040 

63 

24 

36 

24 

42 

24 

34 

00 

48 

04 

27 

28 

32 

04 

25 

40 

2050 

64 

02 

36 

34 

42 

34 

84 

10 

1550 

48 

14 

27 

38 

32 

14 

25 

50 

2060 

64 

12 

36 

44 

42 

44 

34 

20 

1560 

48 

24 

27 

48 

32 

24 

26 

00 

2070 

64 

22 

36 

54 

43 

06 

34 

30 

1570 

49 

02 

28 

02 

32 

34 

26 

10 

2080 

65 

00 

37 

08 

43 

16 

84 

40 

1580 

49 

12 

28 

12 

32 

44 

26 

20 

2090 

65 

10 

37 

18 

43 

26 

34 

50 

1590 

49 

22 

28 

22 

33 

06 

26 

30 

2100 

65 

20 

87 

28 

43 

36 

35 

00 

.600   50 

00 

28 

32 

33 

16 

26 

40 

2110 

65 

30 

37 

38 

43 

46 

35 

10 

610    50 

10 

28 

42 

33 

26 

26 

50 

2120 

66 

08 

37 

48 

44 

08 

35 

20 

620 

50 

20 

28 

52 

33 

36 

27 

00 

2130 

66 

18 

38 

02 

44 

18 

35 

30 

630    50 

30 

29 

06 

83 

46 

27 

10 

2140 

66 

28 

38 

12 

44 

28 

35 

40 

640 

51 

08 

29 

16 

34 

08 

27 

20 

2150 

67 

06 

38 

22 

44 

38 

35 

50 

,650 

51 

18 

29 

26 

34 

18 

27 

30 

2160  67 

16 

38 

82 

45 

00 

36 

00 

660 

51 

28 

29 

36 

34 

28 

27 

40 

2170 

67 

26 

38 

42 

45 

10 

36 

10 

670 

52 

06 

29 

46 

34 

38 

27 

50 

2180 

68 

04 

38 

52 

45 

20 

36 

20 

i  680 

52 

16 

30 

00 

35 

00 

28 

00 

2190 

68 

14 

39 

06 

45 

30 

36 

80 

,690 

52 

26 

30 

10 

35 

10 

28 

10 

2200 

68 

24 

39 

16 

45 

40 

36 

40 

700 

53 

04 

30 

20 

85 

20 

28 

20 

2210 

69 

02 

39 

26 

46 

02 

36 

50 

ttio 

53 

14 

80 

30 

85 

30 

28 

30 

2220 

69 

12 

39 

36 

46 

12 

37 

00 

1720 

53 

24 

30 

40 

35 

40 

28 

40 

2230 

69 

22 

39 

46 

46 

22 

37 

10 

1730 

54 

02 

30 

50 

36 

02 

28 

50 

2240 

70 

00 

40 

00 

46 

32 

37 

20 

1740 

54 

12 

31 

04 

36 

12 

29 

00 

2250 

70 

10 

40 

10 

46 

42 

37 

SO 

1750 

54 

22 

31 

14 

36 

22 

29 

10 

2260 

70 

20 

40 

20 

47 

04 

37 

40 

176C 

55 

00 

31 

24 

36 

32 

29 

20 

2270 

70 

80 

40 

80 

47 

14 

37 

50 

1770 

55 

10 

31 

34 

36 

42 

29 

30 

2280 

71 

08 

40 

40 

47 

24 

88 

00 

1780 

55 

20 

31 

44 

87 

04 

29 

40 

2290 

71 

18 

40 

50 

47 

34 

38 

10 

1790 

55 

30 

31 

54 

37 

14 

29 

50 

2300 

71 

28 

41 

04 

47 

44 

38 

20 

1800 

56 

08 

32 

08 

37 

24 

30 

00 

2310 

72 

06 

41 

14 

48 

06 

38 

80 

1810 

56 

18 

3? 

18 

87 

34 

30 

10 

2320 

72 

16 

41 

24 

48 

16 

38 

40 

1820 

56 

28 

32 

28 

37 

44 

30 

20 

2330 

72 

26 

41 

84 

48 

26 

38 

50 

1830 

57 

06 

32 

38 

38 

06 

30 

30 

2340 

78 

04 

41 

44 

48 

36 

39 

00 

1840 

57 

16 

32 

48 

38 

16 

30 

40 

2350 

73 

14 

41 

54 

48 

46 

89 

10 

1850 

57 

26 

33 

02 

38 

26 

30 

50 

2360 

73 

24 

42 

08 

49 

08 

39 

20 

1860 

58 

04 

33 

12 

38 

36 

31 

00 

2370 

74 

02 

42 

18 

49 

18 

89 

30 

1870 

58 

14 

33 

22 

38 

46 

31 

10 

2380 

74 

12 

42 

28 

49 

28 

89 

40 

1880 

58 

24 

33 

32 

39 

08 

31 

20 

2390 

74 

22 

42 

38 

49 

38 

39 

50 

890 

59 

02 

33 

42 

39 

18 

31 

30 

2400 

75 

00 

42 

48 

50 

00 

40 

00 

1900 

59 

12 

33 

52 

39 

28 

31 

40 

2410 

75 

10 

43 

02 

50 

10 

40 

10 

,910 

59 

22 

34 

06 

39 

38 

31 

50 

2420 

75 

20 

43 

12 

50 

20 

40 

20 

,020 

60 

00 

34 

16 

40 

00 

32 

00 

2430 

75 

30 

43 

22 

50 

30 

40 

80 

930 

60 

10 

34 

26 

40 

10 

32 

10 

2440 

76 

08 

43 

82 

50 

40 

40 

40 

940 

60 

20 

84 

36 

40 

20 

32 

20 

2450 

76 

18 

43 

42 

51 

02 

40 

50 

960 

60 

30 

34 

46 

40 

30 

32 

30 

2460 

76 

28 

43 

52 

51 

12 

41 

00 

960 

61 

08 

35     00 

40 

40 

32 

40 

2470 

77 

06 

44 

06 

51 

22 

41 

10 

970 

61 

18 

35 

10 

41 

02 

32 

50 

2480 

77 

16 

44 

16 

51 

32 

41 

20 

980 

61 

28 

85 

20 

41 

12 

33 

00 

2490 

77 

26 

44 

26 

51 

42 

41 

30 

990 

62 

06 

85 

30 

41 

22 

33 

10 

2500 

78 

04 

44 

36 

52 

04 

41 

40 

1000 

62 

16 

35 

40 

41 

82 

33 

20 

2510 

78 

14 

44 

46 

52 

14 

41 

50 

The  census  of  1890  gives  in  round  numbers  the  following  figures  in  bushels 
for  productions  of  that  year :  Irish  potatoes,  217H  millions ;  sweet  potatoes.  44  mil- 
lions; apples,  143  millions;  cherries,  m  millions ;  peachea,  86l/t  millions;  peart, 
B  Bullions,  plums  and  prunes,  21/,  millions. 


fff  THE  STAGE  ROUTE  IS  STOPPED.  STRIKE  FOR  THE  CARS.  361 


HOW   TO   FIND  THE    NUflBER  OF    BUSHELS   IN    A   LOAS 
OF  GRAIN    AT   SIGHT. 


w««t 

Oats. 
32  Ibs. 

Corn,  rye. 
56  Ibs. 

Barley. 
48  Ibs. 

Wheat. 
60  Ibs. 

Weig't 

Oats. 
32  Ibs. 

Corn,  rye. 
56  Ibs. 

Barley. 
48  Ibs. 

Wheat, 
60.  bs. 

Has 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus 

Lbs 

Bus   Lbs  Bus 

Lbs 

BUB 

Lb* 

2520 

78 

24 

45 

00 

52 

24 

42 

00 

3020 

94 

12 

53 

52 

62 

44 

50 

an 

2530 

79 

02 

45 

10 

52 

34 

42 

10 

3030 

94 

22 

54 

06 

63 

06 

50 

SO 

2540 

79 

12 

45 

20 

52 

44 

42 

20 

3040 

95 

00 

54 

16 

63 

16 

50 

40 

2550 

79 

22 

45 

80 

53 

06 

42 

30 

3050 

95 

10 

54 

26 

63 

26 

50 

50 

2560 

80 

00 

45 

40 

53 

16 

42 

40 

3060 

95 

20 

54 

36 

63 

86 

51 

00 

2570 

80 

10 

45 

50 

53 

26 

42 

50 

3070 

95 

30 

54 

46 

63 

46 

51 

10 

2580 

80 

20 

46 

04 

53 

36 

43 

00 

3080 

96 

08 

55 

00 

64 

08 

51 

29 

2590 

hO 

30 

46 

14 

53 

46 

43 

10 

3090 

96 

18 

55 

10 

64 

18 

51 

y 

2600 

81 

08 

46 

24 

54 

08 

43 

20 

3100 

96 

28 

55 

20 

64 

28 

51 

4o 

2610 

81 

18 

46 

34 

54 

18 

43 

30 

3110 

97 

06 

55 

80 

64 

38 

51 

50 

2620 

81 

28 

46 

44 

54 

28 

43 

40 

3120 

97 

16 

55 

40 

65 

00 

52 

00 

2630 

S2 

06 

46 

54 

54 

38 

43 

50 

3130 

97 

26 

55 

50 

65 

10 

52 

10 

2640 

82 

16 

47 

06 

55 

00 

44 

00 

3140 

98 

04 

56  104 

65 

20 

52 

20 

2650 

82 

26 

47 

18 

55 

10 

44 

10 

3150 

98 

14 

56 

14 

65 

30 

52 

30 

2660 

83 

04 

47 

28 

55 

20 

44 

20 

3160 

98 

24 

56 

24 

65 

40 

52 

40 

2670 

83 

14 

47 

38 

55 

30 

44 

30 

3170      99 

02 

56 

34 

66 

02 

52 

50 

2680 

88 

24 

47 

48 

55 

40 

44 

40 

3180      99 

12  |56 

44 

66 

12 

53 

00 

2690 

84 

02 

48 

02 

56 

02 

44 

50 

3190     99 

22 

56 

54 

66 

22 

53 

10 

2700 

84 

12 

48 

12 

56 

12 

45 

00 

3200 

100 

00 

57 

08 

66 

32 

53 

2V 

2716 

84 

22 

48 

22 

56 

22 

45 

10 

3210 

100 

10 

57 

18 

6d 

42 

53 

3ft 

2720 

85 

00 

48 

32 

56 

32 

45 

20 

3220 

100 

20 

57 

28 

67 

04 

53 

40 

2730 

85 

10 

48 

42 

56 

42 

45 

30 

3230 

100 

30 

57 

38 

67 

14 

53 

50 

2740 

85 

20 

48 

52 

57 

04 

45 

40 

3240 

101 

08 

57 

48 

67 

24 

54 

00 

2750 

85 

W 

49 

06 

57 

14 

45 

50 

3250 

101 

18 

58 

02 

67 

34 

54 

10 

2760 

M 

08 

49 

16 

57 

24 

46 

00 

3260 

101 

28 

58 

12 

67 

44 

54 

20 

2770 

86 

18 

49 

26 

57 

3J 

46 

10 

3270 

102 

06 

58 

22 

68 

06 

54 

30 

2780 

86 

28 

49 

86 

57 

44 

46 

20 

3280 

102 

16 

58 

32 

68 

16 

54 

40 

2790 

87 

06 

49 

46 

58 

06 

46     30 

3290 

102 

26 

58 

42 

68 

26 

54 

50 

2800 

87 

16 

50 

00 

58 

16 

46 

40 

3300 

103 

04 

58 

52 

68 

86 

55 

00 

2S10   87 

26 

50 

10 

58 

26 

46 

50 

3310 

103 

14 

59 

08 

68 

46 

55 

10 

2820 

88 

04 

50 

20 

58 

36 

47 

00 

3320 

103 

24 

59 

16 

69 

08 

55 

20 

2830 

88 

14 

50 

80 

58 

46 

47 

10 

3330 

104 

02 

59 

26 

69 

18 

55 

30 

2840 

88 

24 

60 

40 

59 

08 

47 

20 

3340 

104  12 

59 

36 

69 

28 

55 

40 

2850 

89 

02 

50 

60 

n 

18 

47 

30 

3350 

104  22 

59 

46 

69 

38 

55 

BO 

2860 

89 

12 

51 

04 

59 

28 

47 

40 

3360 

105  00 

60 

00 

70 

oo 

56 

09 

2870 

89 

22 

51 

14 

59 

38 

47 

50 

3370 

105!  10 

60 

10 

70 

10 

56 

Iff 

2880 

90 

00 

51 

24 

60 

00 

48 

00 

3380 

105  20 

60 

20 

70 

20 

56 

» 

2890 

90 

10 

51 

34 

60 

10 

48 

10 

3390 

105  80 

60 

30 

70 

30 

56 

30 

2900 

90 

20 

51 

44 

60 

20 

48 

20 

3400 

1C6 

08 

60 

40 

70 

40 

56 

40 

2910 

90 

30 

51 

54 

60 

30 

48 

30 

3410 

106 

18 

60 

50 

71 

02 

56 

50 

2920 

91 

08 

52 

08 

60 

40 

48 

40 

3420 

106 

28 

61 

04 

71 

12 

57 

00 

2930 

91 

18 

52 

18 

61 

02 

48 

50 

3430 

107 

06 

61 

14 

71 

22 

57 

10 

2940 

91 

28 

52 

28 

61 

12 

49 

00 

3440 

107 

16 

61 

24 

71 

32 

57 

20 

2950 

92 

06 

52 

38 

61 

22 

49 

10 

3450 

107 

26 

61 

34 

71 

42 

57 

30 

2960 

92 

16 

52 

48 

61 

32 

49 

20 

3460 

108 

04 

61 

44 

72 

04 

57 

40 

2970 

92 

26 

53 

02 

61 

42 

49 

30 

3470 

108 

14 

61 

54 

72 

14 

57 

50 

2980 

93 

04 

53 

12 

62 

04 

49 

40 

3480 

108 

24 

62 

08 

72 

24 

58 

00 

2990   93 

14 

58 

22 

62 

14 

49 

50 

3490 

109 

02 

62 

18 

72 

34 

58 

10 

3000   93 

24 

58 

32 

62 

24 

50 

00 

3500 

109 

12 

62 

28 

72 

44 

58 

20 

3010   94 

02 

53 

42 

62 

34 

50 

10 

^—  >^_ 

The  census  of  1890  gives,  in  round  numbers,  the  following  as  the  production* 
of  the  cereals  for  that  year :  Corn.  2.122  million  bushels :  oaU,  809  million  buahala ; 
wheat,  408  million  bushels ;  and  barley,  78  million  boahal*. 


862 


FIREFLIES 8H1NE  ONLY  WBEN  IX 


EQ 


Millet    I  g  i  igg  iggg  :  :  :  i  i  i  :g  i  :  i  :  :g  i  :  :  :  :  :  ig  it 


Anthracite  I  o   :   loo   :QO«O 
r,n*\.          «   .   .S>3>   :»S^ 


Clover 


Seed.   §      8888888      88888    38S888S    88:8888 


Blue  Grass    ^ 
Seed.        »" 


Timothy       « 
Beed.    - 


Flax  Seed,    g 


Dried          I  „ 
Peaches.    « 


Dried 

Apples. 


S  :S  :S 


2§2? 


:S  :S 


SS  i 


S 


Peas.        8 


888888  i 


Beans.       8 


8    88888S 


Turnips. 


•  *ift  o    -o 

•  -U350      -CD 


•  'g 


Onions. 


Sweet  •          o 
Potatoes.    K 


:  :  :g  : 


Potatoes.     § 


gOOOOOOO QOO< 
55  35  35  55  «£25  95  35  35  ®  < 


Corn  Meal,    g 


gg 


:  :    gg  : 


•  ur  o     o 

:  irt  O       *A 


CO  N  t»  O  t-» 

ia  o  >a  ta  o 


I 


:g  :  :    8  :S  :S 


':  ':  :  :.gg  :g  :g 


Corn  on the    0 
Tob.  c- 


:  :  :g  :  :  :| 


0 


T^ 


SheUed       I    : 
Corn.  I    : 


Buckwheat 


Barley.       532§5^^^S' 


Oats. 


Rye. 


Wheat.    |  §§8888§§§§8i8§i88S8888§§8§§§8§i§8 


y§iljjjij!iiili  iHhjjjji 


A  YOUNG  MAN  IDLE- AN  OLD  MAN  IfEEDY, 


363 


HOW  TO  FIND  THE  COST  OF  COAL,  HAY,  ETC.,  AT  SIGHT, 

Cost  per  Pound  or  Ton. 


No. 

t 

# 

t 

$t 

$  j]$  t$  $ 

$  # 

_  J  _  .1  _ 
$  $  $  <f  $  $ 

$  t 

$  $  $  ^ 

$  9 

Ibs. 

25 

50 

75 

1  00 

2  00  3  tO 

400 

500 

600 

7  00 

8  00 

900 

1000 

11  00 

12  00 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

7 

1 

I 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

10 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

20 

.... 

1 

1 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

'  8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

30 

1 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

17 

18 

40 

1 

2 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

50 

1 

2 

8 

5 

8 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

2* 

SO 

60 

2 

2 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

86 

70 

2 

3 

4 

7 

11 

14 

18 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

80 

2 

3 

4 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

23 

82 

36 

40 

44 

43 

90 

2 

3 

5 

9 

14 

18 

23 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

100 

3 

4 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

200 

5 

8 

10 

20 

80 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1  00 

1  10 

1  20 

800 

8 

11 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

1  05 

1  20 

1  35 

1  50 

1  65 

1  80 

400 

10 

15 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

1  20 

1  40 

1  60 

1  80 

2  00 

2  20 

2  40 

500 

6 

13 

19 

25 

50 

75 

100 

1  25 

1  50 

1  75 

200 

2  25 

2  50 

2  75 

3  01) 

600 

8 

15 

23 

30 

60 

90 

1  20 

1  50 

1  80 

2  10 

240 

2  70 

300 

3  30 

3  60 

700 

9 

18 

26 

35 

70 

1  05 

1  40 

1  75 

2  10 

245 

280 

3  15 

3  50 

3  85 

4  20' 

800 

10 

20 

30 

40 

80 

1  20 

1  60 

2  00 

2  40 

2  80 

3  20 

3  60 

4XX) 

4  40 

4  80 

900 

11 

23 

84 

45 

90 

1  35 

1  80 

2  25 

2  70 

3  15 

8  60 

405 

4  50 

4  95 

540 

1000 

13 

25 

88 

50 

00 

1  50 

200 

2  50 

300 

8  50 

400 

4  50 

5  00 

5  50 

6  00 

1100 

14 

28 

41 

55 

10 

1  65 

220 

2  75 

3  30 

3  85 

4  40 

4  95 

5  50 

605 

6  60 

1200 

15 

30 

45 

60 

20 

1  80 

2  40 

3  00 

3  60 

4  20 

4  80 

540 

6  00 

6  60 

7  20 

1300 

16 

33 

49 

65   30 

1  9.-, 

2  60 

3  25 

3  90 

4  55 

5  20 

5  85 

6  50 

7  15 

7  80 

1400 

18 

35 

53 

70   40 

2  10 

280 

3  50 

420 

490 

5  60 

6  30 

7  00 

7  70 

840 

1500 

19 

38 

56 

75   50 

2  25 

3  00 

3  75 

4  50 

5  25 

6  00 

675 

7  50 

8  25 

9  00 

1600 

20 

40 

60 

80|   60 

2  40 

320 

400 

480 

5  60 

6  *0 

7  20 

800 

880 

960 

1700 

21 

43 

64 

85   70 

2  55 

3  40 

425 

5  10 

5  95 

6  80 

7  65 

8  50 

9  35 

10  20 

1800 

23 

45 

68 

90 

80 

270 

360 

4  50 

5  40 

6  30 

7  20 

8  10 

9  00 

9  90 

1080 

1900 

24 

48 

71 

95 

1  90 

285 

3  80 

475 

5  70 

665 

7  60 

8  55 

9  50 

1045 

11  40 

1TON 

25 

50 

75 

1  00 

200 

3  00 

4  00 

5  00 

6  00 

7  00 

8  00 

9  00 

10  00 

11  00 

12  00 

2  " 

50 

1  00 

1  5  '  2  00 

400 

6  00 

800 

1000 

1200 

14  00 

16  00;  18  00 

2000 

22  00 

2400 

3  " 

75 

1  50 

2  25.3  00 

60 

900 

12  00 

15  00 

18  00 

21  00 

24  00  27  00 

30  00 

33  00 

3600 

4  " 

1  00 

200 

8  00 

4  00 

8  00 

12  00 

16  00 

20  00 

2400 

28  00 

32  00  36  00 

40  00  44  00  48  00 

B  " 

1  25 

2  50 

375 

5  00  10  00 

1500 

2000 

25  00 

3000 

35  00 

40  00 

45  00 

50  00  55  00 

6000 

Example :    What  is  the  cost  of  1300  pounds  of  coal  at  $4.50  per  ton  ? 
1300  Ibs.  @$4.00    _$2.60 
1300  Ibs.  @     50c"     .33 


Solution : 


$2.93  Ans. 


Example:   What  is  the  cost  of  1740  pounds  of  hay  at  $8.00  per  toni 
Solution:    1740X8-«-2=$6.96  Ans. 

PRODUCTION  OF   COAL,  IRON,  GOLD,    ETC.,  FOR 
TAKEN  FROH  THE  U.  S.  CENSUS  REPORT. 


Anthracite  coal,  45*4  million  tons. 
Bituminous  coal,  95^       "         •* 
Iron  ore,  14V4       **         ** 

Gold,  1,590,869  ounces. 
Copper,  231,000,000  ounces. 
Nickel,  252,663  pounds. 
Aluminum,  47,468  pounds*, 

24  Standard 


Petroleum,  36  million  barrels. 

Lime,  68       " 

Salt,  8       " 

Silver,  51,354,851  ounces. 

Zinc,  59  tons. 

Lead,  182*4  tons. 

Mineral  Waters,  12,000,000  gallons 


364 


ONLY  THE  ACTIVE  CAN  HOPE  TO  SHINE. 


WAGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  CENSUS  OF  1890. 


Employes. 

Agricultural  Implements 42,544 

Bicycles  2,231 

Book  Making 13,815 

Boots  and  Shoes 184,275 

Buttons   4,036 

Carpets  31,213 

Clothing   353,463 

Iron  and   Steel 193,558 

Jewelry   16,799 

Liquors    41,525 

Printing  166,093 

Tobacco  and  Cigars 135,927 


Cost  of 

Value  of 

Wages. 

Materials. 

Products. 

$  21,811,761 

f  31,603,265 

$  81,271,651 

1,267,411 

786  180 

2,970,035 

6,903,951 

6,007,417 

17,067,780 

92,919,349 

146,801,968 

280,215,185 

1,673,876 

1,551,603 

4,216,795 

12,438,631 

29,582,138 

49,996,373 

153,576,095 

237,096,809 

503,258,566 

104,477,194 

356,279,162 

524,592,775 

10,857,967 

16,593,660 

36,215,511 

31,678,166 

80,230,532 

189,775,639 

105,569,181 

69,426,553 

276,911,949 

54,792,006 

92,304,317 

211,746,623 

THE  LABORER'S  GREETING  AT  EVENING. 

HOW   TO    USE    THE   WAGES   TABLE. 

EXAMPLE : 
Find  the  amount  due  for  7  months,  19  days,  at  $19.00  a  month. 

For    7  months $138.00 

For  19  days 13.88 

Total  amount $146.88 


Find   the    amount  due  for  1  year,  8  months    and  3  days,  at  $26.00  a 

For  1  year  @  $26.00  per  month $312.00 

For  8  months  @  $26.00  per  month 208.00 

For  3  days  @  $26.00  per  month 3.00 

Total  amount..,  ...$523.00 


To  find  the  wases  at  $2.00,  take  it  for  $  1.00,  and  multiply  t/ 
1     4.00,    '  "        12.00,     "     divide 


5.00, 
6.00, 
8.00, 
9.00, 


10.00, 
12.00, 
16.00, 
18.00, 


BICYCLE  RIDERS  MOVE  OR  FALL, 

MONTHLY    WAGES    TABLE.*  + 

HOW  TO  CALCULATE  THE  WAGES  OF  HIRED  HELP  AT  SICJHV. 


365 


•to. 

*~r 

$1 

.04 

$3 

$7 

$10 

$11 

$12 

$13 

$14 

$15 

is? 

1.15 

$16 

$17 

.65 

$18 
.69 

.12 

.27 

.38 

.42 

.46 

.5b 

.54 

.62 

2 

.08 

.23 

.54 

.77 

.85 

.92 

1.00 

1.08 

1.28 
1.85 

1.31 

1.38 

3 
4 
| 

.12 
.15 
.19 

.35 

.81 

1.15 

1.27 

1.38 

1.50 
2.  00 

1.62 

1.73 

1.96 

2.08 
~2T77 
8.4ft 

.46 

1.08 

1.54 

1.69 

1.85 

2.15 
2.69 

2.31 

2.46 

2.62 

.58 

1.85 

1.92 

2.12 

2.31 

2.50 

2.88 

8.08 

8.27 
3.92 
4.58 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

.23 
.27 

.69 

1.62 

2.31 

2.54 

2.77 

3.00 
8.50 

8.23 

8.46 

3.69 

4.15 
4.8S 
-5^54 
-T23 
~6T» 
7.62 

.81 

1.88 

2.69 

2.96 

3.23 

3.77 

4.04 

4.31 

.31 

.92 

2.15 

3.08 

3.38 

3.69 

4.00 

4.31 

4.62 

4.92 

5.23 

.35 

.04 
Tl5 

2.42 
2.69 

3.46 

3  81 
4.23 
4.65 

4.15 

4.50 

4.85 

5  19 

5.54 
6.15 

5.88 
6.54 

.38 
.42 

3.85 

4.62 

5.00 

5.38 

5.77 
6.35 

11 

12- 

•iT 

.27 

2.96 

4.23 

5.08 

5.50 

5.92 

6.77 

7.19 

.46 

.38 

3.23 

4.62 

5.08 

5.54 

6.00 

6.46 

6.92 

7.:  8 

7.85 

8.31 

.50 

.5(1 

3.50 

5.0o 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

14 

.54 

.62 

3.77 

5.38 

5.92 

6.46 

7.00 

7.54 

8.08 

8.62 

9.15 

9.69 

15 
16- 

.58 

.73 

4.04 

5.77 

6.35 
6.77 

6.92 

7.50 

8.08 

8.65 

9.23 

9.81 

10.38 

.62 

.85 

4.31 

6.15 

7.88 

8.00 

8.62 
9.15 

9.23 

9.85 

10.46 
11.12 

11.08 

17 

.65 

.96 

2.08 

4.58 

6.54 

7.19 

7.85 

8.50 

9.81 

1U.46 

11.77 
12.49 
13.15 

lOs 

1T54 
15.  2» 
15.93 
16.62 

18 

.69 

4.85 

6.92 

7.62 

8.81 

9.00 

9.69 

10.88 

11.08 

11.77 

19 

.73 

.77 

2.19 

5.12 
5.88 

7.31 

7.K9 

8.04 

8.77 

9.50 

10.28 
10.77 

10.96 
11.54 

11.69 

12.42 
18.08 

20 

2.81 

8.46 

9.23 

10.00 

12.31 

21 

.81 

2.42 
~2754 

5  65 

8.08 

8.8? 

9.69 

10.50 

11.31 

12.12 

12.92 

18.73 

22 

.85 

5.92 

8.46 

9.81 

10.15 

11.00 

11.85 

12.69 

13.54 

14.88 

23 

.88 

2.65 

6.19 
6.46 
6.73 

8.85 

9.  78 

10.62 

11.50 

12.38 

13.27 

14.15 

15.04 
15.69 

24 

.92 
~3B 

2.77 

2.88 

9.23 

10.15 

11.08 

12.00 

12.92 
13.46 

13.85 

14.77 

25 

Imo 
~~2~ 
3 
4 
5 
~6~ 
7 
8 
9 

9.62 

10.58 

11.54 

12.50 

14.42 

15.38 

16.35 

17.31 

1.00 

Too 

3.00 
4.00 

8.00 
6.00 

7.  (JO 
14.00 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

18.00 

14.00 
28.00 
42.00 

15.00 
30.00 
45.00 
60.00 
75.00 
90.00 

16.00 
82.00 
48.00 

17.00 
84.00 
51.00 

18.  00 

lOo 

54.00- 
72.00 
90.00 
108.00 

20.00 
30.00 

22.00 

24.00 

28.00 

9.00 

21.00 
28.00 

33.00 

36.00 

39.00 

12.00 

40.00 

44.00 

48-00 

52.00 

56.00 
70.00 

64.00 

68.00 
85.00 
102.00 

5.00 
6.00 

15.00 

85.  00 

50.00 

55.00 

60.00 

65.00 
78.00 

80.00 

18.00 

42.00 

60.00 

66.00 

72.00 

84.00 

96.00 

7.00 
8.00 

21  00 

49.00 

70.00 
80.00 

77.00 
88.00 
99.00 

84.00 

91.00 

98.00 
112.00 
126.00 

105.00 
120.00 

112.00 

119.00 

126.00 
144.00 
162.00 
180.00 
198.00 
216.00 

24.00 
27.00 

56.00 

96.00 
108.00 

104.00 

128.00 

136.00 

9.00 

63.00 

90.00 

117.00 

135.00 

144.00 

153.00 

10 
11 
HTr 

10.00 
11.00 
12.00 

30.00 

7C.OO 

100.  CO 

110.00 
121.00 

1-20.00 
132.00 

130.00 

140.00 

150.00 

160.00 

170.00 
187.00 
204.00 

33.00 

77.  (X) 

110.00 

143.00 

154.00 

165.00 

176.00 
192.00 

36.00 

84.00 

120.00 

132.00 

144.00 

156.00 

168.00 

180.00 

*  26  working  days  in  a  month. 

OFFICIAL  FIGURES.— The  average  weekly  wages  of  workmen  in  the 
United  States  for  the  year  1891  is  as  follows:  Bricklayers,  $21.18;  Hod 
Carriers,  $13.38:  Masons,  $21.00;  Tenders,  $9.60;  Plasterers,  $23.10;  Slater^ 
121.00;  Roof  ere.  $17.30-  Stonecutters,  $21.00. 


366   tX)ING  NOTHING  IS  NEXT  NEIGHBOR  TO  DOING  WRONG. 

MONTHLY  WAGES  TABLE.* 

JOW  TO  CALCULATE  THE  WAGES  OF  HIRED  HELP  AT  SIGHT. 


Time 

$19 

$20 

$21 

$22 

$23 

$24 

.92 

$25 

.96 

$26 

1.00 

$27 
1.04 

$28 

1.08 

$2t 

1.12 

1 

.78 

.77 

.81 

.85 

.88 

2 

1.46 

1.54 

1.62 

1.69 

1.77 

1.85 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.15 

2-23 

3 

2.19 

2  31 

2.42 

2.54 

2.65 

2.77 

2.88 

8.00 

8.12 

8.23 

8.35 
T46 
-5T8 
~6^9 

-Oi 
103 

4 

2.92 

8.08 

8.23 

8.38 

8.54 
-4T2 

3.69 

8.85 

4.00 

4.15 

4.31 

D 

3.65 

8.85 

4.04 

4.23 

4,62 

4.81 

5.00 

5.19 

5.38 

6 

4.38 

4.62 

4-85 

5.08 

5.31 

5.54 

5.77 

6.00 

6.23 

6.46 

7 

5.12 

5.88 

5.65 

5.92 

6.19 

6.46 

6.73 

7.00 

7.27 

7.54 

8 

5.85 

6.15 

6.46 

6.77 

7.08 

7.38 

7.69 

8.00 

8.31 

8-62 

9 

6.58 

6.92 

7.27 

7.62 

7.96 

8  31 

8.65 

9.00 

9.85 

9.69 

10.04 
11.15 

10 

7.31 

7-69 

8.08 

8.46 

8.85 

9.23 

9.62 

10.00 

10.38 

10.77 

11 

8.04 

8-46 

8.88 

9.31 

9.73 

10.15 

10.58 

11.00 

11.42 

11.85 

12.27 
13.38 
105 
15.62 

16.73 
17.85 
18.98 
20.08 

12 

8.77 

9.23 

9.69 

10.15 

10.62 

11.08 

11.54 

12.00 

12.46 

12.92 

13 

9.60 

10.00 

10.50 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

14 

10.23 

10.77 

11.31 

11.85 

12.38 

12.92 

13.46 

14.00 

14.54 

15.08 

1C 

10.96 

11.54 

12.12 

12.69 

13.27 

13.85 

14.42 

15.00 

15.58 

16.15 
17.23 

16 

11.69 

12.31 

12.92 

13.54 

14.15 

14.77 

15.38 

16.00 

16.62 

17 

12.42 

13.08 

13.73 

14.88 

15.04 

15.69 

16.35 

17.  .00 

17.65 

18.31 

18 

13.15 

13.85 

14.54 

15.23 

15.92 

16.62 

17.31 

18.00 

18.69 

19.38 

19 

13.88 

14.62 

15.35 

16.08 

16.81 

17.54 

18.27 

19.00 

19.73 

20.46 

21.19 

20 

14.62 

15.88 

16.15 

16.92 

17.69 

18.46 

19.23 

20.00 

20.77 

21.54 

22.81 
23.42 
24.54 
"^65 

21 

15.35 

16.15 

16.96 

17.77 

18.58 

19.38 

20.19 

21.00 

21.81 

22.62 

22 

16.08 

16.92 

17.77 

18.62 

19.46 

20.31 

21.15 

22.00 

22.85 

23.69 

23 

16.81 

17.69 

18.57 

19.46 

20.35 

21.23 

22.12 

23.00 

23.88 

24.77 

24 

17.54 

18.46 

19.38 

20.31 

21.23 

22.15 

23.08 

24.00 

24.92 

25.85 

26.74 
"2T&9 
~297o5 

25 

18.27 

19.23 

20.19 

21.15 

22.12 

23.08 

24.04 

25.00 

25.96 

26.92 

TMO. 

2  " 

19.00 

20.00 

21.00 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

88.00 

40.00 

42.  OOJ 

44.00 
"66^00 

46.00 

48.00 

50.00 

52.00 

54.00 

56.00 

58.00 

"sToo 
lieToo 

145.00 

iTToB 

203.00 

232.00 
261.00 
290^0 
319.00 

348.00 

3 

57.00 

60.00 

63.00 

69.00 

72.00 

75.00 

78.00 

81.00 

84.00 

4 

76.00 

80.00 

84.00 

88.00 

92.00 

96.00 

100.00 

104.00 

108.00 

112.00 

5 

85.00 

100.00 

105.00 

110.00 

115.00 

120.00 

125.00 

180.00 

135.00 

140.00 

6 

114.00 

120.00 

126.00 

132.00 

138.00 

144.00 

150.00 

156.00 

162.00 

168.00 

7 

133.00 

140.00 

147.00 

154.00 

161.00 

168.00 

175.00 

182.  (X) 

189.00 

196.00 

8 

152.00 

160.00 

168.00 

176.00 

184.00 

192.00 

200.00 
225.00 

208.00 

216.00 

224.00 

9 

171.00 

180.00 

189.00 

198.00 
220.00 

207.00 

216.00 

234.00 

243.00 

252.00 

10 

190.00 

200.00 

210.00 

230.00 

240.00 

250.00 

260.00 

270.00 

280.00 

.    11 

209.00 

220.00 

231.00 

242.00 

253.00 

264.00 

275.00 
300.00 

286.00 

297.00 

308.00 

lYr. 

228.00 

240.00 

252.00 

264.00 

276.00 

288.00 

312.00 

324.00 

335.00 

(<£    '^  *26  working  days  in  a  month. 

OFFICIAL  FIGUBEB.— The  average  weekly  wages  of  workmen  in  the  United 
States  for  the  year  1891  is  as  follows:  Plumbers,  $19.00;  Carpenters,  $15.25; 
eaafltters,  $11.90;  Blacksmiths,  $16.02;  Curermakers.  $16.08;  Printers,  $16.42? 
Tfeumitba,$ll86;  Pbrtera,  $8^8.  ' 


A  ROCKING-HORSE  MAKES  MOTION,  BUT  NO  PROGRESS. 


MONTHLY  WAGES  TABLE.* 

HOW  TO  CALCULATE  THE  WAGES  OF  HIRED  HELP  AT  SIGHT. 


Time 

$30 

$31 

$32 

$33 

$34 

$35 

$36 

$37 

$38 

$39 

$40 

1 

1.15 

1.19 

1.23 

1.27 

1.31 

1.35 

1.88 

1.42 

1.46 

1.50 

1.54 

3.08 
4.62 

2 

2.31 

2.38 

2.46 

2.54 

2.62 

2.69 

2.77 

2.85 

2.92 

3.00 

3 

8.46 

3.58 

3.69 

3.81 

8.92 

4.04 

4.15 

4.27 

4.38 

4.50 

4 

4.6*2 

4.77 

4.92 

5.08 

5.23 

5.88 

5.54 

5.69 

5.85 
7.31 

6.00 

6.15 

5 

5.77 

5.96 

6.15 

6.35 

6.54 

6.73 

6.92 

7.12 

7.50 

7.69 

6 

6.92 

7.15 

7.38 

7.62 

7.85 

8.08 

8.31 

8.54 

8.77 

9.00 
10.50 

9.23 

7 

8.08 

8.35 

8.62 

8.88 

9.15 

9.42 

9.69 

9.% 

10.23 

10.77 
12.31 

8 

9.23 

9.54 

9.85 

10.15 

10.46 

10.77 

11.08 
12.46 

11.38 
12.81 

11.69 

12.00 

9 

10.38 

10.73 

11.08 

11.42 

11.77 

12.12 

13.15 

13.50 

13.85 

10 

11.54 

11.92 

12.31 

12.69 

13.08 

13.46 

13.85 
15.23 

14.23 

14.62 

15.00 

15.38 

11 

12.69 

13.12 

13.54 

18.96 

14.38 

14.81 

15  65 

16.08 

16.50 

16.92 

"12 

13.85 

14.31 

14.77 

15.28 

15.69 

16.15 

16.62 

17.08 

17.54 

18.HO 

18.46 

13 

15.00 

15.50 

16.00 

16.50 

17.00 

17.50 

18.00 
19788 
20.77 
22.15 

18.50 
19.92 
21.35 
22.77 

19.00 
20.46 

19.50 

20.00 

14 

1H.15 

16.69 

17.23 

17.77 

18.31 

18.85 

21.00 

21.54 

15 

17.31 

17.88 

18.46 

19.04 

19.62 

20.19 

21.92 
23.38 

22.50 
24.00 
25.50 

23.07 
24.62 

16 

18.46 

19.08 

19.69 

20.31 

20.92 

21.54 

17 

19.62 

20.27 

20.92 

21.58 

22.23 

22.88 

23.54 

24.19 

24.85 

26.15 

18 

20.77 

21.46 

22.15 

22.85 

23.54 

24.23 

24.92 

25.62 

26.31 

27.00 

27.69 
21.23 
30.77 

19 

21.92 

22.65 

23.38 

24.12 

24.85 

25..  ^8 

26.31 

27.04 

27.77 

28.50 

20 

23.08 

23.85 

24.62 

25.38 

26.15 

26.92 

27.69 

28.46 

29.23 

8U.OO 

21 

24.23 

25.04 

25.85 

26.65 

27.46 

28.27 

29.08 

29.88 

30  69 

31.50 

32.31 

22 

25.38 

26  23 

27.08 

27.92 

28.77 

29.62 

80.46 

31.31 

82  15 

33.00 

33.85 

23 

26.54 

27.42 

28.31 

29.19 

30.08 

80.96 

31.85 

32.73 

33.62 

34.50 

85.38 
~86T92 

38.46 

24 

27.69 

28.62 

29.54 

30.46 

31.38 

82.31 

83.23 

34.15 

35.08 

36.00 

25 

28.85 

29.81 

30.77 

31.73 

32.  6« 

33.65 

34.62 

35.58 

86.54 

37.50 

1  Mo. 
2 

30.00 

31.00 

32.00 

33.00 

34.00 

35.00 

86.00 

37.00 

38.00 

89.00 

40.00 

60.00 

62.00 

64.00 

66.00 

68-00 

70.00 

72.  CO 

74.00 

76.00 

78.00 

80.00 

3 

90.00 

93.00 

96.00 

99.00 

102.00 

105.00 

108.00 

111.00 

114.00 

117.00 

120.00 

4 

120.00 

124.00 

128.00 

132.00 

136.00 

140.00 

144.00 

148.00 

152.00 

156.00 

160.00 

5 

150.00 

155.00 

160.00 

165.00 

170.00 

175.00 

180.00 

185.00 

190.00 

195.00 

200.00 
240.00 

6 

180.00 

186  00 

192.00 

198.00 

204.00 

210.00 

216.00 

222.00 

228.00 

234.00 

7 

210.00 

217  00 

224  00 

231.00 

238.00 

245.00 

252.00 

259.00 

266.00 

273  00 

280.00 

8 

240.00 

248.00 

256.00 

264.00 

272.00 

280.00 

288.00 

296.00 

304.00 

312.00 

320.00 

9 

270.00 

279.00 

288.00 

297.00 

30H.OO 

315.00 

324.00 

333.00 

342.00 

351.00 

360.00 
400.00 

10 

300.00 

310.00 

320.00 

330.00 

340.00 

350.00 

360.00 

370.00 

380.00 

390.00 

11 

330.00 

341.00 

352.00 

363.00 

374.00 

385.00 

396.00 

407.00 

418.00 

429.00 

440.00 

1  Yr. 

360.00 

372.00 

384.00 

396.00 

408.00 

420.00 

432.00 

444.00 

456.00 

468.00 

480.00 

Engla 
Germa 


*26  working  days  in  a  month. 

Oompare  the  following  figures  with  those  on  previous  pages,  the  average 
wages  being  given  in  each  case  : 

Bricklayers.  Masons.  Carpenters,  Blacksmiths.  Hodcarriers.  Porters, 
land,    $7.56  7.68  7.66  7.37  4.94  4.70 

ny,   4.21  4.87  4.11  4.00  2.92  3.11 


308 


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1.11 
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1.04 
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1.10 
1.14 
1.17 
1.20 
1.24 
1.27 
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1.05 
1.09 
1.12 
1.16 
1.19 
1.23 
1.26 
1.30 
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1.09 
1.13 
1.16 
1.20 
1.24 
1.28 
1.81 
1.35 
1.39 
1.43 
1.46 
1.50 
2.25 
3.00 

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.08 
.12 
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.68 
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1.04 
1.08 
1.12 
1.16 
1.20 
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1.40 
1.44 
1.48 
1.52 
1.56 
1.60 
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1.06 
1.11 
1.15 
1.19 
1.23 
1.28 
1.32 
1.36 
1.40 
1.45 
1.49 
1.53 
1.57 
1.62 
1.66 
1.70 
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1.08 
1.13 
1.17 
1.22 
1.26 
1.31 
1.35 
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1.44 
1.49 
1.53 
1.58 
1.62 
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1.71 
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1.33 
1.38 
1.43 
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1.52 
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1.62 
1.66 
1.71 
1.76 
1.81 
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1.16 
1.21 
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1.42 
1.47 
1.52 
1.58 
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1.68 
1.73 
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1.54 
1.60 
1.65 
1.71 
1.76 
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1.87 
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1.38 
1.44 
1.5i' 
1.55 
1.61 
167 
173 
1.78 
1.84 
1.90 
1.96 
2.01 
2.07 
2.1S 
2.19 
2.24 
2.80 
3.45 
4.60 

.06 
.12 

.18 
.24 
.3d 
.36 
.42 
.48 
.54 
.60 
.66 
.72 
.78 
.84 
.90 
.96 
1.02 
1.08 
1.14 
1.20 
1.26 
1.32 
1.88 
1.44 
1.50 
1.56 
1.62 
1.68 
1.74 
1.80 
1.86 
l.t'2 
1.98 
2.04 
2.10 
2.16 
2.22 
2.28 
2.34 
2.40 
3.60 
4.80 

.09 
.13 
.19 
.25. 
.81 
.33 
.44 
.50 
.5ft 
.6$ 
.69- 
.75 
.81 
.8» 
.94 
1.00 
1.06. 
1.1* 
1.19 
1.25 
1.31 
1.39 
1.44 
1.50 
1.5ft 
1.63 
1.69 
1.75 
1.81 
1.88 
1.94 
200 
2.0ft 
2.13 
2.1» 
2.25 
2.31 
2.38 
2.44 
2.50 
3.75 
500 

10 

15  

20  
25 

80  
35 

40  

45 

50  

65 

60 

65 

70 

75  .. 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100  
105  
110    ... 

115 

120  

125 

130... 

135 

140  

145  .  .. 

150  

155 

160 

.80 
.83 
.85 
.88 
.90 
.93 
.95 
.98 
1.00 
1.50 
2.00 

165  
170 

175  

180  
185  

190  
195 

200  
300  

too  

Example : — 165  pounds  at  1.05=1.73. 

Amount  of  Cotton,  Flax  and  Hemp  Raised  in  the  United  States. 

AOBES.  BALES. 

Cotton,1890 20,175,270    "i    7,472,511 

*       1880 ,. 14,480,019  5,755,359 

BUSHELS  or    POUNDS  OF 
SEED.  FIBER. 

Flax,1890 ,.  „ ^... 10,250,410  241,389 

"     1880 7,170,951         1,565,54ft 

ACRES.        TONS. 

Hemp,1890 25,054  11,511 

In  1860  there  were  74,493  tons  of  hemp  raised  and  in  1850  34,871. 


370  DO  NOT  WAIT  FOR  SOMETHING  TO  TURN  UP, 

HOW  TO  FIND  THE  WEIGHT  OF  CATTLE  BY  MEASURE- 

flENT. 

To  find  the  approximate  weight,  measure  as  follows:  1.  The 
girth  behind  the  shoulders.  2.  The  length  from  the  fore-part  of 
the  shoulder-blade  along  the  back  to  the  bone  at  the  tail,  in  a  ver* 
tical  line  with  Ae  buttocks.  Then  multiply  the  square  of  the 
girth  in  feet  by  five  times  the  length  in  feet.  Divide  the  product 
by  1.5  for  average  cattle  (if  cattle  be  very  fat,  by  1.425;  if  very 
lean,  by  1.575)  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  dressed  weight  of  the 
quarters.  Thus:  The  girth  of  a  steer  is  6.5  feet,  and  the  length 
from  the  shoulder-blade  to  the  tail  bone  is  5.25.  The  square  of 
€.5  is  42.25,  and  5  times  5.25  is  26.25.  Multiplying  these  together 
gives  1109.0625,  which,  when  divided  by  1.5,  produces  739.375  Ibs. 
the  approximate  net  weight  of  the  steer  aftefr  being  dressed. 

THE  SHORT  METHOD. 

Multiply  the  distance  around  the  animal  (back  of  the  fore- 
shoulder)  by  itself,  and  then  multiply  that  result  by  17.5  and  you 
have  the  weight  of  the  animal  (nearly.) 

WEIGHT  OF  HOGS. 

What  will  be  the  cost  of  3345  pounds  of  live  hogs,  at  $3.25  per  hundred 
weight?— See  table,  next  page. 

3300  @  3.25=107.25. 
45  @  8.25=    1.46. 

108.71.    Ans. 

WEIGHT  OF  CATTLE. 

What  will  2251  pounds  of  live  cattle  cost,  at  $2.65  per  hundred  weightl 

2200  @  $2.50=$55.00. 

55  @    2.50=    1.38. 

2200  @        15c.    3.30. 

55  @       15c.      .08. 


$59.76.    Ans. 

What  will  5625  pounds  of  live  cattle  cost  at  $3.45  per  hundred  weight? 

4000  @  $3.25  =  $130.00 

1600  @    3.25=     52.00 

25  @    8.25=        .81 

4000  @     .20=      8.00 

1GOO  <§     .20=      8.20 

25  @     .20=        .05 


$194.06 

N.  B. — In  above  example  get  the  amount  first  from  table  for  the  2200 
oonnds  at  $2.50,  then  for  55  pounds.  Now  you  have  the  amount  at  $2.50  per 
tmndred  weight.  To  make  it  $2.65,  take  from  th  table  the  amount  of  2255  at 
tfic.  per  hundred  weight,  and  you  will  have  the  amount  for  all  at  $2.65  per  cwt, 


THOSE  WHO  DO,  ARE  LIKELY  TO  TURN  UP  IN  JAIL.        371 

HOG    AND    CATTLE    TABLE. 

The  first  column  gives  the  number  of  pounds,  and  the  top  of  each 
column  the  price  per  hundred  weight. 


WEIGHT. 

5c. 

lOc. 

15c. 

20c. 

30c. 

40c. 

50c. 

60c. 

70c. 

80c. 

90c. 

^iT.    ~ 

.00 

.00 

.Oo 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

&... 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

10  

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

15  

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

20  

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

26  

.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.08 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

30  

.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

35  

.02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

.11 

.14 

.18 

.21 

.25 

.28 

•  .32 

40  

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

45-   ... 

.02 

.05 

.07 

.09 

.14 

.18 

.23 

.27 

.32 

.36 

.41 

50.   ... 

.03 

.05 

.08 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

65.   ... 

.03 

.06 

.08 

.11 

.17 

.22 

.28 

.33 

.39 

.44 

.50 

60.   ... 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.18 

.24 

.30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

;.54 

65.   ... 

.03 

.07 

.10 

.13 

.20 

.26 

.33 

.89 

.46 

.52 

.59 

;o.  ... 

.04 

.07 

.11 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.35 

.42 

.49 

.56 

.63 

75  

.04 

.08 

.11 

.15 

.23 

.30 

.38 

.45 

.58 

.60 

.68 

80  

.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.24 

.32 

.40 

.48 

.56 

.64 

.72 

85  

.04 

.09 

.18 

.17 

.26 

.84 

.43 

.51 

.60 

.68 

.77 

90  

.05 

.09 

.14 

.18 

.27 

.36 

.45 

.54 

.63 

.72 

.81 

95  

.05 

.10 

.14 

.19 

.29 

.88 

.48 

.57 

.67 

.76 

.86 

100  

.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.90 

200  

.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.60 

.80 

l.CO 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

300  

.15 

.80 

.45 

.60 

.90 

1.2U 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

400.  ... 

.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

BOO.  ... 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

8.00 

8.50 

4.00 

4.50 

600.  ... 

.30 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

8.60 

4.20 

4.80 

5.40 

700.   ... 

.35 

.70 

1.05 

1.40 

2.10 

2.80 

8.50 

4.20 

4.90 

5.60 

6.80 

800.  ... 

-40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.40 

8.20 

4.00 

4.80 

5.60 

6.40 

7  20 

900.  ... 

.45 

.90 

1.35 

1.80 

2.70 

3.60 

4.50 

5.40 

6.30 

7.20 

8.10 

1000.  ... 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

3.  CO 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

1100.  ... 

.55 

1.10 

1.65 

2.20 

3.30 

4.40 

5.50 

6.60 

7.70 

8.80 

9.90 

1200.  ... 

.60 

.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.60 

4.80 

6.00 

7'.  20 

8.40 

9.60 

10.80 

1300-  ... 

.65 

.30 

1.95 

2.6U 

3.90 

5.20 

6.50 

7.80 

9.10 

10.40 

11.70 

1400.   ... 

.70 

.40 

2.10 

2.80 

4.20 

5.60 

7.00 

8.40 

9.80 

11.20 

12.60 

1500.   ... 

.75 

.50 

2.25 

3.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

13.50 

1600.   ... 

.80 

.60 

2.40 

3.20 

4.80 

6.40 

8.00 

9.60 

11.20 

12.80 

14.40 

1700.  ... 

.85 

.70 

2.55 

8.40 

5.10 

6.80 

8.50 

10.20 

11.90 

13.60 

15.30 

1800.   ... 

.90 

.80 

2.70 

3.60 

5.40 

7.20 

9.00 

10.80 

12.60 

14.40 

16.20 

1900.  ... 

.95 

.90 

2.85 

3.80 

5.70 

7.60 

9.50 

11.40 

13.30 

15.20 

17.10 

2000.   ... 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

2100.  ... 

1.05 

2.10 

8.15 

4.20 

6.30 

8.40 

10.50 

12.60 

14.70 

,  16.80 

18.90 

2200.  ... 

1.10 

2.20 

8.80 

4.40 

6.60 

8.80 

11.00 

13.20 

15.40 

I  17.60 

19.80 

2300.   ... 

.15 

2.30 

3.45 

4.60 

6.90 

9.20 

11.50 

13.80 

16.10 

18.40 

20.70 

2400.  ... 

.20 

2.40 

3.60 

4.80 

7.20 

9.60 

12.00 

14.40 

16.80 

19.20 

21.60 

2500.  ... 

.25 

2.50 

3.75 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

2600.  ... 

.30 

2.60 

3.90 

5.20 

7.80 

10.40 

13.00 

15.60 

18.20 

20.80 

23.40 

2700.  ... 

.35 

2.70 

4.05 

5.40 

8.10 

1080 

13  50 

16.20 

18.90 

21.60 

24  30 

2800.  ... 

.40 

2.80 

4.20 

5.60 

8.40 

11.20 

14.00 

16.80 

19.60 

22.40 

25  20 

2900.   ... 

.45 

2.90 

4.35 

5.80 

8.70 

11.60 

14.50 

17.40 

20.30 

2320 

26.10 

3000.   ... 

.50 

3.00 

4.50 

6.  00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

8100.  ... 

.55 

3.10 

4.65 

6.20 

9.30 

12.40 

15.50 

18.60 

21.70 

24.80 

27.90 

8200.  ... 

.60 

3.20 

4.80 

6.40 

9.60 

12.80 

16.00 

19.20 

22.40 

25.60 

28.80 

3300.  ... 

.65 

8.30 

4.95 

6.60 

9.90 

13.20 

16.50 

19.80 

23.10 

26.40 

29.70 

3400.  ... 

.70 

340 

5.10 

6.80 

10.20 

1360 

17.00 

20.40 

23.80 

27.20 

30.60 

3500.  ... 

.75 

3.50 

5.25 

7.00 

10.50 

14.00 

17.50 

21.00 

24.50 

28.00 

31.50 

8600.  ... 

.80 

3.60 

5.40 

7.20 

10.80 

14.40 

18.00 

21.60 

25.20 

28.80 

32.40 

8700.  ... 

.85 

3.70 

5.55 

7.40 

11.10 

14.80 

18.50 

22.20 

25.90 

29.60 

83.30 

3800.  ... 

.90 

8.80 

5.70 

7.60 

11.40 

15.20 

19.00 

22.80 

26.60 

30.40 

84.  20 

8900.  ... 

.95 

3.90 

5.85 

7.80 

11.70 

15.60 

19.50 

23.40 

27.30 

31.20 

35.10 

4000.  ... 

2.00 

1    4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

!  24.00 

23.00 

32.  OQ, 

86.09 

372 


JfO  ONE  WAS  &VER  LOST  ON  A  STRAIGHT  ROAD. 


HOQ  AND  CATTLE  TABLE. 

Theflrtt  column  gives  the  number  of  pounds  and  the  top  oj  each 
column  the  price  per  hundred  weight. 


^W«ght. 

$1.00 

$2.00 

$2.50 

$2.75 

$3.00 

$3.25 

$3.50 

$3.75 

$4.00 

$4.25.$4.50 

3..     . 

.03 

.06 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

6..     . 

.05 

.10 

.13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

.18 

.19 

.20 

.21 

!28 

10.. 

.10 

.20 

.25 

.28 

.30 

.83 

.35 

.88 

.40 

.48 

.45 

18.. 

.15 

.30 

.38 

.41 

.45 

.49 

.53 

.56 

.6U 

.6i 

.68 

30.. 

.20 

.40 

.50 

.55 

.60 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.85 

90 

88.. 

.25 

.50 

.63 

.69 

.75 

.81 

.88 

.94 

.00 

.06 

1  IS 

30.. 

.30 

.60 

.75 

.83 

.90 

.98 

1.05 

1.13 

.20 

.28 

1.35 

36.. 

.15 

.70 

.88 

.96 

.05 

.14 

1.28 

1.31 

.40 

.49 

1.58 

40.. 

.40 

.80 

1.00 

.10 

.20 

.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

.70 

1.80 

48.. 

.45 

.90 

1.13 

.24 

.85 

.46 

1.58 

1.69 

.80 

.91 

2.08 

80.. 

.50 

1.00 

1.25 

.38 

.50 

.63 

1.75 

1.88 

2.00 

2.13 

2.25 

68.. 

.55 

10 

1.38 

.51 

.65 

.79 

1.93 

2.06 

2.20 

2.84 

2.48 

60.. 

.60 

.20 

1.50 

.65 

.80 

.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2-55 

2.70 

66.. 

.65 

.30 

1.63 

.79 

.95 

2.11 

2.28 

2.44 

2.60 

2.76 

2.98 

TO.. 

.70 

.40 

1.75 

1.98 

2.10 

2.28 

2.45 

2.63 

2.80 

2.98 

8.15 

76.. 

.75 

.50 

1.88 

2.06 

2.25 

2.44 

2.63 

2.81 

3.00 

3.19 

3.38 

80.. 

.80 

.60 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

2.60 

2.80 

8.00 

8.20 

8.40 

3.60 

86.. 

,    .85 

.70 

2.13 

2.34 

2.55 

2.76 

2.98 

3.19 

3.40 

8.61 

3.83 

90.. 

'.SO 

.80 

2.25 

2.48 

2.70 

2.93 

8.15 

3.38 

8.60 

8.88 

4.05 

96.. 

.95 

.90 

2.38 

2.61 

2.85 

3.08 

3.33 

3.56 

8.80 

4.04 

4.29 

100.. 

1.00 

2.00 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

8.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 

200.. 

2.00 

4.00 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

300.. 

3.00 

6.00 

7.50 

8.25 

9.00 

9.75 

10.50 

11.25 

12.00 

12-75 

13.50 

400.. 

4.00 

8.00 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15  00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00 

600.. 

5.00 

10.00 

12.50 

13.75 

15.00 

16.25 

17.50 

18.75 

20.00 

21.25 

22.50 

€00.. 

6.00 

12.00 

15.00 

16.50 

18.00 

19.50 

21.00 

22.50 

24.00 

25.50 

27.00 

700.. 

7.00 

14.00 

17.50 

19.25 

21.00  22.75 

24.50 

26.25 

28.00 

29-75 

31.50 

800.. 

8.00 

16.00 

20.00 

22.00 

24.00   26.00 

28.00 

30.00 

82.00 

84.00 

36.00 

900.. 

9.00 

18.00 

22.50 

24.75 

27.00   29.25 

31.50 

33.75 

86.00 

38.25 

40.50 

1000.. 

10.00 

20.00 

25.00 

27.50 

30.001  32.50 

35.00 

37.50 

40.00 

42.50 

45.00 

1100.. 

11.00 

22.00 

27.50 

30.25 

33.00   85.75 

38.50 

41.25 

44.00 

46.75 

49.50 

1200.. 
1300.. 

12.00 
13.00 

24.00 
26.00 

30.00 
32.50 

33.00 
35.75 

36.00  39.00 
39.00   42.25 

42.00 
45.50 

45.00 

48.75 

48.00 
52.00 

51.00 
55.25 

54.00 
58.50 

1400.. 

14.00 

28.00 

35.00 

88.50 

42.00  45.50 

49.00 

52.50 

56.00 

59.  SO 

63.00 

1600.. 

15.00 

30.00 

37.50 

41.25 

45.00  48.75 

52.50 

66.25 

60.00 

63.75 

67.50 

1600.. 

16.00 

32.00 

40.00 

44.00 

48.00  52.00 

56.00 

60.00 

64.00 

68.  CO 

72.00 

1700.. 

17-00 

34.00 

42.50 

46.75 

51.00   55.25 

59.50 

63.75 

68.00 

72.25 

76.50 

1800.. 

18.00 

36.00 

45.00 

49.50 

54.00  58.50 

63.00 

67.50 

72.00 

76.50 

81.00 

1900.. 

19.00 

38.00 

47.50 

52.25 

57.00  61.75 

66.50 

71.25 

76.00 

80.75 

85.50 

2000.. 

20.00 

40.00 

50.00 

55.00 

60.00  65.00 

70.00 

75.00 

80.00 

85.00 

PO.OO 

2100.. 

21.00 

42.00 

52.50 

57.75 

63.00 

68.25 

73.50 

78.75 

84.00 

89.25 

94.50 

2200.. 

22.00 

44.00 

55.00 

60.50 

66.00 

71.50 

77.00 

82.50 

88.00 

93.50 

99.00 

2300.. 

23.00 

46.00 

57.50 

63.25 

69.00 

74.75 

80.50 

86.25 

92.00 

97.75 

108.50 

2400  .  . 

24.00 

48.CO 

60.00 

66.00 

72.00 

78.00 

84.00 

90.00 

98.00 

102.00 

108.00 

2600.. 

25.00 

50.00 

62  50 

68.75 

75.00 

81.25 

87.50 

93.75 

100.00 

106.25 

112.50 

2600.. 

26.00 

52.00 

65.00 

71.50 

78.00 

84.50 

91.00 

97.50 

104.00 

110.50 

117.00 

2700.. 

27.00 

54.00 

67.50 

74.25 

81.00 

87.75 

94.50 

101.25 

108.00 

114.75 

121.50 

2800.. 

28.00 

56.00 

70.00 

77.00 

84.00 

91.00 

98.00 

105.00 

112.00 

119.00 

126.00 

2900.. 

29.00 

58.00 

72.50 

79.75 

87.00 

94.25 

101.50 

108.75 

116.00 

123.25 

130.50 

3000.. 

80.00 

60.00 

75.00 

82.50 

90.00 

97.50 

105.00 

112.50 

120.00 

127.  EC 

135.00 

3100.. 

81.00 

62.00 

77.50 

85.25 

93.00 

100.75 

108.50 

116.25 

124.00 

181.75 

139.50 

8200.. 

32.00 

64.00 

80.00 

88.00 

96.00104.00 

112.00 

120.00 

128.00 

136.00 

144.00 

3300.. 

33.00 

66.00 

82.50 

90.75 

99.00107.25 

115.50 

123.75 

182.00 

140.25 

148.50 

8400.. 

84.00 

68.00 

85.00 

93.50 

102.00!ll0.50 

119.00 

127.50 

136.00 

144.50 

158.00 

8600.. 

35.00 

70.00 

87.50 

96.25 

105.001113.75 

122.50 

131.25 

140.00 

148.75 

157.50 

8600.. 

38.00 

72.00 

90.00 

99.00 

108.00117.00 

126.00 

135.00 

144.00 

153.00 

162.00 

8700.. 

87.00 

74.00 

92.50 

101.75 

111.00120.25 

129.50 

138.75 

148.00 

157.25 

166.50 

3800.. 

38.00 

76.00 

95.00 

104.50 

114.  00  1123.50 

138.00 

142.50 

152.00 

161.50 

171.00 

•900.. 
4000.. 

39.00  78.00 
40.001  80.00 

97.50 

100.00 

107.25 
110,00 

117.001126.75 
120.00130.00 

136.50 
140.00 

146.25 
150.00 

156.00 
160.00 

165.75  175.50 
170.00180.00 

'CHEERFULNESS  IS  A  DUTY  WE  OWE  TO  OTHERS. 


373 


READY  RECKONER, 

How  to  Find  the  Price  of  any  Number  of  Pounds,  Yards. 
Pieces  or  Bushels. 

The  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER  —  the  top  columns  the  PBICES. 


los. 

*c. 

4c. 

«.. 

2c. 

3c. 

4c. 

5c. 

6c. 

6*c. 

6%c. 

7c. 

8c. 

8%c. 

9c. 

lOc. 

lie. 

"2 

4 

01 

.014 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.124 

.13% 

.14 

.16 

.16% 

.18 

.20 

.23 

8 

014 

.02* 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.18% 

.20 

.21 

.24 

.25 

.27 

.30 

.33 

4 

.01 

02 

.03 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.25 

.26% 

.28 

.32 

.33% 

.86 

.40 

.44 

& 

.01* 

024 

.03% 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.80 

.31* 

.33% 

.35 

.40 

.41% 

.45 

.50 

.55 

6 

.014 

03 

.044 

.12 

.18 

.24 

.80 

.36 

.374 

.40 

.42 

.48 

.50 

.54 

.60 

.66 

7 

.01% 

034 

.05* 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.35 

.42 

.43% 

.46% 

.49 

.56 

.58% 

.63 

.70 

.77 

8 

.02 

04 

.06 

.16 

.24 

.32 

.40 

.48 

.50 

.53% 

.56 

.64 

.66% 

.72 

.80 

.88 

9 

.02* 

044 

.06% 

.18 

.27 

.86 

.45 

.54 

.56* 

.60 

.63 

.72 

.75 

.81 

.90 

.99 

10 

.024 

05 

.074 

.20 

.80 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.624 

.66% 

.70 

.80 

.83% 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

11 

.02% 

054 

.08* 

.22 

.83 

.44 

.55 

.66 

.68% 

.73% 

.77 

.88 

.91% 

.99 

1.10 

1.21 

12 

.03 

06 

.09 

.24 

.86 

.48 

.60 

.72 

.75 

.80 

.84 

.96 

1.00 

1.08 

1.20 

1.32 

18 

.03* 

064 

.09% 

.26 

.89 

.52 

.65 

.78 

.81* 

.86% 

.91 

1.04 

1.08% 

1.17 

1.80 

1.48 

14 

.034 

07 

.104 

.28 

.42 

.56 

.70 

.84 

.874 

.93% 

.98 

L12 

1.16% 

1.26 

1.40 

1.54 

15 

.03% 

074 

.11* 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.75 

.90 

1.00 

1.05 

1.20 

1.25 

1.85 

1.50 

1.65 

16 

.04 

08 

.12 

.32 

.48 

.64 

.80 

.96 

i!oo* 

1.06% 

1.12 

1.28 

1.33% 

1.44 

1.60 

1.76 

17  .04* 
18  .044 

084 
09 

.12% 
.134 

.84 

.3t> 

.51 
.54 

.68 
.72 

.85 
.90 

1.02 
1.08 

1.06* 
1.124 

1.13% 
1.20 

1.19 
1.26 

1.36 
1.44 

1.41% 
1.50 

1.53 
1.62 

1.70 
1.80 

1.87 
1.98 

19  .04% 

094 

.14* 

.38 

.57 

.76 

.951.14 

1.18% 

1.26% 

1.33 

1.52 

1.58% 

1.71 

1.90 

2.09 

10.05 

10 

.15 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.001.20 

1.25 

1.33% 

1.40 

1.60 

1.66% 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

21  .05* 

104 

.15% 

.42 

.63 

.84 

1.051.26 

1.81* 

1.40 

1.47 

1.68 

1.75 

1.89 

2.81 

22  .054 

11 

.164 

.44 

.66 

.88 

1.101.32 

1.374 

1.46% 

1.54 

1.76 

1.83% 

1.98 

2.20 

2.42 

23.05% 

114 

.17* 

.46 

.69 

.92 

1.151.38 

1.43% 

1.53% 

1.61 

1.84 

1.91% 

2.07 

2.80 

2.53 

24.06 

12 

.18 

.48 

.72 

.96 

1.201.44 

1.50 

1.60 

1.68 

1.9218-00"  " 

2.16 

2.40 

264 

25  .06* 

124 

.18% 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.56* 

1.75 

2.002.08% 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

28  .064 
27  .06% 

13 

134 

.194 
.20* 

.52 
.54 

.78 
.81 

1.04 
1.08 

1.30 
1.35 

1.56 

1.624 
1.6P* 

L73% 
1.80 

1.82 
1.89 

2.082.16% 
2.16  2.25 

2.34 
2.43 

2.60 
2.70 

2.86' 
2.97 

28 

07 

.14 

.21 

.56 

.84 

1.12 

1.40 

L68 

1.7JP»L86J< 

1.96 

2.24 

2.33% 

2.52 

2.80 

3.08 

29 

07* 

.144 

.21% 

.58 

.87 

1.16 

1.45 

1.74 

1.81* 

1.93% 

2.03 

2  32 

2.41% 

2.61 

2.90 

3.19 

80 

074 

.15 

.224 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

1.874 

2.00 

2.10 

2.40 

2.50 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 

81 

.07% 

.154 

.23* 

.62 

.98 

1.24 

1.55 

1.86 

1.93% 

2.06% 

2.17 

2.48 

2.58% 

2.79 

3.10 

3.41 

82 

.08 

.16 

.24 

.64 

.96 

1.28 

1.60 

1.92  2.00  ~ 

2.13% 

2.24 

2.56 

2.66% 

2.88 

3.20 

3.52 

83 

.08* 

.164 

.24% 

.66 

.99 

1.32 

1.65 

1.98  2.06^ 

2.20 

2.31 

2.64 

2.75 

2.97 

3.30 

3.63 

84 

.084 

.17 

.254 

.68 

1.02 

1.36 

1.70 

2.04  2.124 

2.26% 

2.38 

2.72 

2.83% 

3.06 

8.40 

8.74 

85 
86 

.08% 
.09 

•  174 
.18 

!27* 

.70 
.72 

1.05 

1.08 

1.40 
1.44 

1.75 

1.80 

2.102.18% 
2.16  2.25 

2.33% 
2.40 

2.45 
2.52 

2.80 
2.88 

2.91% 
3.00 

3.15 
3.24 

3.50 
8.60 

3.85 
3.96 

87 

.09* 

•184 

.27% 

.74 

1.11 

1.48 

1.85 

2.22  2.31* 

2.46% 

2.59 

2.96 

3.08% 

3.33 

3.70 

4.07 

38 

.094 

.19 

.284 

.76 

1.14 

1.52 

1.90 

2.282.374 

2.53% 

2.66 

3.04 

3.16% 

3.42 

3.80 

4.18 

89 

.09% 

•194 

.29* 

.78 

1.17 

1.56 

1.95 

2.342.43% 

2.60 

2.73 

3.12 

3.25 

3.51 

3.90 

4.29 

40 

.10 

.20 

.80 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.50 

2.66% 

2.80 

3.20 

3.83% 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

41 

.10* 

.204 

.30% 

.82 

1.23 

1.64 

2.05 

2.46 

2.56* 

2.73% 

2.87 

3.2S 

3.41% 

3.69 

4.10 

4.51 

42 

.104 

.21 

.314 

.84 

1.26 

1.68 

2.10 

2.52 

2.624 

2.80 

2.94 

3.36 

3.50 

3.78 

4.20 

4.62 

43 

.10% 

•214 

.32* 

.86 

1.29 

1.72 

2.15 

2.58  2.68% 

2.86% 

3.01 

3.44 

3.58% 

3.87 

4.30 

4.73 

44 

.11 

.22 

.33 

.88 

1.32 

1.76 

2.20 

2.64  2.75 

2.93% 

3.08 

3.52 

3.66%  3.96 

4.40 

4.84 

45 

.11* 

.224 

.33% 

.90 

1.85 

1.80 

2.25 

2.70 

2.81* 

3.00 

3.15 

3.60 

3.75 

4.05 

4.50 

4.95 

46 

.114 

.23 

.344 

.92 

1.38 

1.84 

2.30 

2.76 

2.874 

3.06% 

3.22 

3.68 

3.83% 

4.11 

4.60 

5.06 

47 

.11% 

.234 

.35* 

.94 

1.41 

1.88 

2.35 

2.82 

2.93% 

3.13% 

3.29 

3.76 

3.91%  4.23 

4.70 

5.17 

48 

.12 

.24 

.36 

.96 

1.44 

1.92 

2.40 

2.88 

8.00 

3.20 

3.36 

3.84 

4.00     4.32 

4.80 

5.28 

49 

.12* 

.244 

.36% 

.98 

1.47 

1.96 

2.45 

2.94 

3.06* 

3.26% 

3.43 

3.92 

4.08%  14.41 

4.90 

5.39 

50 

.124 

.25 

.374 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

8.124 

3.33% 

3.50 

4.00 

4.16%  4.RO 

5.00 

5.50 

60 

.15 

.30 

.45 

1.20 

1.80  2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

3.75 

4.00 

4.20 

4.80 

5.00    J5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

70 

.174 

.35 

.524 

1.40 

2.10  2.80 

3.50 

4.20 

4.374 

4.66% 

4.90 

5.60 

5.83%  6.80 

7.00 

7.70 

80 

.20 

.40 

.60 

1.60 

2.403.20 

4.0C 

4.80|  5.00 

5.33% 

5.60 

640 

6.66%  7.20 

8.00 

880 

90 
100 

••M 

.224 
.25 

J  \ 

.45 

.674 
.75 

1.80 
2.00 

2.703.60 
3.004.00 

4.50 
5.00 

5.4015.624 
6.006.25. 

6.00 
6.66% 

6.3U 
7.0U 

7.20 
8.00 

7.50    18.10 
8.33%  9.00 

9.001  6.90 
10.00  11  -JO 

374 


THE  ASS  BRATS  AT  THE  DOG  FOR  BARKING. 


READY   RECKONER— Continued. 

The  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER  —  the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


IM. 

I2o. 

12*4c. 

13c. 

14c. 

15c. 

16c. 

16%c. 

17c. 

18c. 

18%  o. 

19c. 

20c. 

21o. 

2 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.28 

.30 

.32 

.33*6 

.84 

.36 

.87*4 

.38 

.40 

.42 

8 

.36 

.37*4 

.39 

.42 

.45 

.48 

.50 

.51 

.54 

.56*4 

.57 

.60 

.63 

4 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.56 

.60 

.64 

.66% 

.68 

.72 

.75 

.76 

.80 

.84 

5 

.60 

.621/, 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.83^ 

.85 

.90 

.93% 

.95 

1.00 

1.05 

6 

.72 

.75 

.78 

.84 

.90 

.96 

.00 

1.02 

1.08 

1.12*4 

1.14 

1.20 

1.26 

1 

.84 

.87*4 

.91 

.98 

1.05 

1.12 

.16% 

1.19 

1.26 

1.31*4 

1.33 

1.40 

1.47 

8 

.96 

1.00 

1.04 

1.12 

1.20 

1.28 

.33*6 

1.36 

1.44 

1.50 

1.52 

1.60 

1.68 

9 

1.08 

1.12*4 

1.17 

1.26 

1.35 

1.44 

.50 

1.53 

1.62 

1.68% 

1.71 

1.80 

1.89 

10 

.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

.66% 

1.70 

1.80 

1.87*4 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

11 

.32 

1.87*4 

1.43 

1.54 

1.65 

1.76 

.83*6 

1.87 

1.98 

2.06*4 

2.09 

2.20 

2.81 

12 

.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.68 

1.80 

1.92 

2.00 

2.04 

2.16 

2.25 

2.28 

2.40 

2.52 

IS 

.56 

1.62*4 

1.69 

1.82 

1.95 

2.08 

2.16% 

2.21 

2.34 

2.43% 

2.47 

2.60 

2.73 

14 

.68 

1.75 

1.82 

1.96 

2.10 

2.24 

2.33*6 

2.38 

2.52 

2.62*4 

2.66 

2.80 

2.94 

15 

.80 

1.87*4 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.50 

2.55 

2.7( 

2.81*4 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

16 

.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.24 

2.40 

2.56 

2.66% 

2.72 

2.88 

3.00 

3.04 

3.20 

3.36 

17 

2.04 

2.12V4 

2.21 

2.38 

2.55 

2.72 

2.83*6 

2.89 

3.06 

3.18% 

3.23 

3.40 

8.57 

18 

2.16 

2.25 

2.34 

2.52 

2.70 

2.88 

3.0-1 

3.06 

3.24 

8.87*4 

3.42 

3.60 

3.78 

i9 

2.28 

2.87*4 

2.47 

2.66 

2.85 

3.04 

3.1f>% 

3.23 

8.42 

356*4 

3.61 

3.80 

3.99 

20 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.80 

3.0U 

3.20 

3.83*6 

3.40 

3.60 

3.75 

3.81 

4.00 

4.20 

21 

2.52 

2.621/2 

2.73 

2.94 

3.15 

3.36 

3.50 

3.57 

3.78 

3.93% 

3.99 

4.20 

4.41 

22 

2.64 

2.75 

2.85 

3.08 

8.30 

8.52 

3.66% 

3.74 

3.9(5 

4.12*4 

4.18 

4.40 

4.62 

23 

2.76 

2.871/, 

2.99 

3.22 

3.45 

3.68 

3.83*6 

3.91 

4.14 

4.31*4 

4.37 

4.60 

4.83 

24 

2.88 

3.00 

3.12 

3.36 

8.60 

3.84 

4.00 

4.08 

4.32 

4.50 

4.56 

4.80 

5.04 

25 

8.00 

8.12J4 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.<X 

4.16% 

4.25 

4.50 

4.68% 

4.75 

5.00 

5.2.-) 

26 

3.12 

3.25 

3.88 

3.64 

3.90 

4.16 

4.33*6 

4.42 

4.68 

4.87*4 

4.34 

5.20 

5.46 

27 

3.24 

8.87*4 

3.51 

3.78 

4.05 

4.32 

4.50 

4.59 

4.86 

5.06*4 

5.13 

5.40 

5.67 

28 

3.36 

8.50 

8.64 

3.92 

4.2C 

4  48 

4.66% 

4.76 

5.04 

5.25 

5.32 

5.60 

5.88 

29 

3.48 

8.62*4 

3.77 

4.0G 

4.35 

4.64 

4.83*6 

4.93 

5.22 

5.43% 

5.51 

5.80 

6.09 

80 

3.60 

8.75 

3.90 

.20 

4.50 

4.80 

5.00 

5.10 

5.40 

5.62*4 

5.70 

8.00 

6.80 

81 

8.72 

8.87*4 

4.03 

.34 

4.65 

4.96 

5.16% 

5.27 

5.58 

5.81*4 

5<89 

6.20 

6.51 

82 

8.84 

4.00 

4.16 

.48 

4.80 

5.12 

5.33*6 

5.44 

5.76 

6.00 

6.08 

6.40 

6.72 

83 

3.96 

4.12*4 

4.29 

.62 

4.95 

5.28 

5.50 

5.61 

5.94 

6.18% 

6.27 

6.60 

6.93 

84 

4.08 

4.25 

4.42 

.76 

5.10 

5.44 

5.6G% 

5.78 

6.12 

6.37  *i 

6.46 

6.80 

7.14 

85 

.20 

4.87*4 

4.65 

.90 

5.25 

5.60 

5.83*6 

5.95 

G.30 

6.5654 

G.65 

7.00 

7.35 

86 

.32 

4.50 

4.68 

5.04 

5.4c 

5.76 

6.00 

6.12 

6.48 

6.75 

6.84 

7.20 

7.56 

37 

.44 

4.62*4 

4.81 

5.18 

5.55 

5.92 

6.16% 

6.29 

6.66 

6.93% 

7.03 

7.40 

7.77 

88 

.56 

4.75 

4.94 

5.32 

5.7(> 

6.08 

6.33*6 

6.4R 

6.84 

7.12*4 

7.22 

7.60 

7.99 

89 

.68 

4.87*4 

5.07 

5.46 

5.85 

6.24 

6.50 

6.58 

7.02 

7.31*4 

7.41 

7.80 

8.19 

40 

.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.60 

6.0(1 

6.40 

6.66% 

6  80 

7.20 

7.50 

7.60 

800 

8.40 

41 

4.92 

5.12*4 

5.33 

5.74 

6.15 

6.56 

6.83*6 

0.97 

788 

7.68% 

7.79 

8.20 

8.61 

42 

5.04 

5.25 

5.46 

5.88 

6.30 

6.72 

7.00 

7.14 

7.56 

7.87*4 

7.98 

8.40 

8.82 

43 

5.16 

5.371/2 

5.59 

6.02 

6.45 

6.88 

7.16% 

7.31 

7.74 

8.06*4 

8.17 

8.60 

9.03 

44 

5.28 

5.50 

5.72 

6.16 

6.60 

7.04 

7.33*6 

7.48 

7.92 

8.25 

8.36 

8>0 

9.24 

45 

5.40 

5.62*4 

5.85 

6.30 

6.75 

7.20 

7.50 

7.65 

8.10 

8.43% 

8.55 

9.00 

9.45 

4« 

5.52 

5.75 

5.98 

6.44 

6.90 

7.36 

7.66% 

7.82 

8.28 

8.62*4 

8.74 

9.20 

9.66 

4,  ,  ^64 

5.87*4 

6.11 

6.58 

7.05 

7.52 

7.83*$ 

7.99 

8.4G 

8.81*4 

8.93 

9.40 

9.87 

48  '  5.76 

6.00 

6.24 

6.72 

7.20 

7.68 

8.00 

8.16 

864 

9.00 

9.12 

9.60 

0.08 

49 

5.88 

6.12*4 

G.37 

6.86 

7.35 

7.84 

8.16% 

8.33 

8.82 

9.18% 

9.31 

9.80 

0.29 

50 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.33*$ 

8.50 

9.00 

9.37l/2 

9.50 

10.00 

0.50 

60 

7.20 

7.50 

7.80 

8.40 

9.00 

9.GO 

10.00 

10.20 

10.80 

11.25 

1.40 

12.00 

2.60 

70 

8  40 

8.75 

9.10 

9.80 

10.50 

11.20 

11.66% 

11.90 

12.60 

13.12*4 

3.30 

14.00 

1470 

80 

9.30 

10.00 

10.40 

11.20 

12.00 

12.80 

13.33*6 

13.60 

4.40 

15.00 

5.20 

16.00 

6.80 

90 

100 

10.80 
12.00 

11.25 
12.50 

11.70 
13.00 

12.60 
14.00 

13.50 
15.00 

14.40 
16.00 

15.00 
16.66% 

15.80 
17.00 

6.20   6.87*4 
18.00  18.75 

7.10 
9.00 

8.00 
20.00 

8.90 
21-00 

*      1 

1 

I  WOULD  RATHER  BE  RIGHT  THAN  PRESIDENT.  375 

READY  RECKONER— Continued. 

The  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER— the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


IM. 

22c. 

23c. 

24c. 

25c 

26c. 

27c. 

28c. 

29c. 

30c. 

31c. 

32c. 

83c. 

83Hc. 

84oa 

2 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.62 

.64 

.66 

.66% 

.68 

3 

M 

.69 

.72 

.75 

.78 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.90 

.93 

t  .96 

.99 

1.00 

1.02 

4 

.88 

.92 

.96 

1.00 

1.04 

1.08 

1.12 

1.16 

1.20 

1.24 

1.28 

1.32 

1.33M 

1.88 

5 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

'.55 

1.60 

1.65 

1.66% 

1.70 

6 

1.32 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.62 

1.68 

1.74 

1.80 

/.86 

1.92 

1.98 

2.00 

2.04 

7 

1.54 

1.61 

1.68 

1.75 

1.82 

1.89 

1.96 

2.03 

2.10 

2.17 

2.24 

2.31 

2.33M 

2.38 

8 

1.76 

1.84 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.16 

2.24 

2.32 

2.40 

2.48 

2.56 

2.64 

266% 

2.72 

9 

1.98 

2.07 

2.16 

2.25 

2.34 

2.43 

2.52 

2.61 

2.70 

2.79 

2.88 

2.97 

3.00 

8.08 

10 

2.20 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.33^ 

3.40 

11 

2.42 

2.53 

2.64 

2.75 

2.86 

2.97 

8.08 

3.19 

3.3u 

3.41 

3.52 

3.63 

3.66% 

3.74 

12 

2.64 

2.76 

2.88 

3.00 

3.12 

3.24 

3.36 

8.48 

3.60 

3.72 

3.84 

8.93 

4.00 

4.08 

IS 

2.86 

2.99 

3.12 

3.25 

3.38 

8.51 

3.64 

3.77 

3.90 

4.03 

4.16 

4.29 

4.88M 

4.42 

14 

3.08 

3.22 

3.36 

3.50 

3.64 

3.78 

3.92 

4.06 

4.20 

4.34 

4.48 

4.62 

4.66% 

4.79 

15 

3.30 

3.45 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

4.50 

4.65 

4.80 

4.95 

5.00 

5.10 

16 

3.52 

3.68 

3.84 

4.00 

4.16 

4.32 

4.48 

4.64 

4.80 

4.96 

5.12 

5.28 

5.33M 

5.44 

17 

3.74 

3.91 

4.08 

4.25 

4.42 

4.59 

4.76 

4.93 

5.10 

5.27 

5.44 

5.61 

5.66% 

5.78 

18 

3.96 

4.14 

4.32 

4.50 

4.68 

4.86 

5.04 

5.22 

5.40 

5.58 

5.76 

5.94 

6.00 

6.12 

19 

4.18 

4,37 

4.56 

4.75 

4.94 

5.13 

5.32 

5.51 

5.70 

5.89 

6.08 

6.27 

6.83*4 

6.46 

20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.40 

6.60 

6.66% 

6.80 

21 

4.62 

4.83 

5.04 

5.25 

5.46 

5.67 

5.88 

6.09 

6.30 

6.51 

6.72 

6.93 

7.00 

7.14 

22 

4.84 

5.06 

5.28 

5.50 

5.72 

5.94 

6.16 

6.38 

6.60 

6.82 

7.04 

7.26 

7.38^ 

7.48 

28 

5.06 

5.29 

5.52 

5.75 

5.98 

6.21 

6.44 

6.67 

6.90 

7.13 

7.36 

7.59 

7.66% 

7.82 

24 

5.28 

5.52 

5.76 

6.00 

6.24 

6.48 

6.72 

6.96 

7.20 

7.44 

7.68 

7.92 

8.00 

8.18 

25 

5.50 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.75 

8.CO 

8.25 

8.33}$ 

8.50 

26 

5.72 

5.98 

6.24 

6.50 

6.76 

7.02 

7.28 

7.54 

7.80 

8.06 

8.32 

8.58 

8.66% 

8.84 

27 

5.94 

6.21 

6.48 

6.75 

7.02 

7.29 

7.56 

7.88 

8.10 

8.87 

8.64 

8.91 

9.00 

9.18 

26 

6.16 

6.44 

6.72 

7.00 

728 

7.f6 

7.84 

8.12 

8.40 

8.68 

8.96 

9.24 

9.33*4 

9.52 

29 

6.38 

6.67 

6.96 

7.25 

7.54 

7.83 

8.12 

8.41 

8.70 

8.99 

9.28 

9.57 

9.66% 

9.86 

80 

6.60 

6.90 

7.20 

7.50 

7.80 

8.10 

8.40 

8.70 

9.00 

9.30 

9.60 

9.90 

10.00 

10.20 

81 

6.82 

7.13 

7.44 

7.75 

8.06 

8.37 

8.68 

8.99 

9.30 

9.61 

9.92 

10.23 

10.3314 

10.54 

82 

7.04 

7.36 

7.68 

8.00 

8.32 

8.64 

8.96 

9.28 

9.60 

9.92 

10.24 

10.56 

10.66% 

10.88 

83 

7.26 

7.59 

7.92 

8.25 

8.58 

8.91 

9.24 

9.57 

9.90 

10.23 

10.56 

10.89 

11.00 

11.22 

34 

7.48 

7.82 

8.16 

8.50 

8.84 

9.18 

9.52 

9.86 

10.20 

10.54 

10.88 

11.22 

11.38*4 

11.58 

85 

7.70 

8.05 

8.40 

8.75 

9.10 

9.45 

9.80 

10.15 

10.50 

10.85 

11.20 

11.55 

11.66% 

11.90 

36 

7.92 

8.28 

8.64 

9.00 

9.36 

9.72 

10.08 

10.44 

10.80 

11.16 

11.52 

11.88 

12.00 

12.24 

87 

8.14 

8.51 

8.88 

9.25 

9.62 

9.99 

10.36 

10.73 

11.10 

11.47 

11.84 

12.21 

12.33}$ 

12.58 

88 

8.36 

8.74 

9.12 

9.50 

9.88 

10.26 

10.64 

11.02 

11.40 

11.78 

12.16 

12.54 

12.66% 

12.92 

89 

8.58 

8.97 

9.36 

9.75 

10.14 

10.53 

10.92 

11.31 

11.70 

12.09 

12.48 

12.87 

18.00 

13.28 

40 

8.80 

9.20 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

10.80 

11.20 

11.60 

12.00 

12.40 

12.80 

13.20 

13.3314 

13.60 

41 

9.02 

9.43 

9.84 

10.25 

10.66 

11.07 

11.48 

11.89 

12.30 

12.71 

18.12 

13.53 

13.66% 

13.94 

42 

9.24 

9.66 

10.08 

10.50 

10.92 

11.34 

11.76 

12.18 

12.60 

13.02 

13.44 

13.86 

14.00 

14.28 

43 

9.46 

9.89 

10.32 

10.75 

11.18 

11.61 

12.04 

12.47 

12.90 

13.33 

13.76 

14.19 

14.3314 

14.62 

44 

9.68 

10.12 

10.56 

11.00 

11.44 

11.88 

12.32 

12.76 

13.20 

13.64 

14.08 

14.52 

14.66% 

14.98 

45 

9.90 

10.35 

10.80 

11.25 

11.70 

12.15 

12.60 

13.05 

13.50 

13.95 

14.40 

14.85 

15.00 

15.30 

16 

10.12 

10.58 

11.04 

11.50 

11.96 

12.42 

12.88 

13.34 

13.80 

14.26 

14.72 

15.18 

15.3314  115.64 

47 

10.34 

10.81 

11.28 

11.75 

12.22 

12.69 

13.16 

13.63 

14.10 

1457 

15.04 

15.51 

15.66% 

15.98 

48 

1056 

11.04 

11.52 

12.00 

12.48 

12.96 

13.44 

13.92 

14.40 

14.88 

15.36 

15.84 

16.00 

16.32 

49 

10.78 

11.27 

11.76 

12.25 

12.74 

13.23 

13.72 

14.21 

14.70 

15.19 

15.68 

16.17 

16.33M 

16.66 

60 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15.50 

16.00 

16.50 

16.66% 

17.00 

60 

13.20 

13.80 

14.40 

15.00 

15.60 

16.20 

16.80 

17.40 

18.00 

18.60 

19.20 

19.80 

20.06 

20.40 

70 

15.40 

16.10 

16.80 

17.50 

18.20 

18.90 

19.60 

20.30 

21.00 

21.70 

22.40 

23.10 

23.33^ 

23.80 

80 

17.60 

18.40 

19.20 

20.00 

20.80 

21.6022.40 

23.20 

24.00 

24.80 

25.60 

26.40 

26.66% 

27.20 

PO 

19.80 

20.70 

21.60 

22.50 

23.40 

24.30125.20 

26.10 

27.00 

27.90 

28.80 

29.70 

30.00 

30.60 

100 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00128.00 

29.00 

30.00 

31.00 

32.00 

33.00 

33.33M 

34.0? 

} 

376     A  WOODEN  POT  CANNOT  OFTEN  BE  PUT  ON  TEE  FIRS. 


READY  RECKONER-Continued, 

Hie  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER  — the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


toe. 

85c 

36c 

87c. 

374c. 

38c. 

89c. 

40c 

41c 

42c. 

43c. 

44c. 

45c. 

46c. 

47o. 

2 

.70 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.78 

.80 

.82 

.84 

.86 

.88 

.90 

.92 

.94 

3 

1.05 

1,08 

1.11 

1.124 

1.14 

1.17 

1.20 

1.23 

1.26 

1.29 

1.32 

U5 

1.38 

1.41 

4 

1.40 

1.44 

1.48 

1.50 

1.52 

1.56 

1.60 

1.64 

1.68 

1.72 

1.76 

1.80 

1.84 

1.88 

5 

1.75 

1.80 

1.85 

1.87  4 

1.90 

IJRi 

2.00 

2.05 

2.10 

2.15 

2.20 

2.25 

2.30 

2.35 

6 

2.10 

2.16 

2.22 

2.25 

2.28 

2.34 

2.40 

2.46 

2.52 

2.58 

264 

2.70 

2.76 

2.82 

7 

2.45 

2.52 

2.59 

2.624 

2.66 

2.73 

2.80 

2.8" 

2.94 

3.01 

3.08 

8.15 

8.22 

3.29 

8 

2.81 

2.88 

2.96 

3.00 

3.04 

3.12 

3.20 

3.28 

3.36 

8.44 

3.52 

3.60 

3G8 

3.76 

9 

3.15 

3.24 

3.33 

3.374 

3.42 

3.51 

3.60 

3.69 

8.7? 

3.87 

3.96 

4.05 

4.14 

4.23 

10 

3.50 

3.60 

3.70 

3.75 

8.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

4.40 

4.50 

4.60 

470 

11 

8.85 

3.96 

4.07 

4.124 

4.18 

4.29 

4.40 

4.51 

4.6'2 

4.73 

4.84 

4.95 

5.06 

5.17 

12 

4.20 

4.8;? 

4.44 

4.50 

4.56 

4.68 

4.80 

4.92 

5.04 

5.16 

5.28 

5.40 

5.52 

5.64 

13 

4.55 

4.68 

4.81 

4.874 

4.94 

5.07 

5.20 

5.88 

5.46 

5.59 

5.72 

5.85 

5.98 

6.11 

14 

4.90 

5.04 

5.18 

5.25 

5.32 

5.46 

5.60 

5.74 

5.88 

6.02 

6.16 

6.80 

6.44 

6.58 

15 

5.25 

5.40 

5.55 

5.62% 

5.70 

5.85 

6.00 

6.15 

6.30 

6.45 

6.60 

6.75 

6.90 

7.05 

16 

5.60 

5.76 

5.92 

6.00 

6.08 

6.24 

6.40 

6.56 

6.72 

6.88 

7.04 

7.20 

7.86 

7.52 

17 

5.95 

6.12 

6.29 

6.87% 

6.46 

6.63 

6.80 

6.97 

7.14 

7.81 

7.48 

7.65 

7.82 

7.99 

18 

6.30 

6.48 

6.66 

6.75 

6.84 

7.02 

7.20 

7.88 

7.R8 

7.74  j  7.92 

8.10 

8.28 

849 

19 

6.65 

6.84 

7.08 

7.124 

7.22 

7.41 

7.60 

7.79 

7.98 

8.17 

8.36 

8.55 

8.74 

8.93 

20 

7.00 

7.20 

7.40 

7.50 

7.60 

7.80 

8.00 

8.20 

8.40   8.60 

8.80 

9.00 

9.20 

9.40 

21 

7.85 

7.56 

7.77 

7.8714 

7.98 

8.19 

8.40 

8.61 

8.82 

9.03 

9.24 

9.45 

9.66 

9.87 

22 

7.70 

7.92 

8.14 

8.25 

8.36 

8.58 

8.80 

9.02 

9.24 

9.46 

9.68 

9.90 

10.12 

10.34 

23 

8.05 

8.28 

8.51 

8.624 

8.74 

8.97 

9.20 

9.48 

9.66 

9.89 

10.12 

10.35 

10.58 

10.81 

24 

8.40 

8.64 

8.88 

9.00 

9.12 

9.36 

9.60 

9.84 

10.08 

10.32 

10.56 

10.80 

11.04 

11.28 

25 

8.75 

9.00 

9.25 

9.37  4 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 

10.25 

10.50 

10.75 

11.00 

11.25 

11.50 

11.75 

26 

9.10 

9.36 

9.62 

9.75 

9.88 

10.14 

10.40 

10.66 

10.92 

11.18 

11.44 

11.70 

11.96 

12.22 

27 

9.45 

9.72 

9.99 

10.121/2 

10.26 

10.53 

10.80 

11.07 

11.34 

11.61 

11.88 

12.15 

12.42 

12.69 

28 

9.80 

10.08 

10.36 

10.50 

10.64 

10.92 

11.20 

11.48 

11.76 

12.04 

12.32 

12.60 

12.88 

18.16 

29  10.15 

10.44 

10.73 

10.874 

11.02 

11.31 

11.60 

11.89 

12.18 

12.47 

12.76 

18.05 

13.34 

13.68 

80  10.50 

10.80 

11.10 

11.25 

11.40 

11.70 

12.00 

12.30 

12.60 

12.90 

13.20 

13.50 

18.80 

14.10 

81  '10.85 

11.16 

11.47 

11.624 

11.78 

12.09 

12.40 

12.71 

13.02 

13.33 

13.64 

13.95 

14.26 

14.57 

82 

11.20 

11.52 

11.84 

12.00     12.16 

12.48 

12.80 

13.12 

13.44 

13.76 

14.08 

14.40 

14.72 

15.04 

83 

11.55 

11.88 

12.21 

12.374 

12.54 

12.87 

18.20 

18.53 

13.86 

14.19 

14.52 

14.85 

5.18 

15.51 

84 

11.90 

12.24 

12.58 

12.75 

12.92 

13.26 

13.60 

3.94 

14.28 

14.62 

14.96 

15.80 

5.64 

15.98 

35 

12.25!  12.60 

12.95 

18.124 

13.30 

13.65 

14.00 

4.35 

14.70 

15.05 

15.40 

15.75 

6.10 

16.45 

36 

12.60  '12.96 

18.32 

13.50 

13.68 

14.04 

14.40 

4.76 

15.12 

15.48 

15.84 

16.20 

6.56 

16.92 

87 

12.9513.82 

13.69 

13.874 

14.06 

14.43 

14.80 

15.17 

15.54 

15.91 

16.28 

16.65 

7.02 

17.89 

88 

13.3013.68 

14.06 

14.25 

14.44 

14.82 

15.20 

5.58 

15.96 

16.34 

16.72 

17.10 

7.48 

17.86 

89 

13.65)14.04 

14.43 

14.624 

14.82 

15.21 

15.60 

5.99 

16.38 

16.77 

17.16 

7.55 

7.94 

18.88 

40 

14.0014.40 

4.80 

15.00 

15.20 

15.60 

16.00 

6.40 

16.80 

17.20 

17.60 

8.00 

8.40 

18.80 

41 

14.35|14.76 

5.17 

15.374 

15.58 

15.99 

16.40 

6.81 

17.22 

17.63 

18.04 

18.45 

8.86 

19.27 

42 

14.7015.12 

15.54 

15.75 

15.96 

16.38 

16.80 

7.22 

17.64 

18.06 

18.48 

18.90 

9.32 

19.74 

43 

15.05  1  15.48 

15.91 

16.124 

16.34 

16.77 

17.20 

7.63 

18.06 

18.49 

18.92 

9.35 

9.78 

20.21 

44 

15.40 

15.84 

16.28 

16.50 

16.72 

17.16 

17.60 

8.04 

18.48 

18.92 

19.36 

9.80 

0.24 

20.68 

45 

15.75 

16.20 

16.65 

16.874 

17.10 

17.55 

18.00 

18.45 

18.90 

19.35 

19.80 

20.25 

20.70 

21.15 

46 

16.10 

16.56 

17,02 

17.25 

17.48 

17.94 

18.40 

18.86 

19.32 

19.78 

20.24 

0.70 

1.16 

21.62 

47 

16.45 

10.92 

17.89 

17.624 

17.86 

18.33 

18.80 

9.27 

19.74 

20.21 

20.68 

1.15 

1.62 

22.09 

48 

16.80 

17.28 

17.76 

18.00 

18.24 

18.72 

9.20 

9.68 

20.16 

20.64  21.12 

1.60 

2.08 

22.56 

49  17.15 

17.64 

18.13 

18.374 

18.62 

19.11 

19.60  20.09 

20.58 

21.07  21.50 

22.05 

22.54 

28.03 

60  17.50 

18.00 

18.50 

18.75 

:°.oo 

19.50  20.00  20.50 

21.00 

21.50  22.00 

22.50 

3.00 

28.50 

60  21.00 
70  |24.50 
80  28.00 

21.60 
25.20 
28.80 

22.20 
2590 
29.60 

22.50 
26.25 
30.00 

22.80 
26.60 
30.40 

23.40  24.00;24.6() 
27.80  '28.00|28.70 
31.20  32.0ol32.80 

25.20  25.80  J26.40 
29.40  80.10  30.PO 
33.60  84.40  85.20 

7.00 
1.50 
J6.00 

7.60 
2.20 
36.80 

28.20 
32.90 
37.60 

90  181.50 

S2.40 

83.80 

83.75 

84.20 

85.10  !  86.00  1  86.90 

37.80  88.70  39.60 

0.50 

1.40 

(2.80 

100  35.00 

36.00 

37.00 

37.50 

38.00 

89.00 

40.0041.00 

42.00  43.00  44.00 

(5.00 

(6.00 

17.00 

STEAHNQ  TIME  MA  Y  BE  WORSE  THAN  STEALING  MONEY    377 


READY  RECKONER— Continued. 

The  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER  — the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


los. 

48c. 

49c. 

50c. 

51c. 

52c. 

53c. 

54c. 

550. 

60c. 

62!/,c. 

65c. 

66  %c. 

70c. 

75c. 

2 

.96 

.98 

1.00 

1.02 

1.04 

1.06 

1.08 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.33}$ 

1.40 

1.50 

3 

1.44 

1.47 

1.50 

1.53 

1.56 

1.59 

1.62 

1.65 

1.80 

1:8754 

1.95 

2.00 

2.10 

2.25 

4 

1.92 

1.96 

2.00 

2.04 

2.08 

2.12;  2.16 

2.20 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

266% 

2.80 

3.00 

5 

2.40 

2.45 

2.50 

2.55 

2.60 

2.65 

2.70 

2.75 

3.10 

3.12V! 

8.25 

8.33}$ 

3.50 

3.75 

6 

2.88 

2.94 

8.00 

3.06 

8.12 

8.18 

8.24 

8.30 

3.60 

3.75 

8.90 

4.00 

4.20 

4.50 

7 

3.36 

3.43 

3.50 

3.57 

8.64 

3.71 

3.78 

3.85 

4.20 

4.37  H 

*55   4.66% 

4.90 

5.25 

8 

8.84 

3.92 

4.00 

4.08 

4.16 

4.24 

4.32 

4.40 

4.80 

5.00 

520 

5.33}$ 

5.60 

6.00 

9 

4.32 

4.41 

4.50 

4.59 

4.68 

4.77 

4.86 

4.95 

5.40 

5.62}£ 

5.85 

6.00 

6.30 

6.75 

10 

4.80 

4.90 

5.00 

5.10 

5.20 

5.30 

5.40 

5.50 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.66% 

7.00 

7.50 

11 

5.28 

5.39 

5.50 

5.61 

5.72 

5.83 

5.94 

6.05 

6.60 

6.8714 

7.15 

7.33}$ 

7.70 

8.25 

12 

5.76 

5.88 

6.00 

6.12 

6.24 

6.36 

6.48 

6.60 

7.20 

7,50 

7.80 

8.00 

8.40 

9.00 

13 

6.24 

6.37 

8.50 

6.63 

6.76 

6.89 

7.02 

7.15 

7.80 

8.12V4 

8.45 

8.66% 

9.10 

9.75 

14 

6.72 

6.86 

7.00 

7.14 

7.28 

7.42 

7.56 

7.70 

8.40 

8.75 

9.10 

9.33}$ 

9.80 

10.50 

15 

7.20 

7.35 

7.50 

7.65 

7.80 

7.95 

8.10 

8.25 

9.00 

9.37  14 

9.75 

10.00 

10.50 

11.25 

16 

7.68 

7.84 

8.00 

8.16 

8.32 

8.48 

8.64 

8.80 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

10.66*; 

11.20 

12.00 

17 

8.16 

8.33 

8.50 

8.67 

8.84 

9.01 

9.18 

9.35 

10.20 

10.62Vi 

11.05 

11.33}$ 

11.90 

12.75 

18 

8.64 

8.82 

9.00 

9.18 

9.36 

9.54 

9.72 

9.90 

10.80 

11.25 

11.70 

12.00 

12.60 

13.50 

IV 

9.12 

9.31 

9.50 

9.69 

9.88 

10.07 

10.26 

10.45 

11.40 

11.87  l/, 

12.35 

12.66% 

13.30 

14.25 

2U 

9.60 

9.80 

10.00 

10.20 

10.40 

10.60 

10.80 

11.00 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.33}$ 

14.00 

15.00 

21 

10.08 

10.29 

10.50 

10.71 

10.92 

11.13 

11.34 

11.55 

12.60 

13.12& 

13.65 

14.00 

14.70 

15.75 

22 

10.56  10.78 

11.00 

11.22 

11.44 

11.66 

11.88 

12.10  13.20 

13.75 

14.30 

14.66?$ 

15.40 

16.50 

23lll.04lll.27 

11.50 

11.73 

11.96 

12.19 

12.42 

12.65  13.80  14.87V4 

14.95 

15.33}$ 

16.10 

17.25 

24  11.5211.76 

12.00 

12.24 

12.48 

12.72 

12.96 

13.20 

14.4015.00 

15.60 

16.00 

16.80 

18.00 

25112.00  12.25 

12.50 

12.75 

13.00 

13.25 

13.50 

13.75 

15.00  15.62H 

16.25 

16.66% 

17.50 

18.75 

261  12.48112.74 

13.00 

13.26 

13.52 

13.78 

14.04 

14.30  15.60  16.25 

16.90 

17.33}$ 

18.20 

19.50 

27  12.9613.23 

13.50 

13.77 

14.04 

14.31 

14.58 

14.85  16.20  16.87  Vi 

17.55 

18.00 

18.90 

20.25 

2813.44 

13.72 

14.00 

14.28 

14.56 

14.84 

15.12 

15.40  16.80  17.50 

18.20 

18.66% 

19.60 

21.00 

39  13.92 

14.21 

14.50 

14.79 

15.08 

15.37 

15.66 

15.95  17.40  18.12& 

18.85 

19.33}$ 

20.30 

21.75 

8014.40 

14.70 

15.00 

15.80 

15.60 

15.90 

16.20 

16.5018.0018.75 

19.50 

20.00 

21.00  22.50 

81  14.88 
82  15.36 

15.19 
15.68 

15.50 
16.00 

15.81 
16.32 

16.12 
16.64 

16.43 
16.96 

16.74 
17.28 

17.05  18.60  19.37  tf 
17.60  I9.20j20.00 

20.15 
20.80 

20.66% 
21.33}$ 

21.70  23.25 
22.40  24.00 

8315.84 
£4!  16.32 

16.17 
16.66 

16.50 
17.00 

16.83 
17.34 

17.16 
17.68 

17.49 
18.02 

17.82 
18.36 

18.15  19.80  20.62  Vi 
18.70  20.40  21.25 

21.45 

22.10 

22.00 
22.66% 

23.10 
23.80 

24.75 
25.50 

S5  16.81) 

17.15 

17.50 

17.85 

18.20 

18.55 

18.90 

19.25  21.  00  21.  87  tf 

22.75 

23.33}$ 

24.50 

26.25 

86  17.28 

17.64 

18.00 

18.36 

18.72 

19.08 

19.i4 

19.8021.6022.50 

23.40124.00 

25.20  27.00 

87.17.76 

18.13 

18.50 

18.87 

19.24 

19.61 

19.98 

20.35 

22.20  23.1214 

24.0524.66% 

25.90  27.75 

88  '  18.24 

18.62 

19.00 

19.38 

19.76 

20.14 

20.52 

20.90 

22.80  23.75 

2470 

25.33}$ 

26.60  28.50 

89  18.72 
4019.20 

19.11 
19.60 

19.50 
20.00 

19.89 
20.40 

20.28 
20.80 

20.67 
21.20 

21.06 
21.60 

21.45  23.40 
22.00i24.00 

24.371/2 
25.00 

25.35 
2600 

26.00 

26.66% 

27.30  29.25 
28.00  30.00 

4119.68 

20.09 

20.50 

20.91 

21.32 

21.73 

22.14 

22.55 

24.60 

25.621/2 

26.65 

27.33}$ 

28.70  30.75 

42  20.16 

20.58 

21.00 

21.42 

21.84 

22.26 

22.68 

23.10 

25.20 

26.25 

27.30 

28.00 

29.4031.50 

43  20.64 

21.07 

21.50 

21.93 

22.36 

22.79 

23.22 

23.65 

•2;,.  so 

26.87  Mi 

27.95 

28.66% 

•10.1032.25 

44  21.12 

21.56 

22.00 

22.44 

22.88 

23.32 

23.76 

24.20 

26.40 

27.50 

28.60 

29.33}$ 

30.80 

33.00 

45  21.60 

22.05 

22.50 

22.95 

23.40 

23.85 

24.30 

24.75 

27.00 

28.12l/2 

29.25 

30.00 

31.50 

33.75 

4622.08 

22.54 

23.00 

23.46 

23.92 

24.38 

24.84 

25.30!27.60 

28.75 

29.90 

30.66% 

32.20 

34.50 

17  22.56 

23.03 

23.50 

23.97 

24.44 

24.91 

25.38 

25.85  28.20 

29.37  Vz 

30.55 

31.33}$ 

32.90 

85.25 

18  23.04 

23.52J24.00 

24.48 

24.96 

25.44 

25.92 

26.40'28.80 

80.00 

31.20 

32.00 

33.60 

86.00 

49  23.52 

24.01 

24.50 

24.99 

25.48 

25.97 

26.46 

26.9529.40 

30.6214 

31.85 

32.66% 

34.80 

86.75 

8024.00 

24.50 

25.00 

25.50 

26.00 

26.50 

27.00 

27.50!30.00 

31.25 

32.50 

33.33}$ 

35.00 

37.50 

€0 
70 

28.80 
33.60 

29.40 
34.30 

30.00 
35.00 

30.60 
35.70 

31.20 
36.40 

31.80 
37.10 

32.40 
37.80 

33.00;  36.00  87.50 
38.50i42.00  43.75 

39.00 
45.50 

40.00     42.00 
46.66%  49.00 

45.00 
52.50 

30 

38.40 

39.20 

40.00 

40.80 

41.60 

42.40 

43.20 

44.0048.00 

50.00 

52.00 

53.33}$  56.00 

60.00 

id 

43.20 

44.10 

45.00 

45.CO 

46.80 

47.70 

48.60  49.50  54.00 

56.25 

59.50 

60.00     63.00 

67.50 

100 

48.00  49.00 

50.00 

51.00 

52.00 

53.00 

54.00  55.00j60.00  62.50 

65.00 

66.66%  170.00 

75.00 

378 


BETTER  A  DONKEY  THAT  CARRIES  YOV 


READY  RECKONER— Continued. 

The  first  column  gives  the  NUMBER  — the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


In 

80c. 

85c. 

87  Vic. 

90c. 

95c. 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

10.00 

2 

1.60 

1.70 

1.75 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

20.00 

2.40 

2.55 

2.6254 

2.70 

2.85 

3.00 

4.50 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

80.00 

3.20 

3.40 

8.50 

8.60 

3.80 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

40.00 

4.00 

4.25 

4.3754 

4.50 

4.75 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

50.00 

4.80 

5.10 

5.25 

5.40 

5.70 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

80.00 

60.00 

5.60 

5.95 

6.1254 

6.30 

6.65 

7.00 

10.50 

14.00 

21.00 

28.00 

85.00 

70.00 

8 

6.40 

6.80 

7.00 

7.20 

7.60 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

24.00 

8200 

40.00 

80.00 

9 

7.20 

7.65 

7.8754 

8.10 

8.55 

9.00 

13.50 

18.00 

27.00 

86.00 

45.00 

90.00 

10 

8.00 

8.50 

8.75 

9.00 

9.50 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

100.00 

11 

8.80 

9.35 

9.6254 

9.90 

10.45 

11.00 

16.50 

22.00 

83.00 

44.00 

55.00 

110.00 

12 

9.60 

10.20 

10.50 

10.80 

11.40 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

86.00 

48.00 

60.00 

120.00 

18 

10.40 

11.05 

11.8754 

11.70 

12.35 

13.00 

19.50 

26.00 

39.00 

52.00 

65.00 

130.00 

14 

11.20 

11.90 

12.25 

12.60 

18.80 

14.00 

21.00 

28.00 

42.00 

56.00 

70.00 

140.00 

15 

12.00 

12.75 

18.1254 

13.50 

14.25 

15.00 

22.50 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 

75.00 

150.00 

16 

12.80 

18.60 

14.00 

14.40 

15.20 

16.00 

24.00 

82.00 

48.00 

64.00 

80.00 

160.00 

17 

13.60 

14.45 

14.871/2 

15.30 

16.15 

17.00 

25.50 

34.00 

51.00 

68.00 

_  85.00 

170.00 

18 

14.40 

15.30 

15.75 

16.20 

17.10 

18.00 

27.00 

86.00 

54.00 

72.00 

90.00 

180.00 

19 

15.20 

16.15 

16.6254 

17.10 

18.05 

19.00 

28.50 

88.00 

57.00 

76.00 

95.00 

190.00 

20 

16.00 

17.00 

17.50 

18.00 

19.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

100.00 

200.00 

21 

16.80 

17.85 

18.8754 

18.90 

19.95 

21.00 

31.50 

42.00 

63.00 

84.00 

105.00 

210.00 

22 

17.60 

18.70 

19.25 

19.80 

20.90 

22.00 

83.00 

44.00 

66.00 

88.00 

11000 

220.00 

23 

18.40 

19.55 

30.12V4 

20.70 

21.85 

23.00 

34.50 

46.00 

69.00 

92.00 

115.00 

2bO.OO 

24 

19.20 

20.40 

21.00 

21.60  22.80 

24.00 

36.00 

48.00 

72.00 

98.00 

120.00 

240.00 

25 

20.00 

21.25 

21.87*4 

22,50 

23.75 

25.00 

37.50 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 

250.00 

26 

20.80 

22.10 

22.75 

28.40 

24.70 

26.00 

39.00 

52.00 

78.00 

104.00 

130.00 

260.00 

27 

21.60 

22.95 

28.62H 

24.30 

25.65 

27.00 

40.50 

54.00 

81.00 

108.00 

135.00 

270.00 

28 

22.40 

23.80 

24.50 

25.20 

26.60 

28.00 

42.00 

56.00 

84.00 

112.00 

140.00 

280.00 

29 

23.20 

24.65 

25.3754 

213.10 

27.55 

29.00 

43.50 

58.00 

87.00 

116.00 

145.00 

290.00 

30 

24.00 

25.50 

26.25 

27.00 

28.50 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

150.00 

300.00 

31  24.80 

26.55 

27.1254 

27.90 

29.45 

81.00 

46.50 

62.00 

93.00 

124.00 

155.00 

310.00 

32 

25.60 

27.20 

28.00 

28.80 

30.40 

82.00 

48.00 

64.00 

96.00 

128.00 

160.00 

820.00 

83 

26.40 

28,05 

28.8754 

29.70 

305 

33.00 

49.50 

66.10 

99.00 

132.00 

165.00 

330.00 

84 

27.20 

28.90 

29.75 

30.60 

82.80 

34.00 

51.00 

68.00 

102.00 

136.00 

170.00 

840.00 

85 

28.00 

29.75 

30.6254 

31.50 

33.25 

35.00 

52.50 

70.00 

105.00 

140.00 

175.00 

850.00 

36 

28.80 

30.60 

31.50 

32.40 

d4.20 

36.00 

54.00 

72.00 

108.00 

144.00 

180.00 

360.00 

87 

29.60 

31.45 

32.3754 

33.30 

35.15 

37.00 

55.50 

74.00 

111.00 

148.00 

185.00 

370.00 

88 

30.40 

32.90 

33.25 

34.20 

36.10 

38.00 

57.00 

T6.00 

114.00 

152.00 

190.00 

880.00 

39 

31.20 

S3.15 

34.1254 

35.10 

^7.05 

39.00 

58.50 

78.00 

117.00 

156.00 

195.00 

390.00 

40 

32.00 

34.00 

35.00 

J6.00 

3S.OO 

40.00 

60.00 

80.60 

120.00 

160.00 

200.00 

400.00 

41 

32.80 

34.85 

35.8754 

36.90 

38.95 

41.00 

61.50 

82.00 

121.00 

164.00 

205.00 

410.00 

42 

33.60 

35.70 

36.75 

37.80 

39.90 

42.00 

63.00 

84.00 

126.00 

168.00 

21000 

420.00 

43 

34.40 

36.55 

37.6254 

88.70 

40.85 

48.00 

64.50 

86.00 

129.00 

172.00 

215.00 

430.00 

44 

35.20 

37.40 

38.50 

39.60 

41.80 

44.00 

66.00 

88.00 

182.00 

176.00 

220.00 

440.00 

45 

88.00 

38.29 

Sfl.3754 

40.50 

42.75 

45.00 

67.50 

90.00 

135.00 

180.00 

225.00 

450.00 

46 

36.80 

39.10 

40.25 

41.40 

43.70 

46.00 

69.00 

92.00 

138.00 

184.00 

280.00 

460.00 

47 

37.60 

30.95 

41.1254 

42.80 

44.* 

47.00 

70.50 

94.00 

141.00 

188.00 

235.00 

470.00 

48 

38.40 

40.80 

42.00 

43.20 

45.60 

48.00 

72.00 

96.00 

144.00 

192.00 

240.00 

480.00 

49 

39.20 

41.65 

42.8754 

44.10 

48.55 

49.00 

73.50 

98.00 

147.00 

196.00 

245.00 

490.00 

•0 

40.00 

42.50 

48.75 

45.00 

47.50 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

150.00 

20000 

250.00 

500.00 

no 

48.00 

51.00 

52.50 

54.00 

57.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

180.00 

240.00 

800.00 

600.00 

TO 

56.00 

59.50 

61.25 

63.00 

66.50 

70.00 

105  .(X 

140.00 

210.00 

280.00 

850.0C 

700.00 

80 

64.00 

68.00 

70.00 

72.00 

76.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

240.00 

320.00 

400.00 

800.00 

90 

72.00 

76.50 

78.75 

81.00 

85.50 

90.00 

135.00 

180.00 

270.00 

860.00 

450.00 

900.00 

100 

80.00 

85.00 

87.50 

90.00 

95.00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 

800.00 

400.00 

500.00 

100.00 

-—  ^ 

THAN  A  HORSE  THAT  THROWS  YOU. 


379 


THE    COST  OF    SMOKING. 

The  following  figures  show  the  expense  of  smoking  two  cigars  and  three  cigars 
a  day,  at  5  cents  each,  and  at  10  cents  each,  from  the  age  of  20  to  the  end 
c  *  each  period  of  five  years,  tip  to  the  age  of  70,  6  per,  cent,  compound 
interest  eemi-annually  being  reckoned  upon  the  money. 


FROM  THE  AGZ  C1 


'Two  Cigars  a  Day  at  5  Three 
Ce=.«  Sash. 


Cigars  a  Day  at 
5  Cents  Each. 


Principal. 

Prm.ocjoit. 

Principal. 

Prin.&xnt. 

20  to  25  years       . 

$     182.50 
365.00 
574.50 
730.00 
912.50 
1,095.00 
1,277.50 
1,460.00 
1,642.00 
1,825.00 

$     209.71 
490.39 
868.25 
1,376.08 
2,058.44 
8,094.99 
4,367.46 
6,078.73 
8,378.52 
11,469.25 

$     273.75 
547.50 
821.25 
1,095.00 
1,368.75 
1,642.50 
1,916.25 
2,190.00 
2,463.75 
2,737.10 

$     318.95 
745.74 
1,314.72 
2,081.16 
8,110.74 
4,494.41 
6,353.87 
8,655.02 
12,215.88 
16,216.37 

20  to  80           

20  to  35 

20  to  40            

20  to  45 

20  to  50                                       .... 

20  to  55            

20  to  60 

20  to  65 

20  to  70           ..                         

FEOM  THE  AGE  OF— 

Two  Cigars  a  Day  at  10 
Cents  Each. 

Three  Cigars  a  Day  at 
10  Cents  Each. 

Principal. 

Prin.&Int. 

Principal. 

Priu.  &  Int. 

$     865.00 
780,00 
1,095.00 
1,460.00 
1,825.00 
2,190.00 
2,555.00 
2,920.00 
8,285.00 
3,650.00 

$     418.43 
980.78 
1,736.52 
2,752.20 
4,115.92 
6,949.88 
8,414.47 
11,738.08 
16,093.51 
21,937.72 

$     547.50 
1,095.00 
1,642.50 
2,190.00 
2,737.50 
3,285.00 
8,882.50 
4,380.00 
4,927.50 
5,475.00 

$     627.95 
1,471.56 
2,717.85 
4,281.24 
6,882.47 
9,205.16 
12,998.61 
18,100.14 
24,952.73 
84,162.14 

20  to  30 

20to85            

20  to  40            

20to45           

20  to  50            

20  to  55 

20to60           

20  to  65           ..           . 

20  to  70 

PRISONERS  IN   1890.  * 


Total  Number  in  U.  8 82,829 

Whites ; 57,810 

Negroes 24,277 

Chinese 407 

Indians S22 

Japanese 18 

Males 75,924 

I.. 1 6,405 


New  York 11,468 

Pennsylvania 6,48# 

Massachusetts 5,227 

rexas 4,747 

Illinois 3,986 

California 8,398 

Wyoming  ( had  the  least) 74 


PAUPEKS  IN  1890— Alms-house  paupers,  73,045.     Males,  40,741;  females, 
HOW  WE  SPEND  OUR  MONEY  ANNUALLY. 


Foreign  Missions $    5,000,000 

Potatoes 110,000,000 

Churches 125,000,000 

Public  Education 165,000,000 

Boots  and  Shoes 835,000,000 

*Census  of  1900  not  complete. 


Flour $  845,000,000 

Tobacco 515,000,000 

I  ron  and  Steel 560,000,000 

Meat 870,000,000 

Liquors 1,080,000,000 


380  TALKING  PAYS  NO  TOLL. 

TABLES  OF   WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


TROY   WEIGHT. 

24  grains  make  1  pennyweight,  20  pennyweights  make  1  ounce.  By  this 
weight  gold,  silver  and  jewels  only  are  weighed.  The  ounce  and  pound  in 
this  are  same  as  in  Apothecaries'  weight. 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

20  grains  make  one  scruple,  3  scruples  make  1  drachm,  8  drachms  make 
1  ounce,  12  ounces  make  1  pound. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

16  drachms  make  1   ounce,   16  ounces  make  1  pound,  25  pounds  make 
1  quarter,  4  quarters  make  100-weight,  2,000  pounds  make  a  ton. 
DRY   MEASURE. 

2  pints   make  1    quart,  8  quarts  make  1   peck,   4  pecks  make   1   bushel, 
86  bushels  make  1  chaldron. 

LIQUID  OR  WINE  MEASURE. 

4  gills  make  1  pint,  2  pints  make  1  quart,  4  quarts  make  1  gallon 
81V4  gallons  make  1  barrel,  2  barrels  make  I  hogshead. 

TIME  MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  1  minute,  60  minutes  make  1  hour,  24  hours  make  1  day, 
7  days  make  1  week,  4  weeks  make  1  lunar  month,  28,  29,  30  or  81  days  make 
1  calendar  month  (30  days  make  1  month  in  computing  interest),  52  weeks  and 
1  day,  or  12  calendar  months,  make  1  year,  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes  and 
49  seconds  make  1  solar  year. 

CIRCULAR   MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  1  minute,  60  minu  tes  make  1  degree,  30  degrees  make  1  sign, 
90  degrees  make  1  quadrant,  4  quadrants  or  360  degrees  make  1  circle. 

LONG  MEASURE-DISTANCE. 

3  barleycorns  1  inch,  12  inches  1  foot,  3  feet  1  yard,  5H  yards  1  rod,  40  rods 
1  furlong,  8  furlongs  1  mile,  &,<K5U  teet  i  mut,,  a.  jmuc,  or  nautical  mile,  6,086.7 
feet,  or  ab->ut  1.18  mile. 

CLOTH  MEASURE. 
2l/t  inches  1  nail,  4  nails  1  quarter,  4  quarters  1  yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

8  inches  1  palm,  4  inches  1  hand,  6  inches  1  span,  18  inches  1  cubit, 
21.8  inches  1  Bible  cubit,  2l/6  feet  1  military  pace. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

144  square  inches  1  square  foot,  9  square  feet  1  square  yard,  30*4  square 
yards  1  square  rod,  40  square  rods  1  rood,  4  roods  1  acre,  or  160  square  rods 
1  acre,  43,560  square  feetl  acre,  100  square  feet  1  square. 

SURVEYOR'S  MEASURE. 

7.92  inches  1  link,  25  links  1  rod,  4  rods  1  chain,  10  square  chains  or 
160  square  rods  1  acre,  640  acres  1  square  mile. 

CUBIC  MEASURE. 

1,728  cubic  inches  1  cubic  foot,  27  cubic  feet  1  cubic  yard,  128  cubic  feet 
1  cord  (wood),  40  cubic  feet  1  ton  (shipping),  2,150.42  cubic  inches  1  standard 
bushel,  231  cubic  inches  1  standard  gallon,  1  cubic  foot  four-fifths  of  a 
bushel. 

METRIC  SYSTEM. 

The  unit  of  the  Metric  System  is  the  meter  39.37  inches  long,  1  kilometer= 
about  %  of  a  mile.  The  gram  is  the  unit  of  weight,  weighing  15J4  avoirdupois 
grains;  a  kilogram  weighs  2fc  pounds.  The  liter  is  the  unit  of  measure  of 
capacity  and  =  .908  dry  quarts,  a  hectoliter  equal  about  26  gallons.  A  hectare 
equals  2.47  acres. 


TREAD  ON  HOT  COALS  AND  YOUR  FEET  WILL  BE  BURNED.  381 


MISCELLANEOUS  TABLE. 

12  things  make 1  dozen. 

12  dozen  make 1  gross. 

12  gross  make 1  great  gross, 

20  things  mak  j 1  score. 

196  pounds  of  flour  make  —  1  barrel. 
200  pounds  of  beef  or  pork 

make 1  barrel. 

135  pounds  of  potatoes  make  1  barrel. 

280  pounds  of  salt  make 1  barrel. 

400  pounds  of  molasses  make  1  barrel. 
200  pounds  of  sugar  make.  .1  barrel, 
240  pounds  of  lime  make...  .1  barrel. 

100  pounds  of  fish  make 

100  pounds  of  nails  make . . 

50  pounds  of  soap  make. . . 

20  pounds  of  raisins  make 
2  pounds  of  cigars  make. 

20  pounds  of  soda  make. . . 


.  1  box. 
.  1  box. 
.Ibox. 
.Ibox. 
.1  box. 


40  pounds  of  cheese  make.  .*  w~. 
25  pounds  of  tobacco  inake.l  box. 

62  pounds  of  tea  make 1  box. 

60  pounds  of  saleratus  make  1  box. 
25  pounds  of  chocolate  makel  box. 
66  pounds  of  butter  make. . .  1  firkin. 


CARRYING  CAPACITY  OP 
FREIGHT  CARS. 

One  Car-Load. 

Salt SOtolOObblo. 

Lumber 8,000  to  13,000  feet.. 

Barley 800  bush. 

Wheat 350  bush. 

Corn 400  bush. 

Potatoes 430  bush. 

Oats 680  bush. 

Rye 400bu&h. 

Cattle 16  to  24  head. 

Hogs 40to60head. 

Sheep SOtolOOhead* 

Hay lOtona. 

Coal 20to30tons. 

Stone 2  cords. 


Tile,  3-inch. 
Tile,  4-inch. 
Tile,  6-inch. 
Tile,  10-inch. 
Tile,  12-inch. 
Gravel 


.6,000  feet. 
.4,000  feet 
.2,500  feet. 
.1,200  feet. 
.1,000  feet. 


A  CUBIC  FOOT  OF 


Common    soil   weighs  .  . 

Pounds. 
124 

Strong 
Loose  earth  or  sand'       .  .  . 

95 

Clay                          ' 

.    135 

Le&.'.Y.  •    ... 

.    7085£ 

555 

Wrought  iron  .       ' 

486  % 

Anthracite  coal      " 

50-55 

Bituminous    "        " 

...45-55 

Clay  or  stone  weighs. 

Cork 

Tallow 

Bricks 

Marble 

Granite 

Oak  wood 

Red  pine 

White  pine 


7  cubic  yards 


Pounds. 


.  15 
.  59 
.125 
.171 
.165 

:8. 

.  30 


NAILS  TO  THE  POUND. 


Number 
to  the  Ib. 

Length 
in  inches. 

3  penny  fine  

700 

V6. 

3  penny  common  

480 

\y. 

4  penny  common  

800 

iyt 

6  penny  common  

160 

2 

8  penny  common  

92 

2  1/4 

10  penny  common  

60 

3 

16  penny  common  

82 

114 
»/2 

20  penny  common  

24 

40  penny  common  

14 

5 

60  penny  common  

3 

Q 

8  penny  fence  

50 

2«4 

10  penny  fence  

34 

3 

WEIGHT  AND  VALUE  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

A  ton  of  pure  gold  is  valued  at  $602,799.21.  The  weight  of  a  million  dollars 
in  gold  coin  is  3,685.8  pounds. 

A  ton  of  pure  silver  is  valued  at  $37,704.84.  The  weight  of  a  million  dollars 
in  silver  coin  is  58,929.9  pounds. 


382  CREDIT  LOST  IS  LIKE  VENICE  GLASS  BROKEN, 


HOW  TO  FIND  THE  DAY  OF  THE  WEEK  FOR  ANY  DATE. 

RULE. — Take  the  last  two  figures  of  the  given  year  and  add  one-fourth  of 
itself  to  it;  add  also  to  this  the  day  of  the  month  and  the  ratio  of  the  month 
and  divide  the  sum  by  7,  and  the  remainder  will  be  the  day  of  the  week.  1  de- 
noting Sunday,  2  Monday,  3  Tuesday,  and  so  on,  and  when  there  is  no  remain- 
der it  is  Saturday. 

Ratio:  For  Feb.,  March  and  Nov.  is  6;  for  Sept.  and  Dec.  1; 
for  April  and  July  2;  for  May  4;  for  Jan.  and  Oct.  3;  for  Aug.  5, 
and  for  June  0. 

Example:  On  what  day  of  the  week  was  John  born  if  the  date 
was  Sept.  16, 1841? 

Last  2  figures  of  the  year  41. 
Solution:     41-^4=10     ~ 
Day  of  the  month  16 
Ratio    1 

Total  68 

68-*-7=9  with  5  remainder. 
Hence  John  was  born  on  the  5th  day  of  the  week  or  Thursday. 

N.  B.  The  above  rule  is  for  the  19th  century  ;  for  the  18th  century  add  9 
before  dividing  by  7,  and  for  the  present  century  subtract  2  before  dividing  by 
I .  For  leap  years,  subtract  1  from  the  ratio  of  January  and  February. 


A  MEAN  ACT  WILL  SOON  RECOIL. 


383 


BUSINESS   FAILURES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES— 1857 
TO  1905. 


YEAE. 

Failures. 

Amount  of 

liabilities. 

YEAR. 

Failures. 

Amount  of 

liabilities. 

1857 

4,932 

$291,750,000 

1884 

10,968 

226  843,427 

1858  

4,225 

95,749,000 

1885... 

10,637 

124,220,821 

1859  

3,913 

64,394  UuO 

1886     . 

9,834 

114  644,119 

I860  

8,676 

79,807,000 

1887... 

9,634 

167,560,944 

1861 

6,993 

207,210,000 

1888  

10,679 

123,829,978 

1862 

1652 

23,049,000 

1889 

10882 

148  784  887 

1868..!!... 

495 

7,899,900 

1890  

10,907 

189,856,964 

1864                  .... 

520 

8,579,000 

1891  

12,273 

189,868  688 

1865    

530 

17,625,000 

1892  

10,344 

114,044,167 

1866 

1,505 

58,783,000 

1893 

15,242 

346  779  889 

1867... 

2,780 

96,686,000! 

1894  

13,885 

172,992,856 

1868 

2,608 

68,691,000! 

1895               

18,197 

178,196  060 

1869... 

2,799 

75,064.054 

1898... 

15,088 

266,096.834 

1870  

8,546 

88,242,000 

1897 

13,851 

154  832,071 

1871 

2,915 

85,252,000 

1898 

12186 

130  662  899 

1872  

4,069 

121,056,000 

1899.... 

9,337 

90,879,889 

1878  

5,183 

228,499,900 

1900... 

10,774 

188,495,673 

1874 

5,830 

155,239  000 

1901 

11  002 

118  092  376 

1875          

7,740 

201,000,000 

1902 

11,615 

117  476,7(59 

1876.  .. 

9,092 

191,177,000 

1903 

12069 

155  444  185 

1877  

8,872 

190,669,936 

1904... 

12,199 

144,202,311 

187&           

10,478 

234,383,132 

1905* 

9,728 

101,032,975 

1879  

6,658 

98,149,053 

1880     

4,735 

65,752,000 

1881           

6,582 

81,155,982 

1882  

6.738 

101,547,564 

1888  

9.181 

172,874.172 

*Ten  months  to  Oct.  31st,  1905. 

IMMIGRATION  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES— 1820=1905. 

(From  1789  to  1820,  estimated  at  250, 000.) 


Year. 

Immi- 
grants. 

Year. 

Immi- 
grants. 

Year 

• 

Immi- 
grauts. 

Yea 

r. 

Immi- 
grants. 

1820. 

8,385 

1842. 

104,565 

1884. 

193,195 

1886. 

334,203 

1821. 

9,127 

1848. 

52,496 

1865. 

247,453 

1887. 

490,109 

1822. 

6,911 

1844. 

78,815 

1866. 

163,594 

1888. 

546,889 

1823. 

6,354 

1845. 

114,371 

1867. 

298,967 

1889. 

444,427 

1824. 

7,912 

1846. 

154,416 

1868. 

282,189 

1890. 

455,302 

1825. 

10,199 

1847. 

234,968 

1869. 

352,569 

1891. 

5*0,319 

1826. 

10,837 

1848. 

226,527 

1870. 

387,203 

1892. 

623,084 

1827. 

18,875 

1849. 

297,021 

1871. 

821,350 

1893. 

502,917 

1828. 

27,382 

1850. 

869,986 

1872. 

404,806 

1894. 

| 

314,467 

1829. 

22,520 

1851. 

879,468 

1873. 

459,803 

1895. 

279,948 

1830. 

23,322 

1852. 

871,603 

1874. 

813,839 

1896. 

843,267 

1881. 

22,633 

1853. 

868,645 

1875. 

227,498 

1897. 

230,832 

1882. 

60,482 

1854. 

427,833 

1876. 

169981) 

1898. 

229,299 

1833. 

68,640 

1855. 

200,877 

1877. 

141,857 

1899. 

811,715 

1834. 

65,865 

1856. 

195,857 

1878. 

138,469 

1900. 

448.572 

1835. 

r      45.371 

1857. 

246,945 

1879. 

177,826 

1901. 

487.918 

1836. 

76,242 

1858. 

119,501 

1880. 

457,257 

1902. 

648,743 

1837. 

79,840 

1859. 

118,616 

1881. 

699,431 

1908. 

857,046 

18SS. 

38,914 

1860. 

150,237 

1882. 

788,992 

1904. 

815,861 

1889. 

68,069 

1861. 

89,724 

1883. 

603,322 

1905. 

1,027,421 

1840. 

8t,066 

1862. 

89,207 

1884. 

518,592 

1841. 

80,289 

1863. 

174,524 

1885. 

395,546 

384 


A  PLACE  FOR  EVERYTHING. 


(Year  Book  190 1.) 


Colleges  in  the  United  States. 


Universities  and  colleges. , 

Instructors 

Students,  male , 

Students,  female 


443 
17,614 
139,157 
41,977 


Public  Schools. 


Teachers,  male 113,744 

Teachers,  female 841,498 

Total  pupils 16,256,038 


Armies  of  Different  Nations 
—Army  and  Navy  Combined. 

Russia  ..  ..  1,160,000 

Italy 288,775 

France 650,404 

Germany 639,475 

Turkey .  732,577 

China 300,000 

Great  Britain 451,753 

United  States 87,946 


RELIGIOUS  STATISTICS  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Denomination.  Members. 

Catholic ...  ....  10,233,824 

Methodist 6,256,738 

Baptist...  5.150,815 

Presbyterian 1,697,697 

Lutheran 1,789,966 

Disciples  of  Christ 1,233,866 

Protestant  Episcopals 798,642 

Congregational 667,951 

All  other  bodies 2,484,012, 

CREEDS  IN   THE  WORLD. 

Christianity. 480  millions. 

Confucianism 258        " 

Hindooism ......190 

Mohammedanism 175         " 

Buddhism 147        " 

Polytheism ...120        " 


ILLITERACY. 

The  per  cent,  of  illiteracy  in  the 
scale  of  100  in  different  countries  is: 

India 95 

Mexico 98 

Russia 85 

Greece 82 

Spain 72 

Italy 68 

China 50 

Austria 45 

Ireland 28 

France 15 

United  States 18 

Japan 10 

England 9 

Switzerland 5 

Germany 4 

Scandinavia 3 


SALARIES  OF  RULERS. 

The  following  condensed  table 
Shows  the  salaries  of  the  principal 
rulers  of  the  world.  Out  of  these 
salaries  some  rulers  have  much  to 
pay  in  order  to  maintain  the  charac- 
ter of  their  position,  BO  that  compari- 
sons cannot  easily  be  made.  In  many 
of  these  cases  the  royal  household  is 
included. 
Country.  Ruler.  Salary. 

Russia Czar $12,000,(X-0 

Turkey Sultan. . . .  10,000,000 

Great  Britain King   ....    8,000,000 

Germany Emperor.    4,000,000 

Italy King 2,900,000 

Austria Emperor.    5,000,000 

Bpain King 1,800,000 

Japan Mikado..    1,250,000 

Brazil,  Sweden, 

Portugal,  each 600,000 

Franca .President       240,000 

United  States..  .       "  60,000 

Switzerland "  8,000 


SALARIES  OF    UNITED 
STATES  OFFICERS. 

President $50,000 

Vice  President 8,000 

Cabinet  Officers 8,000  each 

Inter-State  Commerc' 

Commissioners 7,500    " 

Chief  Justice.... 10,500 

Associate  Justices 10,000    '* 

Speaker  of  House 8,000 

Senators 5,000    " 

Representatives  in  Con- 
gress   5,000  M 

Treasurer  of  U.  S 6,000 

U.S.  Ministers  to  Great 
Britain,     France,    Ger- 
many, Mexico,  Russia...  17,500   *• 
U.  S.  Ministers  to   Italy, 
Brazil,     China,    Japan, 

and  Spain 12,000   » 

U.  S.  Ministers  to  Austria, 
Argentine  Republic, 
Chile,  Columbia,  Guate- 
mala, Nicaragua,  Peru. 
and  Turkey 10,000  * 


TREAT  WITH  MEN  ABOUT  BUSINESS  AT  FIT  'J.1MES.        385 


5^ 


& 


A  BOY  IS  BETTER  UNBORN  TZAN  UNTAUGHT, 


DOES  IT  TAKE  MORE  PICKETS  TO  BUILD  OVER  A  HILL 
THAN  ON  A  LEVEL? 

Many  arguments  and  discussions  have  taken  place  over  this 
simple  problem.  It  takes  no  more  pickets  to  build  over  a  hill 
than  on  a  level.  You  can  see  from  the  above  figure,  that  the  num- 
ber of  pickets  are  the  same  by  actual  count.  The  curve  lines 
represent  the  hill,  and  the  lower  lines  the  level  ground.  The 
dotted  lines  join  the  two,  and  they  make  the  same  fence  over  the 
hill,  and  are  no  farther  apart  than  on  the  level. 

DOES    THE    TOP    OF    A    CARRIAGE    WHEEL    MOVE 
FASTER   THAN   THE    BOTTOM? 

This  seems  absurd,  but  it  is  strictly  true,  as  any  one  may  sat- 
isfy himself  in  a  moment  by  setting  up  a  stake  by  the  side  of 
a  wheel  and  then  moving  the  wheel  forward  a  few  inches.  The 
accompanying  illustration  may  make  it  still  clearer.  Let  the 
wheel  move  from  position  held  by  Fig.  1  to  position  of  Fig.  2. 
1  has  moved  over  a  much  greater  space  than  3,  and  consequently 
has  moved  faster. 


HE  THAT  3EGAEZETH  THE  CLOUDS  SHALL  NOT  REAP.     387 

USEFUL  REFERENCE  RULES  AND  ITEMS. 

HOW  TO  WRITE  YOUR  NAME  ON  IRON  TOOLS. 

1.  Melt  a  little  beeswax  or  hard  tallow  and  pour  it  on  the  iron 
at  the  place  intended  to  be  marked.    After  the  wax  or. tallow 
cools  take  an  awl  or  sharp  piece  ot  iron  and  write  your  name 
in  it. 

2.  Pour  a  little  nitric  acid  on  the  wax,  where  you  have  writte" 
your  name,  and  allow  it  to  remain  a  few  moments.    Then  wipe  off 
the  wax,  and  your  name  remains  indelibly  marked  as  written  in 
the  wax. 

3.  Be  careful  and  allow  none  of  the  acid  to  come  in  contact 
with  your  clothes  or  hands. 

HOW  TO  WRITE  YOUR  NAME  ON  GLASS. 

1.  Apply  beeswax  and  write  your  name  as  in  the  above. 

2.  Then  instead  of  nitric  acid,  apply  hydrofluoric  acid  and 
your  name  will  remijp  permanently  written  on  the  clear  surface 
of  the  glass. 

HOW  TO  MAKE   A   HOLE  IN  GLASS. 

Place  a  piece  of  stiff  clay  or  putty  on  the  part  where  you 
wish  to  make  the  hole.  Make  a  hole  in  the  putty  reaching  to 
the  glass  and  just  the  size  you  want  the  hole  in  the  glass.  Pour 
a  little  molten  lead  into  this  hole  and  the  piece  of  glass  will 
drop  out.  This  will  not  fail  unless  the  glass  is  very  thick. 

COMMON  NAMES  OF  CHEMICAL  SUBSTANCES. 

Blue   Vitriol Sulphate   of   Copper 

Chalk Carbonate  of  Calcium 

Common    Salt Chloride   of   Sodium 

Copperas Sulphate   of   Iron 

Water Oxide  of   Hydrogen 

Lime Oxide  of  Calcium 

Glucose Grape   Sugar 

Soda Bicarbonate  of  Sodium 

Cream  of  Tartar Bitartrate  of  Potassa 

Epson   Salts Sulphate  of  Magnesia 

Oil  of  Vitriol Sulphuric  Acid 

Potash Hydrate  of  Potassium 

Vinegar Acetic  Acid  (diluted) 

Spirits  of  Hartshorn Aqua  Ammonia 


WHO  LIES  DOWN  WITH  DOGS  RISES  WITH  FLEAS. 


PAINTING    RULES. 

One  coat,  or  priming,  will  take,  per  100  yards  of  painting,  20 
pounds  of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil.  Two-coat  work,  40  pounds 
of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil.  Three-coat,  the  same  quantity  as 
two-coat;  so  that  a  fair  estimate  for  100  yards  of  three-coat  work 
would  be  100  pounds  of  lead  and  16  gallons  of  oil. 

One  gallon  priming  color  will  cover  50  superficial  yards;  white 
zinc,  50  yards;  white  paint,  44  yards;  lead  color,  50  yards; 
black  paint,  50  yards;  stone  color,  4  yards;  yellow  paint,  44  yards; 
blue  color,  45  yards;  green  paint,  45  yards;  bright  emerald  green, 
25  yards;  bronze  green,  75  yards. 

One  pound  of  paint  will  cover  about  4  superficial  yards  the 
first  coat,  and  about  6  each  additional  coat.  One  pound  of  putty, 
for  stopping,  every  20  yards.  One  gallon  of  tar  and  one  pound  of 
pitch  will  cover  12  yards,  interchange  the  first  coat,  and  17  yards 
each  additional  coat.  A  square  yard  of  new  brick  wall  requires, 
for  the  first  coat  of  paint  in  oil,  ^  pound;  for  the  second,  3  pounds; 
for  the  third,  4  pounds. 

A  day's  work  on  the  outside  of  a  building  is  100  yards  of  the 
first  coat,  and  80  yards  of  either  second  or  third  coat.  An  ordi- 
nary door,  including  casings,  will,  on  both  sides,  make  8  to  10 
yards  of  painting,  or  about  5  yards  to  a  door  without  the  casings. 
An  ordinary  window  makes  about  2%  or  3  yards. 

HOW  TO  MIX  PAINTS  OF  VARIOUS  COLORS. 

Buff— White,  y3llow  ochre  and  red. 

Chestnut — Red,  black  and  yellow. 

Chocolate— Baw  umber,  red  and  black. 

Claret— Red,  umber  and  black. 

Copper— Bed,  yellow  and  black. 

Dove — White,  vermilion,  blue  and  yellow. 

Drab— White,  yellow  ochre,  red  and  black. 

Fawn— White,  yellow  and  red. 

Flesh— White,  yellow  ochre  and  vermilion. 

Freestone— Red,  black,  yellow  ochre  and  white. 

French  Grey— White,  Prussian  blue  and  lake. 

Grey— White  lead  and  black. 

Gold — White,  stone  ochre  and  red. 

GreenBronze— Chromegreen,  black  and  yellorv 

Green  Pea — White  and  chrome  green. 

Lemon — White  and  chrome  yellow. 

Limestone — White,  yellow  ochre,black  andi"e<^ 

Olive— Yellow,  blue,  black  and  white. 

Orange— Yellow  and  reu. 

Peach — White  and  vermilion. 

Pearl— White,  black  and  blue. 

Pink— White,  vermilion  and  lake. 

Purple — Violet,  with  more  red  and  white. 

Rose— White  and  madder  lake. 

Sandstone— White,  yellow  ochre,  black  and  red. 

Snuff— Yellow  and  Vandyke  brown. 

Violet— Red,  blue  and  white. 

The  first  named  color  is  always  the  principal  incrrodient.  and  the  others 
follow  in  the  order  of  their  importance.  Thus  in  mixing  a  limestone  tint, 
white  is  the  principal  ingredient,  and  the  red  tho  color  of  which  the  least  » 
needed  The  exact  proportions  of  each  color  must  bo  determined  by  experi- 
ment with  a  smaller  quantity.  It  is  best  to  have  the  principal  ingredient 
thick,  and  add  to  it  the  other  paints  thinner 


TIME  TO  A  BUSINESS  MAN  IS  MONET. 


389 


DISTANCES,    POPULATIONS   AND    TIMES   OF 
FASTEST    MAILS. 


INDIA,  CHINA,  JAPAN  AND  AUSTRALIA  MAILS. 

Figures  in  parenthesis  indicate  number  of  days  in  transit  from  port 
Of  embarkation. 

The  Post-Office  Department  allows  6  days  for  transmission  of  mails 
from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  and  7  days  from  New  York  to  Van- 
couver, B.  C.,  and  Tacoma,  Wash.,  and  9  days  from  New  York  to  London, 

Leave  London,  Eng.,  every  Friday  for  Aden  (11-13),  Bombay  (17),  Co- 
lombo (18),  Singapore  (26),  Hong  Kong  (33),  Shanghai  (38),  Yokohama  (44), 

Leave  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  about  every  9  to  12  days  for  Singapore 
(31-35),  Hong  Kong  (25),  Shanghai  (25-28),  Yokohama  (17).  By  Pacific 
Mail  and  Occidental  and  Oriental  Steamship  lines. 

Leave  Tacoma,  Wash.,  about  every  17  days  for  Hong  Kong  (25), 
Yokohama  (16).  By  Northern  Pacific  Steamship  Co. 

Australia  Mails.— Mails  for  Weat  Australia  are  all  sent  via  London, 

Leave  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  every  9  to  19  days  for  Honolulu,  Sand- 
wich Islands  (7);  and  every  28  days  for  Auckland,  New  Zealand  (21),  Syd- 
ney, New  South  Wales  (26).  By  Oceanic  Steamship  Co.  Mails  also  leave 
Vancouver,  B.  C.,  on  the  8th  of  each  month,  and  must  be  marked  "Via 
Vancouver." 

POSTAL  DISTANCES  AND  TIME  FROM  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

*—   As  indicated  by  the  Official  Postal  Guide,  showing  the  distance  by  short- 
est routes  and  time  in  transit  by  fastest  trains  from  New  York  City. 


CITIES  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

Miles. 

Hours 

CITIES  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

Miles. 

Hour* 

Albany  N  Y 

142 

882 
188 
1,738 
2,736 
217 
410 
172 
3,036 
804 
853 
1,899 
900 
744 
568 
624 
292 
1,957 
1,930 
1,257 
743 
1,789 
182 
112 
2.423 
1,367 
808- 
1.077 
1,302 

4l/2 
24*4 
6 
604 
924 

114 
6 
109 
21»4 
32 
56 
2) 
2314 
194 
20 
94 
654 
604 

S* 

56i/2 
6 
4 
89 
55 
23 

314 

38  V4 

Louisville,  Ky  

854 
1,163 
985 
1,057 
827 
1,344 
1,8P3 
90 
431 
825 
3.181 
2,724 
189 
344 
1,048 
1.800 
2,452 
3,250 
905 
3209 
1,370 
57 
1,288 
1,412 
228 
496 
117 
593 

34 
40 

304 
10<4 
40 
43 
3 
IS 
12 
1144 
94 
6 

B* 

37 

714 

1244 
26 
127 

1 

50 
42 

6H 

1* 

20 

Atlanta  Ga 

Memphis,  Tenn  

Baltimore,  Md  

Milwaukee,  Wis  
Montgomery,  Ala  

Bismarck  N   Dak 

Montpelier,  Vt  

Buffalo    N  Y 

Omaha    Neb          

Cape  May  N  J 

Philadelphia,  Pa  

Carson  City  Nev 

Pittsburg,  Pa  

Charleston  'S  C 

Portland,  Me           .... 

Chattanooga,  Tenn  
Cheyenne  \Vyo 

Portland,  Ore  

Prescott,  Ariz  
Providence,  R.  I  
Richmond,  Va  
St.  Louis,  Mo  

Cincinnati,  O    

Cleveland,  O. 

St.  Paul,  Minn  

Concord,  N.H  
Deadwood,  S.  Dak  

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  .... 
San  Francisco,  Cal  
Savannah,  Ga  

Des  Moines,  la  
Detroit,  Mich. 

Tacoma,  Wash    . 

Topeka,  Kan  

Trenton,  N  J 

Vicksburg,  Miss  
Vinita,  Ind.Ter  
Washington,  D.  C  
Wheeling,  W.  Va  
Wilmington,  Del  

Hartford,  Ct           .     .    . 

Helena  Mont 

Hot  Springs,  Ark  
Indianapolis,  Ind  

j   Wilmington.  N.C  

Kansas  City(  Mo  

390 


BE  PROMPT  TO  ADMIT  AND  RECTIFY  A  WRONG. 


Distance  in  Miles  of  the  Different  State  Capitals  from  Washington, 

the  National  Capital. 
According  to  a  compilation  of  the  Postmaster-General,  February  12, 1894. 


Jefferson    City,    Mo 1,019 

Lansing,  Mich 661 

Lincoln,   Neb. 1,285 

Little  Rock,   Ark 1,064 

Madison,    Wis 910 

Montgomery,   Ala 824 

Montpelier,    Vt 556 

Nashville,  Tenn 770 

Newport,    R.    1 415 

Olympia,    Wash 3,110 

Phoenix,    Ariz 2,472 

Pierre,   S.    D 1,554 

Raleigh,   N.   C 299 

Richmond,  Va 116 

Sacramento,  Cal 3,022 

St.    Paul,    Minn 1,172 

Salem,  Ore.   3,104 

Santa   Fe,    N.    M 2,006 

Springfield,  111 835 

Tahlequah,    Ind.    Ter 1,319 

Tallahassee,    Fla 872 

Topeka,    Kans 1,204 

Trenton,    N.,  J 169 


Albany,    N.    Y 373 

Annapolis,  Md 42 

Atlanta,    Ga 649 

Augusta,    Me 615 

Austin    Tex 1,556 

Baton      Rouge,     La 1,179 

Bismarck,    N.    D 1,610 

Boise  City,   Idaho 2,600 

Boston,   Mass 444 

Carson   City,   Nev 2,898 

Charleston,   W.   Va 386 

Cheyenne,   Wyo 1,763 

Columbia,    S.    C 490 

Columbus,    0 487 

Concord,   N.   H 491 

Denver,   Colo 1,748 

Des   Moine,    la 1,113 

Frankfort,    Ky 604 

Guthrie,    Okla ..1,466 

Harrisburg,  Pa 125 

Hartford,    Conn 341 

Helena,    Mont 2,295 

Indianapolis,  Ind 643 

Jack-son,    Miss 1,011 

Distances  from  New  York  and  the  Time  it  Takes  Letters  to  Reach 

their  Destination  in  Different  Parts  of  the  World. 
To—  Miles.      Days. 

Adelaide,    via   San   Francisco    12,845  34 

Alexandria,     via    London 6,150  15 

Amsterdam,    via    London    3,985  10 

Athens,     via    London 5,655  14 

Bahia,    Brazil    5,870  21 

Berlin,   via  London    4,385  10 

Bombay,   via  London    9,765  27 

Buenos    Ayres     8,045  29 

Calcutta,   via  London 11,120  30 

Cape  Town,  via  London   11,245  30 

Constantinople,   via  London   5,810  13 

Florence,   via  London   4,800  11 

Glasgow 3,375  10 

Greytown,  via  New  Orleans   2,810  7 

Halifax,    N.    S 645  2 

Havana,     Cuba     1,400  3 

Hong  Kong,   China,  via  San  Francisco 10,590 

Honolulu,    Sandwich    Islands,    via   San    Francisco 5,645  13 

Liverpool,   England 3,540  8 

London,    via   Queenstown    3,740  9 

Madrid,   via  London    4,925  11 

Melbourne,   Australia,   via  Sau  Francisco    12,265  32 

Mexico  City  by  railroad   3,750  7 

Panama    2,355  8 

Paris     4,020  8 

Rio   de  Janeiro    6,730  23 

Rome,  via  London  5,030  11 

St.   Petersburg,   via  London  5,370  12 

Shanghai,  via  San  Francisco  9,920  25 

Stockholm,   via  London    4,975  12 

Sydney,  via  San  Francisco   11,570  31 

Valparaiso,   via  Panama  5,910  37 

Vienna,  via  London 4,740  12 

[Yokohama,  via  San  Francisco  8,725  80 


VE  THAT  LOVETH  WINE  AND  OIL  SHALL  NOT  BE  RICH.    391 


DIFFERENCE  OF  TIME  BETWEEN  WASHINGTON  AND 
OTHER  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD  AND 
LONGEST  DAY  AT  PRINCIPAL  PLACES. 

LONGEST  DAY, 
Hr.     Min. 

o'clock  noon  at  WASHINGTON.      St.  Petersburg. . . 
12.12 
12.24 
12.27 

1.37 

4.31 

4.43 

4.55 

5.07 

5.17 

5.58 

6.02 

6.14 

7.04 
11.01 
12.54 

2.48 

4.51 

8.58 

9.40 
11.08 
11.18 
11.52 
12.00 

The  above  is  actual  time,  not  standard  time. 


noon  at 
P.  M 

WASHINGTON. 
New  York 

St.  Petersburg.  .  . 
Stockholm. 

18 
18 

38 
35 

« 

Boston. 

Cape  Horn  

17 

34 

M 

Portland. 

Edinburgh 

17 

3ft 

II 

« 

St.  John(N.  F.). 
Lisbon. 

Copenhagen  ,.  .  .  . 
Dublin  

17 
16 

20 

5ft 

tl 

Dublin. 

Berlin 

IB 

40 

<« 

Edinburgh. 

London 

16 

34 

It 

London. 

Paris  . 

16 

05 

II 
II 

Paris. 
Rome. 

Victoria,  B.  C... 

16 
15 

00 
56 

II 

Berlin. 

Albany 

15 

?0 

II 

Vienna. 

Boston  

15 

14 

It 

Constantinople. 

Chicago  

15 

08 

tl 

Calcutta. 

Ogden  

15 

05 

A.  M. 
n 

Pekin. 
Melbourne. 

Constantinople  .  . 
Naples  

15 
15 

04 
00 

»i  » 

Auckland. 

Pekin  

14 

58 

•i 

M 
tl 

San  Francisco. 
Salt  Lake. 
New  Orleans. 

Philadelphia  
Washington  
Cape  Town  

14 
14 
14 

56 
52 
flO 

tl 

Chicago. 

Calcutta  

13 

94 

II 

Buffalo. 

Panama  

Itt 

34 

noon 

Lima  (Peru). 

Quito  .  . 

12 

00 

392 


JUMP  WHILE  THE  WAVE  IS  ON  THE  SWELL. 


DISTANCES  AND  RAILROAD  FARES  FROM  CHICAGO  TO 

ALL  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES  AND  CANADA. 

First-Class  Fare  Subject  to  Slight  Changes. 

(We  aim  to  give  the  moet  direct  route  only.) 


PLACXS. 

MILES. 

FAKE. 

PLACES. 

MILES. 

FARE. 

Akron                             O. 

368 
838 
1,391 
467 
916 
385 
686 
834 
733 
886 
556 
1,200 
905 
37 
987 
1,263 
859 
164 
296 
469 
445 
652 
1,004 
998 
523 
207 
1,095 
365 
367 
903 
271 
1,103 
595 
1,000 
300 
339 
398 

^88 

d37 
963 
975 
280 
760 
183 
265 
170 
1,118 
tf7 
272 
921 
188 

$850 
1665 
43  00 
12  Ou 
1800 
970 
1550 
1750 
2140 
1925 
1250 
2250 
2570 
112 
3210 
2450 
1750 
"414 
872 
1100 
1060 
1975 
1900 
1969 
1200 
617 
2119 
1094 
915 
2000 
685 
2630 
1730 
2365 
800 
850 
835 
1250 
2570 
1900 
2825 
800 
2695 
502 
727 
446 
3065 
1015 
725 
1970 
5.64 

Dunkirk                   N  Y 

500 
478 
36 
452 
287 
1,042 
645 
1,083 
954 
148 
239 
557 
957 
368 
114 
1,152 
164 
771 
215 
618 
198 
905 
472 
238 
329 
716 
961 
638 
1,034 
1,562 
693 
548 
1,102 
836 
183 
237 
666 
1,083 
730 
209 
91 
876 
37 
141 
489 
250 
566 
280 
85 
754 
2U) 

$1350 
1355 
110 
1265 
865 
1982 
1848 
2780 
1900 
445 
715 
1460 
2695 
998 
332 
3250 
488 
1750 
540 
1874 
595 
2610 
1150 
805 
725 
1725 
1950 
1715 
1975 
4650 
2025 
1585 
3100 
1931 
500 
664 
1530 
2780 
2200 
550 
273 
1105 
10S 
400 
1250 
715 
1600 
788 
240 
1825 
505 

Albany  N.  Y. 
Albuquerque  N  .  M. 
Allegheny  City           Pa 

Doluth  Minn  . 

Elgin.                            111. 

Erie..                            Pa 

Allentown  Pa 

Evansville  Ind. 
Fall  River               Mass 

Alliance                          O. 

Altooua      Pa. 

Fargo      N.  D. 

Fernandina  Fla 
Fitchburg  Mass  . 
Fort  Wayne.      .        Ind 

Atlanta       Ga. 

Atlantic  City  N.  J. 
Atchison  Kan. 

Forest  O. 

Augusta                     .  .  Me. 

Fort  Scott  Kan. 

Fort  Worth.              Tex 

Aurora       .          ....  111. 

Frankfort  Ky  . 

Austin                         Tex. 

Freeport.      .      .        Ill 

Bangor  Me 

Galveston  Tex. 

Baltimore                    Md. 

Galesburg  ....      Ill 

Battle  Creek  Mich. 
Bay  City.      .          .Mich. 

Gettysburg  Pa  . 

Grand  Rapids....  Mich. 
Grenada.             .     Miss 

Bellaire                          O. 

Berlin                         Ont 

Green  Bay                 Wis 

Greenville           .      Tex 

Boston      Mass. 

Hamilton  Can  . 

Bridgeport  Conn. 
Buffalo                     N  Y 

Hamilton  O. 
Hannibal..                  Mo 

Burlington  la. 

Harrisbnrg  Pa. 

Burlington...          ...Vt. 

Hartford  Conn  . 
Hastings  Neb. 
Haverhill  .              Mass 

Cairo  111. 

Canton                           O. 

Cape  May                 N  J 

Helena..                 Mont 

Cedar  Rapids.     .  .        la. 

Hot  Springs  Ark. 
Holly  Springs  Miss  . 
Houston  Tex. 

Charleston                S.  C. 

Chattanooga  Tenn 

Cheyenne  -.  .  .  .  Wyo. 
Cincinnati  O. 
Cleveland        O. 

Hudson                     N.  Y 

Iowa  City      la. 

Ithaca..                     N.  Y 

Council  Bluffs  la. 
Colombia                  8  C. 

Jacksonville  Kla. 

Jackson..                 Miss 

Concord  N.H. 

Jackson  Mich. 
Janesville  Wis. 
Jefferson  City  Mo. 
Joliet      111. 

Corsicana  Tex. 
Crestline  O. 

Dallas            Tex. 

Kalamazoo  Mich. 
Kansas  City  Mo. 

Dayton    O. 

Decatur                ..  ..111. 

Kookuk    la. 

Denver  Colo. 

Knoxville  Tenn. 
LaCrosse  Wis. 
Lake  Geneva  Wis. 
Lancaster  Pa. 

Bes  Moines  la. 

Detroit..  .,  Mich. 

Dover  Del. 

Dnbuque  la. 

TALL  OAKS  FROM  LITTLE  ACORNS  GROW. 


393 


PLACES. 

MILES. 

FAKE. 

PLACES. 

MILES. 

FARE. 

Leadville                 Colo. 

1,169 
589 
376 
552 
628 
116 
914 
399 
2,266 
137 
269 
138 
611 
821 
162 
390 
,   288 
528 
265 
85 
420 
165 
1,224 
793 
973 
837 
211 
444 
498 
912 
915 
912 
36r> 

905 
927 
1,044 
408 
513 
1,514 
788 
498 
497 
757 
2,255 
969 
955 
155 
132 
822 
633 
468 
1,114 
2,488 
335 
413 
1,107 
14 
1,107 

'$3750 
1250 
1040 
1440 
1785 
350 
2000 
9JS5 
6250 
427 
700 
392 
1414 
2405 
487 
1087 
860 
1590 
790 
255 
1150 
492 
1900 
2100 
2200 
,1800 
586 
i350 
1300 
1800 
2025 
2300 
835 
2000 
1800 
2032 
1125 
1255 
4150 
1800 
1200 
1275 
1800 
6250 
1800 
2200 
425 
385 
1825 
1900 
1100 
2050 
6150 
730 
1025 
2950 
15 
2100 

Quincy  111. 

262 
62 
1,154 
223 
933 
86 
550 
181 
711 
1,213 
283 
2,257 
1,566 
1,342 
807 
1,088 
2,411 
2,342 
8*1 
815 
510 
300 
185 
935 
1,914 
426 
280 
HO 
469 
673 
2,314 
1,033 
178 
773 
254 
243 
555 
506 
859 
826 
267 
725 
761 
235 
1,031 
819 
916 
475 
1,037 
637 
930 
306 
345 
280 
569 
,    398 
*   390 

$725 
185 
2735 
675 
2100 
250 
1338 
497 
1578 
3450 
843 
6250 
4225 
4105 
825 
2630 
6250 
6150 
2535 
2405 
1275 
775 
475 
1900 
5650 
1330 
750 
1150 
1250 
1498 
6150 
2780 
538 
2220 
740 
700 
14  CK) 
1240 
1800 
1680 
805 
1604 
2300 
710 
2880 
1750 
1800 
1100 
1965 
1655 
1800 
862 
2570 
840 
1515 
995 
900 

Leavenworth  Kan. 

Hacine                       .Wis 

Raleigh                     N  C 

Richmond..  Ind. 

Little  Rock              Ark 

Richmond                    Va 

Rockford  Ill, 
Rochester  N.  Y. 
Rock  Island  Ill, 

Long  Branch  N.  J. 
London              ••     ..Can. 

Rome                         N.  Y. 

Lyons               la. 

San  Antonio  Tex. 

Saginaw.        ..     .  Mich. 

Madison     Wis. 

Sacramento  Cal. 

Manchester        ...  N.  Y. 

Salt  Lake  City....  Utah. 
Santa  Fe.                 N  M 

Macon                          Ga. 

Manitowoc     Wis. 

Sandusky  O. 

Marquette               Mich. 

Savannah                     Ga 

Marsnalltown  la. 

San  Francisco  Cal. 
Seattle                    Wash. 

Memphis        ..        Tenn. 

Sherman                     Tex 

Milwaukee     Wie. 

Shreveport            .  ..La. 

Minneapolis  Minn. 
Moline                          111 

Sioux  City                     la. 

Springfield  O. 

Springfield  .                111. 

Montpelier.      .      .     Vt. 

Montgomery  Ala. 

Springfield  Mass. 

Mobile    Ala. 

Spokane  Falls  —  Wash. 
Stenbenville  O, 
St.  Louis  ....               Mo. 

Montreal              •     Can. 

Muscatine  la. 

Nashville             ...Tenn. 

8t  Paul                  Minn 

Nebraska  City  Neb. 
New  York            ..  N.  Y. 

St.  Joseph  Mo. 

Syracuse  N.  Y. 

New  Haven             .Conn. 

New  Orleans  La. 
Newark                .  .  .    O. 

Tallahassee.     .   .      Fla. 

Terre  Haute             Ind 

Newark                     N  J 

Newark     .            ...N.  Y. 

Tiffin                               O 

Newport               .  .  R.I. 

Toledo                            O 

Newport...             ...Ky. 

Topeka       .  .            Kan. 

Niagara  Falls  N.  Y. 
Ogden              .        Utah 

Toronto,  Can. 

Trenton  N.  J. 
Troy             .               N.Y 

Ogdensburg  N.  Y. 

Oil  City  Pa. 
Omaha  Neb. 

Urbana...                 ...O. 

Utica      N.  Y. 

Ottawa                     .  Can 

Vicksburg  Miss. 

Pasadena        .    ...  Cal. 

Paterson  N.  J. 

Waco  Tex. 

Washington             D  C 

Peoria    111. 

West  Point              N   Y 

Peru                          Ind 

Wheeling              W   Va 

Philadelphia..      ...Pa. 

White  Mountains..  N.  H. 
White  Sul.  Spgs...W.Va. 
Wilmington  Del. 

Pine  Bluff  Ark. 

Pittsburg                    Pa. 

Portland  Me. 

Portland             ...    Ore. 

Winnipeg  Manitoba 
Xenia                            O 

Portsmouth  O. 

Yankton  S.  D- 

Pueblo.  ...           ...  Colo. 

Youngstown  O. 
Zanesville  O. 

Pullman  111. 
OuebPC  ...Can. 

394 


2YES  AND  NOT  LEGS  MAKE  A  TRAVEL 


THE  POPULATION  OF  T!1E  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


THE  CENSUS  OF  1880,  1890,  AND  1900  OF*  EVERY  TOWN  AND  CITY 
HAVING  A  POPULATION  OF  3,000  OR  MORE. 


CITIES. 

1      1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

ALABAMA. 

Anniston  .           

942 

9  998 

9  695 

1  642 

3  060 

4  544 

6  358 

3  086 

26  178 

38  415 

Decatur  

1  063 

2  765 

3  114 

Dothan  

247 

3  27-5 

3  836 

4  394 

4  532 

Florence  

1  359 

6  012 

6  478 

1  697 

2  901 

4  282 

Gerard  «v. 

3  840 

Greenville.  •  •  • 

2  471 

2  806 

3  162 

Huntsville  

4  977 

7  995 

8  068 

Mobile. 

29  132 

31  076 

38  469 

16  713 

21  883 

30  346 

New  Decatur  

1  905 

3  565 

4  437 

Opelika 

3  245 

3  703 

4  245 

Phenix  

2  224 

3  700 

4  163 

Pratt  City 

1  946 

3  485 

Selma  

7  529 

7  622 

8  713 

Sheffield  .... 

2  731 

3  333 

Troy  

2  294 

3  448 

4  097 

Tuscaloosa  .*t 

2  418 

4  215 

5  095 

ARIZONA. 
Phoenix  

3  452 

5  544 

Prescott 

1  759 

3f^C^Q 

Tucson  ,  

7  007 

5  150 

7  531 

ARKANSAS. 
Eureka  Springs 

3  984 

3  706 

3  572 

Fort  Smith... 

3  099 

11  311 

11  587 

Helena  

3  652 

5  189 

5  550 

Hot  Springs  

3  554 

8  086 

9  973 

Jfonesboro  

2  065 

4  508 

Little  Rock. 

13  138 

25  874 

qo  Qf)7 

Men  a  

3  423 

Paragauld  

1  666 

Q    QO4. 

Pine  Bluff. 

3  203 

9  952 

U4.Qfi 

Texarcana  

1  390 

3  528 

4014 

CALIFORNIA. 
Alameda  

5  708 

11  165 

"  ^  <lfy4 

Bakersfield 

801 

2  626 

A    GQR 

Berkeley  

5  101 

•JQ014. 

Eureka  

2  639 

4  858 

17  097 

1  112 

10  818 

Grass  Valley  

4.  71  Q 

11  183 

50  394 

Marysville  

4  321 

3  991 

1  4.Q7 

Napa  

3  731 

4  395 

A.  O^fi 

Nevada  City 

4  022 

2  524 

Oakland  

34  555 

48  682 

fifi  Qfin 

Pasadena    .... 

391 

4  88/J 

DO  THE  DUTY  THAT  LIES  NEAREST  THEE. 


395 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Petaluma                                    

8,326 

3,612 

3  871 

3  634 

6  526 

Redlands                           

1,904 

4  797 

4,683 

7  973, 

21,420 

26  386 

29  282 

Salinas                                        

1.854 

2,339 

3  304 

1,673 

4  012 

6  15O 

San  Diego                                

2,637 

16,159 

17  70O 

San  Francisco 

233,959 

298,997 

842  782 

12  567 

18  060 

21  5OO 

San  Luis  Obispo                            

2,243 

2,995 

3  021 

San  Rafael 

2,276 

3  290 

8  879 

Santa  Ana                                      

711 

3,628 

4  933 

Santa  Barbara 

3.460 

5,864 

6  587 

Santa  Clara 

2  416 

2  891 

3  65O 

Santa  Cruz                                        

3,898 

5,596 

5  659 

417 

1  580 

3  057 

Santa  Rosa                                    

3,616 

5.220 

6  673 

Stockton 

10,282 

14424 

17  5O6 

Vallejo   

5,987 

6,343 

7  965 

Visalia                                             

1,412 

2.885 

3  085 

1,799 

2  149 

8  528 

COLORADO. 

5.108 

3  303 

Boulder 

*  *  8  069 

3  330 

6  15O 

Canon  Citv  

1,501 

2,825 

3  775 

Central  City 

2626 

2  480 

8  114 

Colorado  Springs  

4.226 

11,140 

21  085 

Cripple  Creek                              ... 

10  147 

Denver 

35  629 

106  670 

133  859 

Durango 

2  726 

3  317 

"Florence  . 

3  728 

Fort  Collins 

1  356 

2011 

3  054 

Grand  Junction  .. 

2  030 

3  503- 

Greeley 

1  297 

2  395 

3  025 

Leadville  

14,820 

10  384 

12  455 

Pueblo   . 

3  217 

24  558 

28  157 

Salida 

2  586 

3  722 

Trinidad        

2  226 

5  523 

5  345 

Victor  

4  986 

CONNECTICUT. 

Ansonia 

10  342 

12  681 

Bridgeport...  .                              .... 

27  643 

48  866 

70  996 

Bristol 

5  347 

7  374 

6  268 

Danbury  ...                                                .  .1 

11.666 

16  552 

16  537 

Derby 

11  650 

5  969 

7  930 

Enfield 

6  775 

7  199 

6  699 

Greenwich  

7  892 

10  131 

12  172 

Groton  

5  128 

5  539 

5  962 

Hartford 

42  015 

53  230 

79  85Q 

Killingly  

6  921 

7  027 

6  835 

Manchester 

6  462 

8  222 

10  601 

Meriden 

15  540 

21  652 

o  Voqc 

Middletown  

6  826 

9  013 

9  589 

Naugatuck  .  . 

4  274 

6  218 

10  541 

New  Britain  

11  800 

16  519 

25  998 

New  Haven  

62  882 

81  298 

108  027 

New  London 

10  537 

13  759 

17  548 

Norwalk 

13  956 

17  73C 

6  12& 

Norwich      

15  112 

16  156 

17  25i 

26 


396 


IT  IS  EASY  TO  BE  NOTHING. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Plainfield 

4  021 

4  582 

4  821 

Portland  .        .         

4  157 

4  687 

3  856 

Putnam 

5  827 

6  511 

6  667 

Rockville 

7  772 

7  287 

Southington                          

5  411 

5  499 

3  411 

South  Norwalk 

6  591 

Stafford  Spring's....         

4  455 

4  535 

4  297 

Stamford 

11  297 

15  685 

15  997 

ftonington  

7  355 

7  184 

2  278 

tratford 

4  251 

2  608 

3  657 

5  051 

5  580 

6  442 

Thomaston                  

3  278 

3  300 

Torrington  

3  327 

6283 

8  360 

Vernon  

6  915 

8  808 

8  483 

Wallingford 

4  686 

4  230 

6  737 

'Waterbury  

17  806 

28  646 

45  859 

West  Haven                                 

5  247 

Willimantic   

6  608 

8  648 

8  937 

\Vinchester             

5  142 

6  183 

7  763 

Winsted  

4  846 

6  804 

DELAWARE. 

2  811 

3  061 

3  329 

Newcastle                             

3  700 

4  010 

3  380 

42  678 

61  431 

76  508 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 
Georgetown  

12578 

14549 

Wash  ington  

147,293 

229,796 

218,196 

FLORIDA. 

Apalachicola  

1,336 

1.727 

3,077 

Fernandina  

2  562 

2  803 

3  245 

Gainesville  

2,790 

3,633 

Jacksonville  

7  650 

17  201 

28  429 

Key  West  

9,890 

18,080 

17,114 

Lake  City  

2,030 

4  013 

Ocala....  

803 

2  904 

3  380 

Palatka  

1,616 

3,039 

3,301 

Pensacola  

6  845 

11  750 

17  747 

St.  Augustine  

2,293 

4,742 

4,272 

Tampa  

720 

5  532 

15  839 

GEORGIA. 

3  216 

4  008 

4  606 

3  635 

6  398 

7  674 

6  099 

8  639 

10  245 

37  409 

65  533 

89  872 

21  891 

33  300 

39  441 

1  962 

1  839 

3  036 

Brunswick  

2  891 

8  459 

9  081 

Cartersville  

2  037 

3  171 

3  135 

Columbus  

10,123 

18  303 

17,614 

Cordele  

1  578 

3  473 

Dalton  

2  516 

3  046 

4  315 

Elberton  

927 

1  572 

3  834 

1  919 

3  202 

4  382 

Griffin  

3,620 

4  503 

6  857 

2  295 

3  090 

4  274 

12  749 

22  746 

23  272 

Marietta  

2  227 

3  384 

4  446 

Milledgeville  

3  800 

3  322 

4  219 

2  006 

2  859 

3  654 

HOPE  FOR  THE  BEST.  BUT  BE  READY  FOR  THE  WORST.    397 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

3,877 
30,709 

6,957 
43,189 

7,291 
54,244 
3,245 
5,322 
5,613 
3,300 
5,919 

5,957 
4.04& 

14,210 
24,147 
3,871 
4,827 
17,484 
6,937 
23,286 
6,114 
3,279 
12,566 
6,564 
3,318 
3,502 
6,721 
9,098 
5,488 
1,698.575 
5,100 
4,452 
4,021 
16,354 
20,754 
5,904 
7,917 
4.35S 
29,655 
4,157 
3,774 
22,433 
19.259 
13,258 
5,005 
18,607 
3,356 
8,122 
4,085 
5,395 
3,268 
3,828 
15,078 
3,517 
29.353 
13,595 
8,382 
3,969 
10,446 
8.962 
5.918 
6,376 

Savannah                                         

Thomasville                           

2,555 
1,515 
2,199 
628 

1,899 

5.514 
2.854 
2,631 
8,364 

2.311 

Valdosta                                                   ... 

"\Vaycross                                          

IDAHO. 

Boise 

Pocatello 

ILLINOIS. 
Alton     

8.975 
11.873 
2.639 
3,135 
10,683 
2,951 
17,180 
1,542 
5,524 
9,011 
3,762 
2,213 
2,887 
3,621 
5.103 
2,867 
503.185 

10.294 
19,634 
3.613 
4,226 
15,361 
3,867 
20.484 
3.329 
4,641 
10,324 
5,604 
2,382 
3,293 
4,763 
5.839 
4.135 
1,099,850 

Aurora 

Batavia  

Beardstown 

Belleville 

BelvJdere  .  .  .  .         .           ....          

Blooming  ton 

Blue  Island  

Braidwood..  . 

Cairo  

Canton        .                   

Carbondale 

Carlinville  

Centralia                                                      \ 

Champaign  

Charleston 

Chicago  

Chicago  Heights 

Clinton 

2.709 
2,887 
7,733 
9,547 
1,598 
3,658 
2,807 
9,185 
2.887 
3.065 
8,787 

2.598 
3.498 
11,491 
16.841 
2.579 
5.161 
4.052 
15.169 
3.561 
3.260 
17,823 

Collinsville  

Danville 

Decatur  ... 

Dekalb  .... 

Dixon  

DuQUoin  

East  St.  Louis  

Edwardsville  

Effingham  .  . 

Elgin  

Evanston  

Freeport  .  . 

8,516 
6,451 
11,437 
3,518 

10,189 
6,635 
15,264 
3.182 

Galena  

Galesburg.  .  .  . 

Geneseo 

Granite  

Harlem 

Harvey  

Havana  

2,118 
1,272 
10,927 
2,894 
11,657 
5,651 
2,704 
531 
7.847 
5.639 
4,326 
.3,140 

2,525 
1.911 
12,935 
3.207 
23,264 
9.025 
4,569 
2,314 
9,855 
6,725 
5,811 
4.052 

Hoopeston 

Jacksonville 

Jerseyville 

joliet 

Kankakee  

Kewanee  

fagrange 

Jsaiie-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

jLincoln 

Litchfield 

595 


THE  TABLE  ROBS  MORE  THAN  THE  THIEF. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Mattoon  

5.737 

6.833 

9.622 

May  wood...       .  . 

4  532 

Mendota  

4,142 

3.542 

3.736 

Metropolis  ... 

2  668 

3  573 

4  069 

Moline 

7  800 

12  000 

17  248 

Monmouth  

5,000 

5  936 

7,460 

Morris  

3  486 

3  653 

4  273 

Mount  Carmel  

2,047 

3,376 

4,311 

Mount  Vernon... 

2324 

3  233 

5  216 

Murphysboro  

2,196 

3.880 

6.463 

Naperville  

2  216 

2,629 

Normal  

2  470 

3  459 

3  795 

Olney  

3.512 

3.831 

4.260 

Ottawa  

7  834 

9  985 

10  588 

Pana  

3,009 

5.077 

5.530 

Paris  

4,373 

4  996 

6,105 

1  725 

2  187 

3  036 

Pekin  

5.993 

6.347 

8.420 

Peoria  

29  259 

41  024 

56  100 

Peru  

4,632 

5,550 

6.863 

Pontiac  

2.242 

2  784 

4  266 

Princeton  

3,439 

3,396 

4.023 

Quincy  

27,268 

31,494 

36.252 

Rockford  

13,129 

23,584 

31.051 

Rock  Island  

11.659 

13,634 

19.493 

1  000 

3  097 

3  325 

Shelbyville  '..... 

2,939 

3,162 

3,546 

fpringfield  

19.743 

24,963 

34  159 

pring  Valley  

3,837 

6.214 

§terling  

5.087 

5,824 

6  309 

5  157 

11  414 

14079 

3,028 

2,987 

3.653 

Taylorville  

2  237 

2  829 

4  248 

2  942 

3  511 

5  728 

4,012 

4  915 

9  426 

INDIANA. 
Alexandria  

715 

7.221 

Anderson  

4,126 

10,741 

20.178 

Attica  

2  150 

2  320 

3  005 

1,542 

2,415 

3.396 

Aurora  

4  435 

3  929 

3  645 

Bedford  

2,198 

3,351 

6.115 

2,756 

4,018 

6  460 

Bluffton  

2,354 

3  589 

4  479 

Brazil  

3,441 

5,905 

7,786 

Columbia  City  

2  244 

3  027 

2  975 

4,813 

6.709 

8.130 

3  228 

4  548 

6  836 

5  251 

6  086 

6  649 

1  905 

3  142 

4  142 

662 

1  024 

3  187 

East  Chicaeo  ... 

1  255 

3  411 

Elkhart....:;. 

6  953 

11  360 

15.184 

Elwood  

751 

2  284 

12  950 

29,280 

50.756 

59007 

563 

1  462 

3  205 

26  880 

35  393 

45  115 

2  803 

5  919 

7  100 

3  116 

3  781 

4  005 

XSarrett                  

1  268 

2  767 

8  910 

BEFORE  HOXOR  IS  HUMILITY. 


399 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Gas  City  

145 

3  622 

Go^hen 

4  123 

6  033 

7  81O 

Greencastle    

3  624 

4  390 

3  661 

Greenfield                   .                             . 

2  013 

3  100 

4  489 

Greensburg.,,  

3,138 

3,596 

5  034 

Hammond...  .                    ...      ... 

699 

5  428 

12  376 

Hartford  City  

1,470 

2,287 

5,912 

3  863 

7  328 

9  491 

Indianapolis 

75  056 

105  436 

169  164 

Jeffersonville.  ... 

9  357 

10.666 

10  774 

Kendallville    

2  373 

2  960 

3  354 

Kokomo 

4042 

8  261 

10  609 

Lafayette  

14  860 

16  243 

18  116 

Laporte 

6  195 

7  126 

7  113 

Lawrenceburg  

4  668 

4  284 

4  326 

Lebanon  

2  625 

3  682 

4465 

Linton  

958 

3,071 

Logansport  

11  198 

13  328 

16  204 

Madison  ....                    . 

8  945 

8  936 

7  835 

1  125 

8  769 

17  337 

Martinsville  .... 

1  943 

2  680 

4  038 

Michigan  City  

7  366 

10,776 

14  850 

Mishawaka  

2  640 

3  371 

5  560 

Montpelier  

808 

8.405 

3  730 

4,705 

5  132 

Muncie  . 

5  219 

11  345 

20  942 

New  Albany  

16,423 

21,059 

20628 

Newcastle  

2  299 

2  697 

3  406 

Noblesville  

2,221 

3.054 

4,792 

Peru  

5  280 

6  728 

8  463 

Plymouth  

2  579 

2  723 

3  656 

Portland 

1  694 

3  725 

4  798 

Princeton  

2  566 

3  076 

6  041 

Richmond                                               •        . 

12  742 

16  608 

18  226 

Rochester  

1  869 

2,467 

3.421 

Rushville  

2  515 

3  475 

4  541 

Seymour  

4,250 

5,337 

6.445 

Shelbyville  

3  745 

5  451 

7.169 

South  Bend  ..  . 

13  280 

21  819 

35  999 

Sullivan 

2  160 

2  222 

3  118 

Terre  Haute  

26  042 

30  217 

36  673 

Tipton    

1  250 

2  697 

3  764 

Valparaiso 

4  461 

5  090 

6  28O 

Vincennes  

7  680 

8  853 

10  249 

Wabash   

3  800 

5  105 

8  618 

^Tarsaw 

3  123 

3  574 

3  987 

4  323 

6  064 

8  551 

Whiting  

115 

1  408 

3  983 

"W^nchest^r                                                . 

1  958 

3  014 

3  705 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

5  681 

Chickasha  

3  209 

Muscogee               ..                                 .... 

4  254 

3  479 

IOWA. 

3,662 

4,351 

5  046 

Belle  Plaine    

1  689 

2  623 

3  283 

Boone 

3  330 

6  520 

8  88O 

Burlington.  .  . 

19450 

22565 

23  201 

Cedar  Falls  

3  020 

3  459 

5  319 

400 


EASY  COME  EASY  GO. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

10,104 

18,020 

25,656 

Centerville                                              

2  475 

3  668 

5  256 

Chariton  .            ...           

2,977 

3,122 

3,989 

Charles                                                

2  421 

2  802 

4  227 

Cherokee 

1  523 

3  441 

3  865 

Clarinda                               

2011 

3,262 

3  276 

Clinton                                                       .... 

9  052 

13  619 

22  698 

Council  Bluffs                  

38,063 

21,474 

25.802 

5  081 

7  200 

7  752 

21  831 

26  872 

35  254 

Oecorah                                         

2  951 

2  801 

3  240 

22  408 

50  093 

62  139 

DubuQue                             

22  254 

30311 

36  297 

1  881 

3  557 

Estherville     

138 

1,475 

3  237 

"Fairfield                                                     .... 

3  086 

3  391 

4  689 

Fort  Dodge  

3,586 

4,871 

12  162 

Fort  Madison                   •  .      .        

4  679 

7  901 

9  278 

1  793 

1  890 

3  048 

Grinnell             *.... 

2415 

3  332 

3  860 

Independence                                          .... 

3  128 

4  120 

3  656 

2,146 

2254 

3  261 

Iowa  City 

7  123 

5  016 

7  987 

Keokuk 

12  117 

14  101 

14  641 

Knoxville                      .                

2  577 

2  632 

3  131 

1  895 

4  036 

4  146 

MaQuoketa.  .               .         

2  467 

3  077 

3  777 

Marion                    .                           ... 

1  939 

3  094 

4  102 

6  240 

8  914 

11  544 

Mason                    ..                    

.  2  510 

4  007 

6  746 

1  154 

2  797 

4  010 

Mount  Pleasant    .>              

4  410 

4  997 

4  109 

Muscatine 

8  295 

11  454 

14  073 

Newton  

2  607 

2  564 

3  682 

Oelwein  ....          .                         

830 

5  142 

Oskaloosa 

4  598 

6  558 

9  212 

Ottumwa    

9  004 

14  001 

18  197 

Perry 

952 

2  880 

3  986 

Red  Oak  

3  755 

3  321 

4  355 

Shenandoah 

1  387 

2  440 

3  573 

Sioux  City  i  

7  366 

37  806 

33  111 

Spencer    ..                   

824 

1  813 

3  095 

Vinton 

2  906 

2  865 

3  499 

"Washington  

2  949 

3  235 

4  255 

^\faterloo 

5  630 

6  674 

12  580 

\Vaverly 

2  345 

2  346 

3  177 

Webster  

1  848 

2  829 

4  613 

\Vinterset 

2  583 

2  281 

3  039 

KANSAS. 
Abilene  

2,360 

3,547 

3  507 

4  732 

5  878 

Arkansas           .                    ..  •       .... 

1  012 

8  347 

6  14O 

Atchison 

15  105 

13  963 

15  722 

Chanuti  

887 

2  826 

4  208 

Cherryvale                            ...... 

690 

2  104 

3  472 

Clay  Center  

1  753 

2  802 

3  069 

Coffeyville             

753 

2  282 

4  853 

1  853 

3  184 

3  401 

1  411 

3  339 

3  466 

Emporia           

4  631 

7  551 

8  223 

HIS  PLENTY  MADE  HIM  POOR. 


401 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Fort  Scott                         

5,372 

11,946 

10,322 

1,463 

2,496 

10.155 

2,727 

8,082 

3  316 

8,398 

1,540 

8,682 

9,379 

2,915 

3,127 

4,851 

lola               

1,096 

1,706 

5,791 

2.684 

4,502 

4.695 

3.200 

38,316 

51.418 

8,510 

9,997 

10.862 

16  546 

21  768 

20,735 

2,105 

3,004 

8,438 

2601 

5605 

6,208- 

Olathe               

2,285 

8,294 

8.451 

681 

2662 

4,191 

Ottawa              

4,032 

6,248 

6,934 

paola                                     

2  812 

2943 

3,144 

4  199 

6  736 

7682 

Pittsburg                         

624 

6697 

10,112 

962 

2  276 

3.27O 

Salina     .               ..         

3.111 

6.149 

6.074 

Topeka                                          

15  452 

81  007 

33.608 

2,694 

4,391 

4.245 

"Wichita                              

4  911 

23  853 

24,671 

Winfielci 

2  844 

5  184 

6  554 

Wyandotte            .  .         

8,343. 

KENTUCKY. 

Ashland                                            ..  . 

3  280 

4  195 

6.80O 

Bellevue  

1,460 

3.163 

6,332 

Bowling  Green 

5  114 

7  803 

8,226 

Catlettsburg  

1.225 

1,374 

3,081 

Covington  

29  720 

87  371 

42,938 

Cynthiana 

2  101 

3  016 

3  257 

Danville  

3  074 

8  766 

4,285 

Dayton            .                     .  . 

3  210 

4  264 

6,104 

907 

1  748 

3,012 

Frankfort  

6  958 

7  892 

9,487 

Georgetown  

3,823 

Henderson  

5  365 

8  835 

10.272 

Hopkinsville       ...     .                      

4  229 

5  833 

7,280 

2054 

2,816 

3,043 

Lexington  

16  656 

21  567 

26,369 

Louisville   .  .                                      •    ... 

123  758 

161  129 

204  731 

Ludlow  

2  469 

3,334 

Madisonville.  

1  544 

2  212 

3  628 

Mayfield    . 

1  839 

2  909 

4  081 

5220 

6  358 

6,423 

Middleboro  ..            .... 

3  271 

4  162 

Mount  Sterling       .                            ..... 

2  087 

3  629 

8  561 

20  433 

24  918 

28,301 

Owensboro  

6  231 

9  837 

13  189 

Paducah 

8  036 

12  797 

19  446 

Paris  

3  204 

4  218 

4,603 

Richmond  

2  909 

5  073 

4  653 

Shelbyville        .    . 

2  893 

2  679 

3  016 

2  625 

3,384 

^^inchester  

2  277 

4  519 

5  964 

LOUISIANA. 

Alexandria 

1  800 

2  861 

564& 

7  197 

10  478 

11  ?6A 

402    THEY  LOSE  THE  WORLD  WHO  BUT  IT  WITH  MUCH  CAKE, 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Crowley  

428 

^2i4 

Donaldsonville 

2  600 

3  121 

4  105 

Houma  

1  084 

1  280 

3  212 

Lafayette  

2  106 

3  314 

Lake  Charles  

838 

3  442 

6.68O 

Monroe  

2  070 

3  256 

5  428 

New  Iberia  

2.709 

3  447 

6  815 

216  090 

242  039 

287  104 

PlaQuemine  .      .          

2  061 

3  222 

3  590 

Shreveport  

8  009 

11  979 

16  013 

Thibodeaux  

1  515 

2  078 

32  513 

MAINE. 
Auburn  ..       .. 

9  555 

11  250 

12  951 

Augusta 

8  665 

10  527 

11  683 

Bangor  

16  856 

19  103 

21  850 

Bath 

7  874 

8  723 

10  477 

Belfast  

5  308 

5  294 

4  615 

Biddeford  ..                .... 

12  651 

14  443 

16  145 

Brewer  

4  193 

4  835 

Brunswick.  .  . 

5  384 

6  012 

6  806 

Calais 

6  173 

7  290 

7  655 

Caniden  

4  386 

4  621 

2  825 

Caribou   .                 

2  756 

4  087 

4  758 

Chelsea 

1  537 

2  356 

3  092 

Eden  

1  629 

1  946 

4  379 

Eastport 

4  006 

4  908 

5  311 

Ellsworth 

5  052 

4  804 

4  297 

Fairfield       .                

3  044 

2  130 

2  238 

Farmington 

""    3  353 

3  207 

3  288 

Fort  Fairfield  

2  807 

3  526 

4  181 

Gardiner                    , 

4  439 

5  491 

5  501 

Houlton 

3  228 

j  4  015 

4  686 

Kennebunk    

2  852 

3  172 

3  228 

Lewiston                                           . 

19  083 

21  701 

23  761 

2  641 

3  120 

3  603 

Lubec       .        .                    

2  109 

2  069 

3  005 

Orono                                                         . 

2  245 

2  790 

3  257 

Paris        

2  931 

3  156 

3  225 

Portland 

33  810 

36  425 

50  145 

1  305 

3  046 

3  804 

Rockland            .        

7  599 

8  174 

8  150 

Rumford  

898 

3  770 

Saco        

6  389 

6  075 

6  122 

Sanford                                  • 

2  734 

4  201 

6  078 

3  860 

4  266 

South  Berwick    

2  677 

3  434 

3  188 

'Waldoboro                                             .  . 

3  758 

3  505 

3  145 

Watervi  lie  

4  672 

7  107 

9  477 

Westbrook  

6  632 

7  283 

MARYLAND. 
Annapolis                    •         .... 

6  642 

7  604 

8  402 

332  313 

434  439 

508  957 

Cambridge  ..  .           ....       •        

2  262 

4  192 

5  747 

2  359 

2  63° 

3  008 

Crisfield        

986 

1  565 

3  165 

Cumberland                

10  693 

12  729 

17  128 

3  005 

o  939 

3  074 

Frederick        

8  659 

8  193 

9  296 

Frostburti  

3  804 

5  274 

6  627 

10  112 

13  591 

Z.E  NOT  WISE  IN  THINE  OWN  EYES. 


403 


CITIES. 

1880. 

189O. 

1900. 

2,816 

3.244 

3  423 

Salisbury                                            

2,581 

2,905 

4  277 

2  507 

2  903 

3  199 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Abington  

3,697 

4,260 

4.489 

Adams 

5,591 

9.213 

11  134 

Amesbury    

3.355 

9.798 

9,473 

Amherst    .                                          

4,298 

4,512 

5  028 

Andover  

5.169 

6.142 

6.813 

Arlington...         ..            '.. 

4,100 

5.629 

8.603 

Athol 

4.307 

6.319 

7  061 

Attleboro  

11.111 

7.577 

11.335 

Barnstable.  .  .  .                            

4,242 

4.023 

4364 

Belmont 

1,615 

2.098 

3  929 

Beverly  

8.456 

10,821 

13.884 

Blackstone... 

4.907 

6.138 

5  721 

Boston 

362  839 

448  477 

660  892 

Braintree  

3,855 

4,848 

5.981 

Bridge  water 

3,620 

4.249 

5  806 

Brockton 

13  608 

27  294 

40063 

Brookfield    

2,820 

3,352 

3062 

Brookline                                  .  .. 

8,057 

12,103 

19  935 

Cambridge  

52,669 

70,028 

91.886 

Canton  

4,516 

.4,538 

4  584 

Chelmsford 

2,553 

2  695 

3  984 

Chelsea  

21,762 

27,909 

34  072 

Chicopee. 

11.286 

14,050 

19  167 

Clinton 

8  029 

10424 

13  667 

Concord  

3,922 

4.427 

5  652 

Dalton  

2  052 

2  885 

3  014 

Danvers 

6  593 

7  454 

8  542 

Dartmouth  

3,430 

3,122 

3  669 

Oedham  . 

6  233 

7  123 

7  457 

Dracut 

1  595 

1  996 

3  253 

Dudley  

2  803 

2.994 

3  555 

East  Bridgewater  

2.710 

2,911 

3,025 

East  Hampton  

4.206 

4,395 

5.603 

Easton... 

3  902 

4  493 

4  837 

Everett 

4  159 

11  040 

24  336 

Fairhaven  .  . 

2,875 

2.919 

3,567 

Fall  River 

48  961 

74  398 

104  863 

Falmouth  

2,422 

2,567 

3.50O 

Fitchburgf  ... 

12,429 

22,037 

31  531 

Foxboro 

2  950 

2  933 

3  266 

6  235 

9  239 

11  302 

Franklin  

4,051 

4831 

5  017 

Gardner  

4  988 

8  424 

10  813 

Gloucester 

19  329 

24  651 

26  121 

Graf  ton 

4  030 

5  002 

4  869 

Great  Barrington  

4  653 

4  612 

5  854 

Greenfield 

3  903 

5  252 

7  927 

Hardwick 

2  233 

2  922 

3  203 

Haverhill  .'. 

18  472 

27  412 

37  175 

Hingham 

4  485 

4  564 

5  059 

Holyoke 

21  915 

35  637 

45  712 

Hopkinton  

4  601 

4  088 

2  623 

3  739 

4  670 

**     5*454 

Hyde  Park 

7  088 

10  193 

13  244 

Ipswich  

3  699 

4  439 

4  658 

Lawrence  .        .... 

H3  151 

44  654 

62  559 

Lee 

3  939 

3  785 

3  596 

404 


THRIFT  IS  BLESSING,  IF  MEN  STEAL  IT  NOT. 


1880. 


Leicester 2,779 

Leominster 5,772 

Lexington 2.460 

Lowell 69,475 

Ludlow 1,526 

Lynn 38.274 

Maiden 12,017 

Mansfield 2,765 

Marblehead 7,467 

Marlboro 10,127 

Maynard 2,291 

Medford 7.573 

Melrose 4.560 

Methuen 4.392 

Middleboro 5.237 

Milford 9,310 

Milbury 4,741 

Milton 8,206 

Monson 3, 758 

Montague 4,875 

Nantucket 3,227 

Natick 8.479 

Needham 5,252 

New  Bedford 26,845 

Newburyport 13,538 

Newton 16,995 

North  Adams 10.191 

Northampton 12,172 

North  Andover 3,217 

North  Attleboro 6,727 

North  Bridge 4,053 

North  Brookfield 4,459 

Norwood 2, 345 

Orange 8,169 

Palmer 5, 504 

Peabody 9,028 

Pepperell 2,348 

Pittsfield 13,364 

Plymouth 7,093 

Provincetown 4,346 

Quincy 10,570 

Randolph 4,027 

Reading 3,181 

Revere 2,263 

Rockland 4,553 

Rockport 8, 912 

Salem 27.563 

talisbury 4,079 

augus 2,665 

Somervil  le 24, 933 

South  Bridge 6.464 

South  Hadley 3, 538 

Spencer 7.466 

Springfield 83,340 

Stoneham 4.890 

Stoughton 4,875 

Sutton 8.105 

Taunton 21,213 

Templeton 2, 789 

Tewkesbury 2.179 

Uxbr  idge .- 8,111 


1890. 


3,120 

7,269 

3,197 

77,696 

1,939 

55.727 

22,984 

3,432 

8,202 

13,805 

2,700 

11,079 

8,519 

4.814 

6,065 

8,780 

4,428 

4,278 

8,650 

6.296 

3,268 

9,118 

3,035 

40,733 

13,947 

24,359 

16,074 

14,990 

3,742 

6,727 

4,603 

3,871 

3,733 

4,568 

6,520 

10.158 

3.127 

17,281 

7.314 

4.642 

16.723 

3,946 

4,088 

5,568 

5,218 

4,087 

30.801 

1,316 

3,673 

40.152 

7,655 

4,261 

8.747 

44,161 

6.155 

4,852 

8,180 

25.448 

2,999 

2.515 

3,408 


TIS  DEEDS  MUST  WIN  THE  PRIZE. 


405 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Wakefield  

5.547 

6.982 

9,290 

\Valpole             .               

2,494 

2.604 

3,572 

Waltham                                            

11,712 

18,707 

23.481 

Ware       

4,317 

7.329 

8.263 

\\fareham                              .           

2,896 

3.451 

3,432 

3  889 

4.681 

4,417 

^Vate^town  #.. 

5.426 

7,073 

9.706 

5.696 

7031 

8,804 

Wellesley 

3  600 

5,072 

W^estboro  

5.214 

5,195 

5.400 

Westfield                                                  

7  587 

9.805 

12,310 

West  Springfield 

4  149 

5  077 

7.105 

^V^eymouth           

10,570 

10.866 

11.324 

Whitman                                             .     ... 

3  024 

4  441 

6  155 

3.394 

4,221 

5.013 

\Vinchendon          

3  722 

4,390 

5,001 

Winchester 

3  802 

4  861 

7  248 

1,043 

2,726 

6,058 

10  931 

13  491 

14254 

58,291 

84,655 

118.421 

MICHIGAN. 
Adrian  

7.849 

9,239 

9,654 

Albion                                              ... 

1,191 

1,042 

4.519 

6,153 

11,228 

11.802 

Ann  Arbor               .              

8016 

9.509 

14,509 

Battle  Creek 

7  063 

13,090 

18.563 

BayCity       

20,693 

27,839 

27.628 

Belding                                    .           

562 

1,730 

3.282 

1,230 

3.692 

6.562 

2,566 

3.911 

8i#  Rapids  
Cadillac      ;V^lf.v.vt£v&i-£tv^^..  .. 

3.552 
2.213 

5,265 
4.455 

4,686 
5.997 

Charlotte 

2.910 

3,867 

4,092 

2.269 

6,244 

6,489 

oldwater   /.{...UNIVERSITY...}. 

4,681 

5.462 

6.216 

Crystal  Falls  \         .        -OF*                */* 

3,231 

Dcl'rav              ^^*                                     s 

4573 

Detroi^               ^^Jr^iJ£GR^i£Lx/'^ 

116,340 

205.876 

285,704 

2  100 

2  806 

4.151 

3.026 

6,808 

9,549 

Plint              

8.409 

9,845 

13,103 

Gladstone                                               .... 

1,337 

3,380 

4  862 

4  988 

4,743 

Grand  Rapids        

32,016 

60,278 

87,565 

3  144 

3.056 

3.372 

1  783 

1  772 

4,050 

Hastings       

2,531 

2.972 

3.172 

Hillsdale                         ..           

3  441 

3  920 

4.151 

Holland 

2  620 

3  928 

7.79O 

1,438 

2,062 

3,359 

4  190 

4999 

5.209- 

8  599 

9  242 

7,745 

9,705 

6  039 

11.184 

13.255 

16  105 

20  798 

25  180 

Kalamazoo     

11.937 

17.857 

24,404 

8  319 

12,630 

16,485 

5  643 

4.190 

4.999 

7.166 

6  930 

12  799 

14.260 

2  940 

4  126 

A'O  LEGACY  IS  80  RICH  AS  HONESTY. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Marine  City  ...  . 

1  673 

3  268 

3  829 

ViarQuette                                        < 

4  690 

9  096 

10  058 

Marshall  

8  795 

3  957 

4  37Q 

Menominee.  .  .  . 

3  288 

10606 

12  818 

Monroe 

4  930 

5  246 

5  043 

Mount  Clemens 

3  057 

4  742 

6  576 

Mount  Pleasant  •  

1,115 

2,701 

3  662 

Muskegon  

11  262 

22  668 

20  818 

Negaunee  

3  931 

6  061 

6  935 

Niles  .             .      .. 

4  197 

4  197 

4  287 

Norway  .  . 

4  17O 

Owosso 

2  501 

6  544 

8  696 

Petoskey  

1  815 

2  872 

5  285 

Pontiac  

4.509 

6,243 

9  769 

Port  Huron  .... 

8  883 

13  519 

19  158 

Red  Jacket 

2  140 

3  070 

4  668 

Saginaw  .... 

10  525 

46,322 

42  349 

St.  John's  .  .  . 

2  370 

3  127 

3  388 

St.  Joseph  

2  603 

3  733 

5  155 

Sault  Ste.  Marie 

1  947 

5  760 

10  538 

South  Haven  

1  442 

1,924 

400O 

Three  Rivers  

2  525 

3  122 

3  55O 

Traverse  City  

1  897 

4,353 

9,407 

West  Bay  City  .           .... 

6  397 

2  910 

13  119 

Wyandotte  .  . 

3  631 

3  798 

5  183 

Ypsilanti  

4  984 

6,128 

7  378 

MINNESOTA. 
Albert  Lea  

1  966 

3  305 

4.50O 

Anoka  

2,706 

4,264 

3,769 

Austin  

2  305 

3,901 

5  474 

Brainerd...  . 

1  865 

5  704 

7  524 

Cloquet  

2,530 

3,074 

Crookston  

1,227 

3,457 

5,359 

Duluth  .., 

838 

33,115 

52,969 

Ely  

8  717 

Fairmont  ,  

541 

1,205 

3,040 

Faribault  

5  415 

6,524 

7,868 

Fergus  Falls 

1  635 

4  050 

6  072 

Hastings  

3  809 

3,691 

3  bll 

Little  Falls  .. 

508 

2  354 

5  774 

Mankato 

5  550 

8  805 

10  599 

Minneapolis  

46  887 

164  738 

202  718 

Moorehead  .. 

2.088 

3.736 

NewUlm... 

2,471 

5,721 

5,432 

Northfield 

2  296 

2  659 

3  21O 

Owatonna  

3,161 

8,845 

5,561 

Red  Wing 

5  876 

6  277 

7  525 

Rochester  

5,103 

5,321 

6,843 

St.  Cloud  

2  462 

6.532 

8  663 

St  Paul     -  . 

41  473 

133  156 

163  065 

St.  Peter       

3436 

3,671 

4.302 

Stillwater 

9  055 

11  239 

12  318 

Two  Harbors 

3  278 

Waseca... 

1  708 

2482 

3,103- 

Willmar 

1  002 

1  825 

8  4091 

Winona  

10,208 

18,208 

19.714 

MISSISSIPPI. 
Aberdeen  .... 

2339 

3,445 

3,434 

Biloxi  

1  640 

3  234 

5467 

Canton 

2  131 

2  083 

3  '04 

CARE'S  AN  ENEMY  TO  LIFE. 


407 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

Columbus  

3.955 

4,552 

Corinth                                       

2.275 

2,111 

Greenville 

2  191 

6  655 

Greenwood  

308 

1.055 

Hattiesburg                                     .        ... 

1,172 

4ickson 

5  204 

6  041 

McComb 

1,982 

2,384 

Meridian                      • 

4008 

10  889 

Natchez  .         

7,058 

Vicksburg 

11  814 

13  298 

Water  Valley  

2,220 

2,832 

V/esson      ... 

1  707 

3,168 

West  Point 

1  786 

2  762 

Yazoo  

2542 

5.247 

MISSOURI. 

Aurora.      ... 

3,482 

Boon  vi  lie 

3  854 

4  141 

Brooktield  ....  

2,264 

4.547 

Butler 

2  162 

2812 

Cape  Girardeau 

3  889 

4  297 

Carrollton 

2  313 

3.878 

Carterville 

483 

2  884 

Carthage  

4.167 

7,981 

Chillicothe  

4078 

5717 

Clinton 

2  868 

4  737 

Columbia  

3.326 

4  000 

DeSoto  

1  989 

3  960 

Fulton 

2  409 

4  314 

Hannibal  

11  074 

12  857 

Independence 

3  146 

6  380 

Jefferson  C  it  y  

5  271 

6  742 

Joplin  

7  038 

9  943 

Kansas  City 

55  785 

132  716 

Kirksville  ... 

2  314 

3  510 

Lexington       ... 

3  996 

4  537 

Louisiana 

4  325 

5  090 

3  046 

3  371 

Marshall 

2  701 

4  297 

.Maryville  

3  485 

4  037 

Mexico.  .  . 

3  835 

4  789 

Moberly  

6  070 

8  215 

Monett.  .. 

1  699 

Nevada... 

1  913 

7  262 

Poplar  Bluff 

791 

2  187 

Rich  Hill  

4  008 

Richmond  .  ....        .             . 

1  424 

2  895 

St  Charles 

5  014 

6  161 

St.  Joseph  

32  431 

52  324 

St    Louis  

350  518 

451  770 

•Seda'-a 

9  561 

14  068 

Springfield 

6  522 

21  850 

"Trenton  

3  312 

5  039 

^^arrensburg 

4  049 

4  706 

^^ashington 

2  421 

2  725 

Webb  City  

1  588 

5  043 

MONTANA. 
Anaconda  •  

3  975 

Billings  

836 

fiozeman       .                    . 

894 

2  143 

1900. 


6,484 
3.661 
7,642 
3.026 
4.175 
7,816 
3,193 
4.477 
14,050 
12,210 
14.834 
3.813 
3.279 
3.193 
4,944 

6.191 
4,377 
5,484 
3.158 
4,815 
3.854 
4.445 
9.416 
6.905 
5.061 
5,651 
5,611 
4.883 
12.780 
6,974 
9.664 
26,023 
163,752 
5,966 
4.190 
5,131 
4,068 
5,086 
4.577 
5,099 
8,012 
3,115 
7,461 
4.321 
4,053 
3.478 
7,982 
102,979 
575,238 
15,231 
23.267 
5,396 
4,724 
3,015 
9,201 

9,453 
3,221 
3,419 


THERE  IS  NO  DARKNESS  BUT  IGNORANCE. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

Butte  .           

3,363 

10,723 

•3reat  Falls 

3  979 

Helena  

3,624 

18,834 

3  426 

NEBRASKA. 
Beatrice 

2,447 

13  836 

Columbus  

2,131 

3,134 

Kairburv   .. 

1,251 

2  630 

Falls  City 

1  583 

2  102 

Fremont  

3,013 

6,747 

Grand  Island 

2  963 

7  536 

Hastings  

2,817 

13,584 

Holdrege    ...         .         

2  601 

Kearney 

1  782 

8  074 

Lincoln  

13,003 

55,154 

Nebraska  City 

4  183 

11  941 

Norfolk  

547 

3,038 

North  Platte..      .              

363 

3  055 

30  518 

140  452 

Plattsmouth  

4,175 

8,392 

South  Omaha                               

8  062 

York  

1,259 

3,405 

NEVADA. 
Carson  City  

4,229 

3,950 

Reno 

1  302 

3  562 

Virginia  City  

10,917 

8,511 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
Berlin..                                          

-    1,144 

8,729 

Claremont 

4  704 

5  565 

Concord 

13,843 

17,004 

Dover 

11  682 

12  790 

Franklin  

3,265 

4,085 

JCeene         ...                  

6  784 

7  446 

3  790 

6  143 

Manchester  

32,630 

44  126 

Nashua                                   .  .. 

13  397 

19  311 

9  690 

9  827 

Rochester                    .         

5  784 

7  396 

5  586 

6  207 

NEW  JERSEY. 
Asbury  Park  .  .  .  .         

Atlantic  City 

5  477 

13  055 

9  372 

19  033 

Bloomfield                    .              

7  708 

2  981 

Bordentown           .        

4  258 

4232 

Bridgeton  ,                                      ... 

8  722 

11  402 

Burlington  

6,090 

7,264 

Camden                                        

41  659 

58  313 

13  282 

Elizabeth                                        

28  229 

37  764 

Garfield                   

1  028 

5  347 

6  564 

1,206 

1,947 

Hackensack                           

4  248 

6  004 

1  776 

3  833 

Harrison           .        

6,898 

8528 

Hoboken... 

30.999 

43.648 

TOO  LIGHT  WINNING  MAKES  THE  PRIZE  LIGHT. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

5,255 

Jersey  City                      

120,722 

163,987 

206  433 

10  896 

3,411 

3,413 

Lambertville                             

4,183 

4,142 

4.637 

3  833 

7,231 

8  872 

2  469 

3  754 

Millville                            

7,660 

10,002 

10,583 

8  656 

13  962 

5,418 

8,156 

11,267 

Newark                                       

136,508 

181.518 

246,070 

17  166 

18  603 

20  006 

Newton                    .         

2,513 

3,003 

4,376 

North  Plainfield                         .         

5,009 

13,207 

18.844 

24,141 

Passaic..       .                   

6,532 

13,028 

27,777 

Paterson                                                  

51  031 

78  347 

105  171 

4  808 

9  512 

17  699 

Phillipsburg                          

7,181 

8.644 

10  052 

Plainfield                                               

8  125 

10  267 

15  369 

3  422 

3  899 

Rahway*                               .           

6  455 

7,105 

7  935 

2,046 

2,556 

3.244 

Red  Bank          .                 .    

2,684 

4,145 

5,428 

Rutherford              <                                .  .. 

2  293 

4  411 

Salem  

5,056 

5,516 

5,811 

Somerville             .                     

8105 

3,861 

4  843 

4  330 

6  349 

2  178 

3  106 

4-  608 

Summit                                      ^.-  

3  502 

5  302 

Trenton  

29,910 

57,458 

73,307 

5,849 

10,643 

15  187 

Vineland                                           

2  519 

3  822 

4  370 

2  834 

3  580 

West  Hoboken   .                         

11  665 

23  094 

West  New  York                           

5  267 

4  358 

6  889 

VVoodbury        .*.         

2  298 

3  911 

4087 

NEW  MEXICO. 

AlbuQuerQue                               .         

2  315 

8  785 

6  238 

2,385 

3,552 

Raton                ...          

1.255 

3  540 

Sante  Fe                                          

6  635 

6  185 

5  603 

NEW  YOKK. 

90,758 

94,923 

94,151 

4,586 

4,477 

Amsterdam                  .           

9466 

17  336 

20  929 

21  924 

25  858 

30  345 

3  Oil 

3  527 

3  923 

Batavia                         

4  845 

7221 

9  180 

Bath                                  

3  183 

3  261 

4  994 

17  317 

35  005 

39  647 

Brockport         

4  039 

3  724 

3  398 

Buffalo 

155  134 

255  664 

352  387 

.5  726 

5  868 

6  151 

Canastota    

1  569 

2  774 

3  030 

§at3kill                     

4  320 

4  920 

5  484 

19,416 

22.509 

23  910 

or  ii  ing          

4  802 

8  550 

11  061 

Co"~tland          

4050 

8  590 

9  014 

i 

410         VIRTUE  IS  BOLD,  AND  GOODNESS  NEVER  FEARFUL. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

3.625 

3,758 

3  633 

Depew 

3  379 

Dunkirk  

7.248 

9,416 

11,616 

Elmira 

20,541 

30  893 

35  672 

Fishkill  Landing  

2,503 

3,617 

3,673 

3  521 

Fredonia 

2  692 

3  399 

4  127 

Fulton  

3,941 

4,214 

5,281 

Geneva 

5  878 

7  557 

10  433 

Glens  Falls  

4,900 

9,509 

12,613 

Gloversville  .  .             

7.133 

13  864 

18  349 

Gouverneur  

2,071 

3,458 

3,689 

Green  Island  .           .... 

4  160 

4  463 

4  77O 

Haverstraw 

3  506 

5  070 

5  935 

Hempstead  

2,521 

4  831 

3  582 

Herkimer 

5  555 

Hoosick  Falls  .  .. 

4,530 

7,014 

5,671 

Hornellsville 

8  195 

10  996 

11  918 

Hudson 

8  670 

9  970 

9  528 

Ilion    

3  731 

4  057 

5  138 

Ithaca 

9  105 

11  079 

13  136 

Jamestown  

9  357 

16  038 

22  892 

Johnstown 

5  013 

7  768 

10  13O 

Kingston  

18  344 

21  261 

24  53  1> 

Lancaster  

1  602 

1  692 

3  75O 

Lansingburg  

7,432 

10  550 

12,596 

Leroy   

2  743 

3  144 

Lestershire  

3,111 

Little  Falls  

6  910 

8  783 

10  381 

Lockport   . 

13  522 

16  038 

16  581 

Lyons 

3  820 

4  475 

4  30O 

Malone 

4  193 

4  986 

5  935 

Mamaroneck 

4  722 

Matteawan  .... 

4  411 

4  278 

5  807 

Mechanicsville  

1,265 

2,679 

4.695 

Medina  

3  632 

4  492 

4,716 

Middletown  .      .                                         .. 

8  494 

11  977 

14  522 

Mount  Vernon  

4  586 

10,830 

20,346 

Newark  

2  450 

3  698 

4  578s 

Newburg 

18  049 

23  087 

24  943 

New  Rochelle  

9  057 

14    7'2tr 

Greater  New  York  — 
New  York  

1,206,299 

1,513,501 

1,850,09$ 

Bronx    

200,507 

Brooklyn  .  . 

599  495 

838  547 

1  166  582 

Richmond  

38  991 

51,693 

67;  021 

Queens  •  

90  574 

128  059 

152  999- 

Total  

1  935  359 

2  531  800 

3,437,202. 

Niagara  Falls 

3  320 

5  502 

19  457 

North  Tarry  town  

2  684 

8,179 

4,241 

North  Tonawanda        

1  492 

4  793 

0  06  9> 

Norwich 

6  212 

5  766- 

Nyack  

3  881 

4,111 

4,275 

Ogdensburg  .  .. 

10  341 

11  662 

12  633> 

Olean 

3  036 

7  358 

9  462: 

Oneida  

8,984 

6  083 

G  364 

Oneonta  

4  461 

6  272 

7  147 

Oswego  

21  116 

-  21,842 

<>2.1  99> 

Owego  

6  525 

6  039 

Peekskill... 

6&98 

9.676 

10,358 

SWEET  MERCY  IS  NOBILITY'S  TRUE  BADGE. 


411 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Penn  Yan    . 

3  475 

4  254 

4  65G 

Plattsburg  

5,245 

7,010 

8  434 

Port  Chester  

3,254 

5  274 

7  440 

Port  Jervis 

8  678 

9  327 

9  385 

Potsdam  

2,762 

3,961 

3  843 

Poughkeepsie      .                        .... 

20  207 

22  206 

24  029 

Rensselaer 

7  301 

7  466 

Rochester  

89,366 

133  896 

162  608 

Rome  

*12  194 

14  991 

15  343 

Salamanca 

2  531 

3  692 

4  251 

Sandy  Hill....           ..  . 

2  487 

2  895 

4  473 

Saratoga  Springs 

8  421 

11  975 

12  409 

Saugerties  

3.923 

4,237 

3  697 

Schenectady  . 

13  655 

19  902 

31  682 

Seneca  Falls  

5,880 

6,116 

6  519 

Sing  Sing  ...                   .  .                     . 

6  578 

9  352 

7  939 

Solvay 

563 

3  463 

Syracuse  

51,792 

88,143 

108,374 

Tarrytown 

3  025 

3  562 

4  770 

Tonawanda  

3,864 

7,145 

7  421 

Troy  

56  747 

60  956 

60  651 

Utica   . 

33  914 

44  007 

56  383 

Walden  

1  804 

2  132 

3  147 

\Vappinger's  Falls 

3  718 

3  504 

Warsaw  

1,910 

3,120 

3  048 

Waterford....                .... 

3  146 

"Waterloo 

3  893 

4  350 

4  256 

Watertown  

10,697 

14,725 

21  696 

Watervliet  . 

12  967 

14  321 

Waverly... 

2,767 

4,123 

4  465 

Wellsville... 

2  049 

3  435 

3  556 

Whitehall 

4  270 

4  434 

4  377 

White  Plains  

2  381 

4,042 

7  89& 

Yonkers  

18  892 

32  033 

47  931 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Asheville                   .            . 

2  616 

10,235 

14  694 

Burlington  

817 

1,716 

3,692 

Charlotte  

7  094 

11,557 

18,091 

Concord 

1  264 

4  339 

7  910 

Durham  

2,041 

5,485 

6,679 

1  382 

2  205 

3  046 

Elizabeth  City 

2  315 

3  251 

6  348 

Fayetteville  

3,485 

4.222 

4  670 

Gastonia  

236 

1,033 

4  610 

Goldsboro 

3  286 

4  017 

5  877 

Greensboro 

2  105 

3  317 

10  035 

Henderson  

1,421 

4  191 

3,746 

High  Point 

4  163 

Kinston  

1,216 

1,726  - 

4,106 

Newbern  

6  443 

7  843 

9  090 

Raleigh 

9  265 

12  678 

13  643 

Reidsville           

1  316 

2  969 

3  262 

Salem  

2,716 

3  642 

Salisbury  

2  723 

4418 

6  277 

Statesville                                   -  . 

1  062 

2  318 

3  141 

Washington  

2  462 

3  545 

4  842 

V/ilmington  

17  350 

20  056 

20  976 

Wilson 

1  475 

2  126 

3  525 

Winston 

2  854 

8  018 

10  008 

27  Standard 


412 


THEY  STUMBLE  THAT  RUN  FAST. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Bismarck 

1,758 

2,186 

3  319 

Fargo           

2,693 

5,664 

9  589 

Grand  Forks 

1,705 

4,979 

7  652 

OHIO. 
Akron  

16,512 

27.601 

42,728 

Alliance  

4,636 

7,607 

8  974 

Ashland 

3,004 

3,566 

4  087 

Ashtabula  .        

4,445 

8,338 

12,949 

Athens 

2,457 

2,620 

3  066 

Barberton 

4  354 

Barnesville  .  ...--•. 

2,435 

3,207 

3  721 

Bellaire 

8,025 

9,934 

9  912 

Bellefontaine  

3,998 

4,245 

6,649 

Bellevue 

2,169 

3,052 

4  101 

Bowling  Green  

1,539 

3,467 

5,067 

Bridgeport  

2,395 

3,367 

3  963 

Bryan 

2,952 

3  068 

3  131 

Bucvrus  

3,835 

5,974 

6  560 

Cambridge 

2  883 

4.361 

8  241 

3  470 

5  422 

Canton        .            ... 

12,258 

26,189 

30  667 

Chillicothe 

10  938 

11  288 

12  976 

Cincinnati  

255,139 

296,908 

32,3  902 

Circleville 

6  046 

6  556 

6  991 

Cleveland  

160,146 

261,353 

381  768 

Collinwood 

3  639 

Columbus  

51,647 

88,150 

125  560 

Conneaut  

1,256 

3  241 

7  133 

Coshocton 

3  044 

3  672 

6  473 

Crestline  

2,848 

2,911 

3  282 

Cuyahoga  Falls 

2  294 

2  614 

3  186 

Dayton       

38,678 

61,220 

85  333 

Defiance 

5  907 

^7  694 

7  579 

6  894 

8  224 

7  946 

3  814 

4  516 

4  517 

Dennison 

1  518 

2  925 

3  763 

Kast  Liverpool  

5  568 

10  956 

16  485 

Eaton                   

2  143 

2  934 

3  155 

4  777 

5  611 

8  791 

Findlay  

4  633 

18  553 

17  613 

Fostoria 

3  569 

7  070 

7  730 

Fremont        

8  446 

7  141 

8  439 

Galion 

5  635 

6  326 

7  282 

Gallipolis  

4  400 

4  550 

6  432 

Blenville    

5  588 

reenfield 

2  104 

2  460 

3  979 

Greenville  

3  535 

5  473 

5  501 

Hamilton 

12  122 

17  565 

23  914 

Hillsboro 

3  234 

3  620 

4  535 

Ironton  

8  857 

10  939 

11  868 

Jackson 

3  021 

4  320 

4  672 

Kent  

3  309 

3  501 

4  541 

Kenton 

3  940 

5  557 

6  852 

Lakewood  

3  355 

Lancaster  

6  803 

7  555 

8  991 

Lima                     

7  567 

15  981 

21  723 

Lisbon  

2  278 

3  330 

Logan    

2  666 

3  119 

3'  480 

London         

3  067 

3  313 

3  511 

1.595 

4,863 

16,028 

I  WASTED  TIME  AND  NOW  DOTH  TIME  WASTE  ME. 


413 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Madisonville        ..               

1.274 

2.214 

3,140 

Mansfield 

9,859 

13.473 

17,640 

Marietta 

5  444 

8  273 

13  348 

Marion        

3,899 

8.327 

11,862 

Martin's  Ferry 

8,819 

6.250 

7,760 

Mary  svi  lie  

2,061 

2,810 

3,048 

Massillon              ..      ..                        

6,836 

10,092 

11,944 

Miamisburg 

1,936 

2.952 

3  941 

Middletown  

4,538 

7,681 

9,215 

Mount  Vernon                    

5,249 

6.016 

6,633 

Napoleon 

3  032 

2,764 

3  639 

3  095 

4  558 

5  421 

Newark                                            

9,600 

14.270 

18,157 

5,909 

New  Philadelphia  

3,070 

4.456 

6,213 

Niles                                                 

3  879 

4,289 

7.468 

North  Baltimore 

701 

2  857 

3  561 

Norwalk             

5,704 

7.195 

7.074 

Norwood                                        

4,865 

Oberlin 

3  242 

4  376 

4  082 

Painesville  

3,841 

4.755 

5.024 

Piqua                                            

6  301 

9  090 

12  172 

5  560 

4  726 

4  639 

Portsmouth....        

11,321 

12.394 

17,870 

Ravenna                                                

3  255 

3  417 

4  003 

3  076 

St   Bernard  

1  779 

3,384 

St  Mary 

1  745 

3  000 

5  559 

Salem  

4,041 

5,780 

7  582 

Sandusky    .                                

15  838 

18  471 

19  664 

Shelby 

1  871 

1  977 

4  685 

Sidney  

b,823 

4,903 

5  688 

Springfield        .         .                 .        

20  730 

31  895 

38  253 

Steubenville 

12  093 

13  394 

14  394 

Tiffin 

7  879 

10  801 

10  989 

Toledo     

50  137 

81*434 

131  822 

Toronto 

2  536 

3  526 

Troy 

3  803 

4  494 

5  881 

Uhrichsville  

2  790 

3  842 

4  582 

Upper  Sandusky 

3  540 

3  572 

3  355 

6  252 

6  510 

6  808 

Van  Wert           

4  079 

5  512 

6  423 

Wapakoneta 

2  765 

3  616 

3  915 

\Varren  

-      4428 

5  973 

8  529 

Washington  

3  798 

5  742 

5  751 

\Vellston                                                   .... 

952 

4  377 

8  045 

Wellsville 

3  377 

5  247 

6  146 

"Wilmington  

2  745 

3  079 

3  613 

"\Vooster            t                     ^              .     ... 

5  840 

5  901 

6  063 

15  435 

33  220 

44  885 

Xenia       

7  026 

7  301 

8  696 

Zanesville.  ...         

18  113 

21  009 

23  538 

OKLAHOMA. 
Fl  Reno                    

285 

3  383 

Enid  City  

3,444 

Guthrie        

5.333 

10  006 

Oklahoma  

4  151 

10  037 

3  351 

3  462 

414 


A  PURE  CONSCIENCE  MAY  DEFY  GOSSIP. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

OREGON. 
Albana  . 

143 

3.079 

3.149 

Astoria 

2  803 

6  184 

8  381 

Baker  City  

1,258 

2,604 

6,663 

Eugene 

1  117 

3,958 

3  236 

Oregon  City  

1,263 

3,062 

3,494 

Pendleton.  . 

730 

2,506 

4,406 

Portland  

17,577 

46,385 

90.426 

Salem  

4,258 

The  Dalles  

2,232 

3,029 

3,542 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Allegheny 

78  682 

105  287 

129  896 

Allentown  

18,063 

25,228 

35,416 

Altoona 

19  710 

30  337 

38  973 

Archbald  

3,049 

4,032 

5.396 

Ashland    .  . 

6  052 

7,346 

6.438 

Ashley  _  

2,799 

3,192 

4.046 

Athens  

1  592 

3,274 

3,749 

Avoca 

1  913 

3  031 

3,487 

Bangor  

1  328 

2,509 

4,106 

Beaver  Falls 

5  104 

9  735 

10,054 

Bellefonte  

3,026 

3,946 

4,216 

Bellevue 

915 

1  418 

3,416 

Berwick  

2,095 

2,701 

3,916 

Bethlehem 

5  193 

6,762 

7.293 

Blairsville... 

1,162 

3,126 

3,386 

Blakely        ..             .  . 

871 

2,452 

3,915 

Bloomsburg 

3  702 

4  635 

6  170 

Braddock  

3,310 

8,561 

15,654 

Bradford 

9  197 

10,514 

15  029 

Bridgeport  

1,802 

2,625 

3,097 

Bristol 

5  273 

6  553 

7,104 

Butler  

3,163 

8,733 

10,853 

Carbondale         .                  .            .... 

7  714 

10833 

13,536 

Carlisle 

6  209 

7  620 

9,626 

Carnegie  

7,330 

CatasauQua. 

3  065 

3  704 

3,963 

Chambersburg  
Charlevoi.  ...         .                         .  . 

6,308 

7,863 

8,864 
5,930 

Chester 

14  997 

20  226 

33  988 

Clearfield  

1  809 

2,248 

5,081 

Coatesville. 

2  766 

3  680 

5,721 

Columbia  

8,312 

10,599 

12,316 

Connellsville 

3  609 

5,629 

7,160 

Conshohocken  

4,561 

5,470 

5,762 

Corry  

5  277 

5,677 

6,369 

Coudersport 

1  530 

3,217 

Danville 

8  346 

9  073 

8  042 

Darby  ....         .                       

1  779 

2998 

3,429 

Dickson  City  

838 

3.110 

4,943 

Doylestown  

2  070 

2.519 

3,034 

Dubois   ... 

2  718 

6  149 

9,375 

Dun  more  

5  151 

8.315 

12,583 

DuQuesne  ..           ...        

9,036 

East  Mauch  Chunk 

1  853 

2  772 

3458 

Easton  

11  924 

14,481 

25,238 

Edwardsville  

3  284 

5.165 

Elliott 

3  345 

Erie  

27  737 

40,634 

52,733 

Etna                        •-.                             .    . 

2  334 

3  767 

5,384 

Forest  City 

2  319 

4  279 

THERE  IS  NO  EDUCATION  LIKE  ADVERSITY 


415 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Franklin  

5,010 

6,221 

7,317 

Freeland 

624 

1  730 

5  254 

Gettysburg  

2,814 

3,221 

3,495 

Gilberton  

3  098 

8  687 

4373 

Girardville 

2  730 

3  584 

3'666 

Greensburg  

2,500 

4,204 

6508 

Greenville  

3  007 

3  674 

4814 

Hanover 

2  317 

3  746 

5  302 

Harrisburg  

30  762 

39385 

50  167 

Hazleton  

6  935 

11  872 

14  230 

Homestead  

592 

7,911 

12  554 

Huntingdon  

4  125 

5  729 

6053 

Indiana..  .  . 

1  907 

1  963 

4  142 

Jeanette  

3,296 

5865 

Jersey  Shore 

1  411 

1  853 

3070 

Johnsonburg 

1  280 

8  394 

Johnstown  

8  380 

21  805 

85  936 

Kane  

2  944 

5  296 

Kingston 

1  418 

2  381 

3  846 

Kittanning  * 

2  624 

3  095 

3*902 

Knoxville  

393 

1  723 

3  511 

Lancaster  

25,769 

32  Oil 

41*459 

Lansford  

2  206 

4  004 

4*888 

Latrobe  ... 

1  815 

3  589 

4  614 

Lebanon  

8  778 

14  664 

17*628 

Lehighton  

1  937 

2  959 

4  629 

Lewis  burg  

3  080 

3  248 

3*457 

Lewistown  

3  222 

3  273 

4*451 

Lock  Haven  

5  845 

7  358 

7  210 

Luzerne  

2  398 

3*817 

McKeesport  

8  212 

20  741 

84  227 

McKee's  Rocks  

1  687 

6352 

Mahanoy  City  

7  181 

11  265 

13  504 

Mauch  Chunk  

3  752 

4  091 

4  029 

Meadville  

8  860 

9  520 

10*291 

Mechanicsburg.  .  . 

3  018 

3  6JBO 

3*841 

Media  

1  919 

2  735 

3  075 

Meyer  sdale  

1  423 

1  847 

3  024 

Middletown..  . 

3  351 

5  080 

5  608 

Millville  

1  824 

3  809 

6  736 

Milton  

2  102 

5  317 

6*175 

Minersville  

3  249 

3  504 

4  815 

Monongahela  

2  904 

4  096 

5*173 

Mount  Carmel  

2  378 

8  254 

13  179 

Mount  Pleasant  

1  197 

3  652 

4  745 

Nanticoke  

3  884 

10  044 

12  116 

New  Brighton  

3  653 

5  616 

6  820 

Newcastle  

8  418 

11  600 

28  339 

New  Kensington  

4  665 

Norristown  

13  063 

19  791 

22  265 

North  Braddock  

6  535 

Oil  City  

7  315 

10  932 

13  364 

Old  Forge  

5  630 

Olyphant  

2  094 

4  083 

6  180 

Philadelphia  

847  170 

1  046  964 

1  293  697 

Philipsburg  

1  779 

3  245 

3  266 

Phoenixville  

6  682 

8  514 

9  196 

Pittsburg  

156  389 

238  617 

321  616 

Pittston  

7  472 

10  302 

12  556 

Plymouth  

6  065 

9  344 

13  649 

Pottstown  

5  305 

13  285 

13  696 

416 


PLEASURE  SHOULD  FOLLOW  BUSINESS. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Pottsville 

13.253 
674 
1.769 

14.117 
2,792 
2,169 

15,710 
4.375 
3,014 
3,775 
78.961 
4.082 
3.435 
3,515 
4,688 
4,638 
4,295 
5,243 
3,654 
4,261 
102.026 
3,568 
18,202 
8,916 
6,842 
20,321 
3,228 
3.773 
13.241 
3.328 
12,086 
3,450 
9,810 
3.813 
7,267 
5,472 
4.215 
8,244 
4.663 
3,262 
5,847 
3,104 
7,344 
8,043 
7,670 
5,396 
3.465 
9,524 
5,846 
51,721 
11,886 
28,757 
4,179 
3.425 
33,708 

6,901 
6,317 
18,167 
5,279 
13,343 
8,925 
12,138 
4,305 
8.937 
22.034 

Punxsutawney  

Quaker  town 

Rank  in  .... 

Reading    ... 

43,278 
3,708 
1,410 
1,100 
2,552 
4,149 
1.501 

58.661 
4.154 
2,789 
1,903 
3,649 
3,680 
1.745 

Renovo 

Reynoldsville  

Ridgway  .  . 

Rochester 

St  Clair  .  . 

St  Mary...  . 

Sayre  

Schuylkill  Haven 

3,052 
1,275 
45,850 
2,053 
8,184 
5,684 
3,466 
10.147 
2,213 
1,634 
4.925 

3,088 
2.693 
75,215 
2,776 
14.403 
7.459 
4,898 
15.944 
2,188 
2,716 
10,302 
2,900 
9,250 
2.419 
5,930 
3,872 
6,054 
4,627 

Scottdale 

Scranton    

Sewickley 

Shamokin  .... 

Sharon 

Sharpsburg 

Shenandoah  

Shippensburg 

Slatington  

South  Bethlehem 

South  Williamsport  

Steelton    

2,447 
1.860 
4,077 
3,467 
5,730 
1,245 

Stroudsburg 

Sunbury  

SusQuehanna  Depot 

TamaQua  

Tarentum  

Taylor  

Titusville  

9.045 
3,814 

8,073 
4,169 

Towanda 

Turtle  Creek  

Tyrone  

2,678 
2,171 
3,265 
2.810 
4,292 
1,888 
1,414 
7,046 
2,544 
23.339 
1.529 
18.934 

4.705 
2.261 
6,359 
.      4,333 
7,063 
3,811 
2,759 
8,028 
3,906 
37.718 
4.662 
27.132 
419 
1,797 
20,793 

5.478 
5.492 

Uniontown       .      ... 

\Varren 

\Vashington  

Waynesboro 

West  Bethlehem  

West  Chester  ... 

West  Pittston 

^Vilkesbarre  

Wilkinsburg 

\Villiamsport  

Wilmerding  

Winton... 

905 
13.940 

6.028 
5.714 

York  

RHODE  ISLAND. 
Bristol  

Burrillville  '.  

Central  Falls  

Coventry 

4,519 
5.940 
6.445 
5,056 
5,765 
13.765 
15.693 

5.068 
8,099 
8,090 
8,422 
9.778 
20.355 
19.457 

Cranston  

Cumberland  ... 

East  Providence 

Johnston     

Lincoln 

Newport  

WHOEVER  IS  CONTENTED,  HE  IS  RICH. 


417 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

North  Kingstown 

3  949 

4,193 

4  194 

North  Providence 

1  467 

2  084 

3  016 

Pawtucket  

19  030 

27,633 

39  231 

Providence  .... 

104  857 

132  146 

175  597 

Scituate   •          . 

3  810  " 

3  174 

3  361 

South  Kingstown     

5  114 

4,823 

4  972 

\Varren  

4  007 

4  489 

5  108 

Warwick 

12  164 

17  761 

21  316 

Westerly  .  ... 

6  104 

6  813 

7  541 

Woonsocket 

16  050 

20  830 

28  204 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Abbeville 

1  543 

1  696 

3  766 

Aiken  

1  817 

2,362 

3  414 

Anderson  

1  850 

3  018 

5  498 

Beaufort 

2  549 

3  587 

4  110 

Charleston  

49  984 

54  955 

55  807 

Chester 

1  899 

2  703 

4  075 

Columbia  

10  036 

15  353 

21  1O8 

Darlington  .     ^ 

940 

2  389 

3  028 

Florence  

1  914 

3  395 

4  647 

Gaffney  

400 

1  631 

3  937 

Georgetown  

2  557 

2  895 

4  138 

Greenville 

6  160 

8  607 

-11  860 

Greenwood  

745 

1  326 

4  824 

Laurens  

752 

2  245 

4  029 

Newbury  

2  342 

3  020 

4  607 

Orangeburg... 

2  140 

2  964 

4  455 

Rock  Hill 

809 

2  745 

5  485 

Spartanburg  

3  253 

5  544 

11  395 

Sumter  

2  Oil 

3  865 

5  673 

Union  .... 

)1  267 

1  609 

5  400 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 
Aberdeen  

3  182 

4  087 

Deadwood  

2,366 

3498 

Lead  City... 

1  437 

2  581 

6  210 

Mitchell  

2  217 

4  055 

Sioux  F'alls  .  . 

2  J.64 

10  177 

10  266 

Watertown  

'746 

2  672 

3  352 

Yankton  

3  431 

3  670 

4  125 

TENNESSEE. 
Bristol  

1  647 

3  324 

5  271 

Chattanooga  

12  892 

29  100 

30  154 

Clarksville  ... 

3  880 

7  924 

9  431 

Cleveland  

1  874 

2  863 

3  858 

Columbia 

3  400 

5  370 

6  052 

Dyersburg  

1  010 

2  009 

8  647 

Harriman  

716 

3  442 

Jackson  

5  377 

10  039 

14  511 

Johnson  City  

685 

4  161 

4  645 

Knoxville  

9  693 

22  535 

32  637 

Memphis    .  . 

33  592 

64  495 

102  320 

Murfreesboro 

3  800 

3  638 

3  999 

Nashville  

43  350 

76  168 

80  865 

1  879 

3  441 

3  407 

TEXAS. 
\bilene  '  

3  194 

3  411 

Austin         

11  013 

14  575 

22  258 

Beaumont  

3  296 

9  427 

Beiton  

1  797 

3  000 

3  700 

„ 

418 


NOT  FAILURE,  BUT  LOW  AIM  IS  CHIME. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Benham.  . 

1  880 

3  361 

5  042 

Brenham  

4,101 

5,209 

5  968 

Brownsville  

4  938 

6  134 

6  305 

Brown  wood 

725 

2  176 

3  965 

Bryan  

2  979 

3  589 

Calvert  

2  280 

2  632 

3  322 

Cameron 

441 

1  608 

3  341 

Celburne  

3  278 

7  493 

Corpus  Christi 

3  257 

4  387 

4  703 

Corsicana  

3,373 

6  285 

9  313 

Cuero  .  . 

1  333 

2  442 

3  422 

Dallas 

10  358 

38  067 

42  638 

Denison  

3  975 

10  958 

11  807 

Denton  . 

1  194 

2  558 

4  187 

El  Paso  

736 

10  338 

15  906 

Ennis  

1  351 

2  171 

4  919 

Fort  Worth 

6  663 

20  076 

26  688 

Gainesville  

2  667 

6  594 

7  874 

Galveston 

22  248 

29  084 

37  789 

Gonzales  

1  581 

1  641 

4  297 

Greenville.  . 

4  330 

6  860 

Hillsboro  

2  541 

5  346 

Houston  

16  513 

27  557 

44  633 

Laredo 

3  521 

11  319 

13  429 

Longview  

1  525 

2  034 

3  691 

McKinney 

1  479 

2  489 

4  342 

Marlin... 

2  058 

3  092 

Marshall..     .. 

5  624 

7  207 

7  855 

Navasota 

1  611 

2  997 

3  857 

Oak  Cliff  

2  470 

3  630 

Orange  

3  173 

3  835 

Palestine  

2  9£7 

5  834 

8  297 

Paris 

3  980 

8  254 

9  358 

San  Antonio  

20  550 

37  673 

53  321 

fherman 

6  093 

7  335 

10  243 

ulphur  Springs  

1  854 

3  038 

3  685 

Taylor  

2  584 

4  211 

Temple 

4  047 

7  065 

Terrell  

2  003 

2  988 

6  330 

Texarkana  

1  833 

2  852 

5  256 

Tyler  

2  423 

6  908 

8  069 

Victoria  

3  046 

4  010 

Waco 

7  295 

14  445 

20  686 

Waxahachie  

1  354 

3  076 

4  215 

Weatherford  

2  046 

3  369 

4  786 

Yoakum  

1  745 

3  499 

UTAH. 
Eureka  

122 

1  733 

3  085 

Logan 

3  396 

4  565 

5  451 

Ogden  

6  069 

14  889 

16  313 

Park  

1  542 

2  850 

3  759 

Provo 

3  432 

5  159 

6  185 

SaltLakeCity  

20  768 

44  843 

53  531 

Springville    .  .. 

2  312 

2  849 

3  422 

VERMONT. 
Barre  

2  060 

4  146 

8  448 

Bellows  Falls  

2  229 

3  090 

4  337 

6  333 

6  371 

5  656 

5  880 

5  467 

5  297 

Burlington  

11  365 

14  590 

18  640 

THOSE  CAN  CONQUER  WHO  THINK  THEY  CAN. 


419 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Colchester  

4,421 

5,143 

5,352 

Montpelier  

3,219 

4,160 

6  266 

Rutland          .                                   .... 

12,149 

11,759 

11  499 

St  Albans 

7  193 

7  771 

6  239 

St.  Johnsbury  

£,800 

3,857 

5  666 

\Vinooski  

3  659 

3  783 

VIRGINIA. 

Alexandria.. 

13,659 

14,*339 

14  528 

Berkley 

3  899 

4  988 

Bristol  

1,562 

2,902 

4  579 

Charlottesville 

2  676 

5  591 

6  449 

Clifton  Forge 

1  792 

3  212 

Danville  

7,526 

10.305 

16  520 

Fredericksburg 

5  010 

4  528 

5  068 

Hampton 

2  684 

2  513 

3  441 

Harrisonburg  

2,831 

2  792 

3  521 

Lexington 

2  771 

3  059 

3  203 

Lynchburg  

15,959 

19,709 

18  891 

Manchester  

5  729 

9  246 

9  715 

Newport  News 

4  449 

19  635 

Norfolk  

21,966 

34,871 

46  624 

Petersburg  ...  .           

21  656 

22  680 

21  810 

Portsmouth 

11  390 

13  268 

17  427 

Radford  

2  060 

3  344 

Richmond  

63  600 

81  338 

85  050 

Roanoke 

669 

16  129 

21  495 

Salem  

1,759 

3  279 

3  412 

Staunton  

6  664 

6  975 

7  289 

Suffolk 

1  963 

3  354 

3  827 

^^inchester  

4  958 

5  196 

5  161 

Wytheville  

1  885 

2  570 

3  003 

WASHINGTON. 

Aberdeen 

1  638 

3  747 

Bal  lard  

1  173 

4  568 

Everett         .      .  .           .         

7  838 

Fairhaven 

4  076 

4  228 

New  Whatcom  

6  834 

North  Yakima 

1  535 

3  154 

Olympia 

1  232 

4  698 

4  082 

Port  Townsend  

917 

4  558 

3  443 

Seattle 

3  533 

42  837 

80  671 

Spokane 

350 

19  922 

36  848 

Xacoma  .  .  .         

1,098 

36  006 

87  711 

Vancouver 

1  722 

3  545 

4  006 

Walla  Walla 

3  588 

4  709 

10  049 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

2  934 

4  511 

Bluefield  .                         

1  775 

4  644 

Charleston 

4  192 

6  734 

11  099 

2  307 

3  008 

4  050 

'900 

1  027 

5  655 

Graf  ton 

3  030 

3  159 

5  650 

Hinton 

879 

2  570 

3  763 

Huntington      

3,174 

10  084 

11  923 

Martinsburg                                

6,335 

7  207 

7  564 

1  774  • 

2  688 

5  352 

Parkersburtr  .  .  . 

6,582 

8  389 

11  703 

Wheeling        ..     '.  

30,737 

34'  522 

38  878 

420 


FACTS  AND  FIGURES  ARE  STUBBORN  THINGS. 


CITIES. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

WISCONSIN. 
Antigo  City  

4.424 

5,145 

Appleton.  .  . 

8  005 

11  869 

15  085 

Ashland  

951 

9,956 

13.074 

Baraboo  

4,594 

4,605 

5  751 

Beaver  Dam  

3,416 

4,222 

5.128 

Beloit  ..  .. 

4,790 

6,315 

10  436 

Berlin  .... 

3  353 

4  149 

4  489 

Chippewa  Falls  

3,982 

8,670 

8  094 

Depere  

1  954 

3  625 

4  038 

Eau  Claire  .  .. 

10.119 

17.415 

17,517 

Fond,  du  Lac  

13  094 

12  024 

15  110 

Fort  Atkinson  

1,969 

2,283 

3,043 

Greater  Grand  Rapids 

1,350 

1,702 

4  493 

Green  Bay  

7,464 

9,069 

18,684 

Hudson  

2,298 

2,885 

3  259 

Janesville  

9  018 

10  836 

13  185 

FCaukauna  

2,235 

4,667 

5  115 

Kenosha     

5  039 

6  532 

11  606 

La  Crosse  

14,505 

25,090 

28,895 

Madison  

10  324 

13  426 

19  164 

Manitowoc  

6,367 

7,710 

11,786 

Marinette.... 

5  412 

11,523 

16  195 

Marshfield  

2  044 

3  450 

5  240 

Menasha  

4,581 

5,589 

Menominee  

4  177 

5  491 

5  655 

Merrill  

6,809 

8  587 

Milwaukee  

115  587 

204  468 

285  315 

Monroe  

448 

3,768 

3,927 

Neenah  .  .. 

4,202 

5  083 

5  954 

Oconto  

4  171 

5  219 

5  646 

Oshkosh  

15.748 

22  836 

28,284 

Platteville  

2  740 

3  340 

Portage  

4.346 

5,143 

5,459 

Port  Washington..  .  . 

2  604 

1  659 

3  010 

Prairie  du  Chien  v.  

3,131 

3,233 

Racine  

16  031 

21  014 

29  102 

Rhine  lander  

1  542 

2  658 

4  998 

RiceLake  

454 

2,130 

3  002 

Ripon,  

3  117 

3  358 

3  818 

Sheboygan  .  .  . 

7  314 

16  359 

22  962 

South  Milwaukee  

3  892 

Sparta  .  .. 

2  387 

2  795 

3  555 

Stevens'  Point  

4,449 

7  896 

9  524 

ttoughton  .... 

2  470 

3  431 

turgeon  Bay  

1,199 

2  195 

3  372 

Superior         ....            

11  983 

81  091 

Two  Rivers       .  . 

2  052 

2  870 

8  784 

Watertown  '              

7,883 

8  755 

8  437 

M^aukesha  .... 

4  613 

6  321 

7  419 

Waupun  

2,313 

2  757 

3  185 

\Vausau  

4  277 

9  253 

12  354 

Whitewater  .    . 

3  617 

4  359 

3  405 

WYOMING. 
Cheyenne  

11  690 

14087 

Laramie  

6  388 

8  207 

Rock  Springs  ... 

8  406 

4  363 

iS  PLENTY  MADE  HIM  POOR. 


STATES  OP  THE  UNION. 

Governors'  Terms  and  Salaries,  Areas,  Dates  of  Admission,  Thirteen 
Original  States,  Population  in  1890  and  1900,  and  Electoral  Votes. 


States  and  Territor's. 

Gov'raVs 
Term  and 
Salary. 

Area 
Square 

Miles. 

When 
Ad- 
mitted. 

Popula- 
tion in 

1890. 

Popula- 
tion in 
1900. 

El 
VoJ 

1900 

3C. 
-68. 

1904 

Alabama  

1* 

4 

2 

2 
4 
4 
2 
2 
4 
4 
2 
2 
4 
4 
2 
4 
1 
2 
2 
4 
4 
4 
2 
4 
2 
3 
2 
4 
2 
2 
4 
4 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
5 
2 

$3,500 
3,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4,000 
2,000 
3,500 
3,000 
3,000 
6,000 
5,000 
3,000 
3,000 
6,500 
4,000 
2,500 
4,500 
8,000 
4,000 
5,000 
4,000 
5,000 
5,000 
2,500 
4,000 
2,000 
10,000 
10,000 
3,000 
3,000 
8,000 
1,500 
10,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,500 
4,000 
4,000 
2,000 
1.500 
5,000 
4,000 
2,700 
5,000 
2,500 
3,000 
2,600 

50,540 
53,045 
158,360 
103,645 
4,990 
2,050 
58,680 
59,475 
84,800 
56,650 
86,350 
56,025 
82,080 
40,400 
48,720 
83,040 
12,210 
8,315 
58,915 
83,365 
46,810 
68,735 
146,080 
77,510 
110,700 
9,305 
7,815 
49,170 
52,250 
70,795 
41,060 
96,030 
45,215 
1,250 
80,570 
77,680 
42,050 
265,780 
84,900 
9,565 
42,450 
69,180 
24,780 
56,040 
97,890 
531,410 
113,020 
70 
81,400 
122,580 
89,030 

1819 
1836 
1850 

1876 
*1788 
*1788 
1845 
*1788 
1890 
1818 
1816 
1846 
1861 
1792 
1812 
1820 
*1788 
*1788 
1837 
1858 
1817 
1821 
1889 
1867 
1864 
*1788 
*1787 
*1788 
*1789 
1889 
1802 
1859 
*1787 
*1790 
*1788 
1889 
1796 
1845 
1896 
1791 
*1788 
1889 
1863 
1848 
1890 

1,513,017 
1128,179 
1,208,130 
412,198 
746,258 
168,493 
391,422 
1,837,353 
84,385 
3,826,351 
2,192,404 
1,911,896 
1,427,096 
1,858,635 
1,118,587 
661,086 
1,042,390 
2,238,943 
2,093,889 
1,301,826 
1,289,600 
2,679,184 
132,159 
1,058,910 
45,761 
376.560 
1,444,933 
5,997,853 
1,617,947 
182,719 
3,672.316 
313,767 
5,258,014 
345,506 
1,151,149 
328,808 
1,767,518 
2,235,523 
207,905 
332,422 
1,655,980 
349,390 
762,794 
1,686,880 
60,705 
32,052 
59,620 
230,392 
180,182 
153,593 
61,834 
89,990 

1,828,697 
1,311,564 
1,485,053 
539,700 
908  355 
184,735 
528,542 
2,216,331 
161,772 
4,821,550 
2,516,462 
2,231,853 
1,470,495 
2,147,174 
1,381,625 
694,466 
1,190,050 
2,805,346' 
2,420,982 
1,751,394 
1,551,270 
8,106.665 
243,329 
1,068,539 
42,335 
411,588 
1,883,669 
7,268,012 
1,893,810 
819,146 
4,157,545 
413,536 
6,302,115 
428,556 
1,840,316 
401,570 
2,020,616 
3,048,710 
276,749 
343,641 
1,854,184 
518,103 
958,800 
2,069,042 
95,531 
63.441 
122,931 
278,718 
391,960 
195,310 
898,245 
154,001 

11 
8 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
13 
3 
24 
15 
13 
10 
13 
8 
6 
8 
15 
14 
9 
9 
17 
8 
8 
8 
4 
10 
86 
11 
3 
23 

82 
4 
9 
4 
12 
15 
3 
4 
12 
4 
6 
12 
3 

11 

9 
10 
5 
7 
8 
5 
18 
8 
27 
15 
18 
10 
13 

y 

6 
8 
16 
14 
11 
10 
18 
3 
8 
3 

12 
39 
12 
4 
23 
4 
34 
4 
9 
4 
12 
18 
3 
4 
12 
5 
7 
13 
3 

Arkansas  . 

California        • 

Connecticut     

Delaware 

Florida  

Georgia  

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana  

Iowa              

Maryland 

Massachusetts  

Michigan    

Missouri       

Nebraska 

Nevada     

New  Hampshire    .... 

New  York  

North  Carolina,  

North  Dakota    ...    . 

Ohio 

Oregon       

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota     .  . 

Tennessee  

Texan  .  ;  

Utah      .          .    . 

Vermont  ,  

Washington  

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin 

Alaska  

Arizona      .        

District  of  Columbia. 

New  Mexico      

4 
4 

2,600 
2,600 

Hawaii                        . 

Total  



3,557,010 



62,824,504 

76,218,129 

447 

470 

*Datea  of  ratifying  constitution  of  original  thirteen  states. 

NOTE.— All  have  biennial  sessions  of  legislature  except  Georgia,  Massachusetts,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  York,  Rhode  Island  and  South  Carolina,  where  they  are  held  annually. 

NOTE. — A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  in  190fi  adm'tting  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory 
as  one  state  subject  to  the  will  of  a  majority  iu  those  territories. 


422 


SUCCESS  IS  OFTEN  A  CAUSE  OF  FAILURE. 


BUSINESS  ABBREVIATIONS. 


Acct Account. 

Advtg  Advertising. 

Agmt Agreement. 

Agt Agent. 

Ami Amount. 

Art Article. 

Atty Attorney. 

£.OT  Bk Bank. 

Bal Balance. 

Bbl Barrel. 

R  B         Bill-book  or 

Bank-book. 

B.  Ex Bill  of  Exchange. 

B.  P.  or  Bills  Pay. Bills  Payable. 

B.  R.  or  Bills  Rec.  Bills  Receivable. 
Bo't Bought. 

Bu  Bushel. 

C.  C7or? Cent. 

Cash Cashier. 

C.  B Cash  Book. 

Cer Certificate. 

Chgd Charged. 

Ck Check. 

Co Company. 

C/Q    InCareof.       [ery. 

C.  O.  D Collect  on  Deliv- 

Com Commission. 

Con.  or  Const Consignment. 

Cr Creditor. 

Cwt Hundredweight. 

j7»  B Day  Book. 

Dep.  B DepositBook. 

Dft Draft. 

Dis Discount. 

Do.  or  do (Ditto)  The  same. 

Doz Dozen. 

Dr Debtor. 

Ds  or  ds Days. 

ea  Each. 

E.  E Errors  excepted. 

e.  g For  example. 

E.&O.E Errors  and  omis- 
sions excepted. 

Ex.  or  Sxch Exchan  ge. 

Exp Expense. 

fav Favor. 

F.  B.  E Foreign  Bill  of 

Exchange. 

fi.fa Cause  it  to  be 

done.  A  writ  of 
execution. 

F.  O.  B Free  on  board. 

For'd Forward. 

Frt Freight. 

Ft  or  ft Footer  Feet. 

Gal Gallon. 

Ouar Guarantee. 

Hdkf  Handkerchief. 

Hhd. Hogshead. 

Hund Hundred. 

I.  or  Inv Invoice. 

J.  B Invoice  Book. 

i.  e That  is. 

Int Insurance. 


inst (Instant)  The 

present  month. 

Insol Insolvency. 

Int Interest. 

Invt Inventory. 

J.  or  Jour ,  —  Journal. 

J.P Journal 

L.  B Letter 

Ibs Pounds. 

L.  F Ledger  Folio. 

Mdse Merchandise. 

Mem.  or  memo  —  Memorandum, 

Mols Molasses. 

Nat National. 

N.  B (NotaBene)Take 

Notice. 

Net Without  deduc- 
tion. 

O.  I.  B Outward  Invoice 

P.  orp Page.          [Book. 

Payt Payment. 

PCS Pieces. 

Pd Paid. 

Pkg Package. 

Per.  or  pr By  the. 

per  ct (Per  centum)  By 

the  hundred. 

P.&L Profit  and  Loss. 

P.  O.  D Pay  on  Delivery. 

Pr Pair. 

Prem Premium. 

prox (Proximo)  The 

next  month. 

P.  C.  B Petty  Cash  Book. 

Reed Received. 

R.R Railroad. 

S.  B Sales  Book. 

8.  8 Steamship. 

Shipt Shipment. 

83 Sworn  Statement. 

St.  Dft Sight  Draft. 

Stg Sterling. 

Sunds Sundries. 

Tr.  or  Trans Transaction. 

ult ( Ultimo)  The  last 

month. 

viz (Videlicet)  To  wit ; 

namely. 

vol Volume. 

vs (Versus)  Against. 

Yds Yards. 

$ Dollar, 

tf  Cents. 

£ Pounds  Sterling. 

d Pence. 

@ At,  or  to. 

*  Percent. 

<% Account. 

*r. (Ditto)  The  same. 

$ Number. 

V Check  Mark. 

li One  and  1  fourth. 

12 One  and  2  fourths. 

la One  and  3  fourths. 


THE  PROSPERITY  OF  GOOLS  SHALL  DESTROY  THEM.       423 

BUSINESS  DICTIONARY. 


Abatement.— A  discount  allowed 
for  damage  or  overcharge,  or  for 
the  payment  of  a  bill  before  it  is 
due. 

Acceptance.  — An  assent  and  en- 
gagement to  pay  a  bill  or  draft 
when  due. 

Acceptance  for  Honor.— An  ac- 
ceptance made  after  a  bill  has  been 
protested  for  non-acceptance,  for 
the  honor  of  the  drawer  or  any  in- 
dorser. 

Accommodation  Paper.— A  bill  or 
note  to  which  a  party  has  put  his 
name  to  accommodate  another, 
who  is  to  provide  payment  when 
due. 

Account.— A  written  or  printed  state- 
ment of  debits  and  credits  in  any 
business  transaction. 

Account  Current.— A  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  transactions  between 
parties  for  a  certain  period,  show- 
ing the  condition  of  affairs  at  the 
current  or  present  time. 

Account  Sales. -A  detailed  state- 
ment of  a  commission  merchant  to 
his  principal,  showing  his  sales,  the 
expenses  attending  the  same,  and 
the  net  proceeds. 

Accountant.— A  person  trained  to 
keep  accounts.  • 

Accrued.— Increase,  or  interest  due 
and  unpaid. 

Acknowledgment.  —  A  formal  ad- 
mission made  before  an  officer. 

Actionaire.— The  owner  of  shares  in 
a  stock  company,  a  stockholder. 

Actuary.— A  registrar  or  clerk.  Gen- 
erally applied  to  the  manager  of  a 
life  insurance  company. 

Administrator.— A  person  appoint- 
ed to  settle  the  estate  of  a  testator, 
or  to  manage  an  intestate  estate. 

Admiralty.— The  power  that  con- 
trols naval  affairs  in  Great  Britain. 
—Courts  of  Admiralty.— A  court 
which  decides  questions  of  mari- 
time justice. 

Adulteration.— The  debasing  of  an 
article  or  substance  by  spurious  or 
lees  valuable  admixture. 

Ad  valorem.— According  to  value. 

Advance.— A  rise  in  price,  addi- 
tional profits,  stocks  above  par. 

Adventure.— Goods  sent  to  sea  at 
the  owner's  risk,  a  speculation. 

Adventure  in  Co.— Goods  sent  to  be 
sold  on  joint  account  of  shippers 
and  consignee. 

Advice.  —  Admonition,  or  sugges- 
tion^ offered,  usually  in  regard  to 
buying  and  selling  goods. 


Affidavit.  —  A  written  statement 
made  upon  oath. 

Affreight.— To  hire,  as  a  ship,  for 
transporting  freight. 

Agent.— One  intrusted  with  the  busi- 
ness of  another,  a  deputy  or  factor. 

Agio.— A  term  used  to  denote  the 
difference  between  the  real  and 
nominal  value  of  money. 

Allonge.— A  paper  attached  to  a  bill 
of  exchange  when  there  are  too 
many  endorsements  to  be  contained 
on  the  bill  itself. 

Allowance— A  deduction  made,  fcn 
instance,  from  the  gross  weight  of 
goods. 

Ambassador.— A  minister  employed 
by  one  government  to  represent  it 
at  the  court  of  another. 

Anker.— A  common  liquid  measure, 
varying,  in  different  European 
countries,  from  nine  to  ten  gallons, 

Antal. — A  wine  measure  of  Hungary, 
holding  about  thirteen  and  a  half 
gallons. 

Anticipate.— To  be  before  in  doing, 
or  pay  before  due. 

Appraise.— To  set  a  value  on  goods 
or  property. 

Appurtenance.  —  Adjunct  or  ap- 
pendage 

Arbitration.— The  hearing  and  de- 
cision of  a  cause  between  parties  in 
controversy,  by  chosen  persons. 

Arbitration  of  Exchange.  —  The 
deduction  of  a  proportional  or  ar- 
bitrated rate  of  exchange  between 
two  places  through  an  intermediate 
place,  to  ascertain  the  most  advan- 
tageous method  of  drawing  or  re- 
mitting. 

Arrear.— That  which  remains  un- 
paid though  due. 

Assay.— To  subject  an  ore  to  chemi- 
cal examination  to  find  the  amount 
of  any  metal  contained  in  it. 

Assess. — To  fix  a  certain  value  for 
the  purpose  of  taxation. 

Assets.— The  entire  property  of  an 
individual  or  company. 

Assignee.— One  to  whom  something 
is  assigned,  usually  one  who  re- 
ceives property  to  dispose  of  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors. 

Assignor.— One  who  assigns  an  in- 
terest to  another. 

Assignment.— Placing  property  into 
the  hands  of  assignees. 

Association.— The  union  of  a  num- 
ber oi  persons  for  some  special 
aim. 

Assume— To  take  on  another's  debts. 

Attachment. --A  seizure  by  virtue  of 
a  legal  process. 


424 


A  WELL  LIGHTED  LAMP  MUST  BE  KEPT  FILLED. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


Attest. — To  bear  witness,  to  certify. 

Attorney  (Power  of).— A  written 
authority  from  one  person  empow- 
ering another  to  act  for  him. 

Attorney  in  Fact.— An  agent  with 
full  power. 

Auctioneer.— One  who  sells  goods  at 
a  public  sale. 

Auditor. — A  person  appointed  to  ex- 
amine and  settle  accounts. 

Avails.  —  Profits  of  property  dis- 
posed of,  proceeds  of  goods  sold. 

Average.— A  proportional  share  of  a 
general  loss ;  also,  a  mean  time  of 

Sayment  for  several  debts  due  at 
ifferent  times. 

Avoirdupois.  —  Commercial  stand- 
ard of  weight  in  United  States  and 
England. 


Bail.— The  security  given  for  releas- 
ing a  person  from  custody. 

Bailee. — The  person  to  whom  goods 
are  entrusted. 

Bailor.— One  who  furnishes  goods  to 
another. 

Bailment.— A  delivery  of  goods  in 
trust. 

Balance.— The  excess  on  one  side; 
or  what  added  to  the  other  makes 
equality  in  an  account. 

Balance  Sheet.— A  statement  in 
condensed  form  showing  the  con- 
dition and  progress  of  business. 

Ballast.  —  Any  heavy  material 
placed  in  the  hold  of  a  ship  to 
steady  it  in  the  water. 

Ballot. — A  Swedish  term  signifying 
ten  reams  of  paper;  used  also  to 
designate  a  small  bale  or  package. 

Balsa.— A  kind  of  float  or  raft  used 
on  the  coast  of  South  America  for 
landing  goods  through  a  heavy 
surf. 

Banco.— A  commercial  term  used  in 
Hamburg  to  distinguish  bank 
money  from  common  currency. 

Banking.— The  business  of  a  banker, 
or  pertaining  to  a  bank. 

Bankrupt.— An  insolvent,  one  who 
is  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

Bank  Stock.— Shares  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  bank. 

Barratry^ — An  intentional  breach  of 
trust,  particularly  any  fraud  by 
the  master  of  a  ship. 

Barque.— A  three-masted  vessel  car- 
rying no  square  sails  on  her  miz- 
zen  mast. 

Bazaar.— A  word  of  Eastern  usage, 
signifying  a  place  of  exchange  or 
general  market  place,  a  repository 
of  fancy  articles  —  especially  of 
dress. 


Beacon.— A  signal  or  light  for  th'> 
guid ance  of  mariners;  usually 
erected  and  sustained  by  the  gov- 
ernment. 

Bidder. -One  who  bids  or  offers  a 
price. 

Bill.— A  name  given  to  statements 
in  writing;  as  goods;  a  note;  a 
draft;  a  law  not  enacted;  exhibi- 
tion of  charges. 

Bill  Of  Exchange.— A  bill  ordering 
one  party  to  pay  another  a  certain 
sum  of  money. 

Bill  of  Lading.— Written  statement 
of  goods  shipped  with  terms  of 
delivery. 

Bill  of  Parcels.— A  detailed  account 
of  goods  sold. 

Bill  Of  Sale.— A  formal  instrument 
for  the  transfer  of  goods  and  chat- 
tels. 

Bills  Payable.-Notes  to  be  paid  by 
a  party. 

Bills  Receivable.— Notes  to  be  paid 
to  a  party. 

Board  of  Trade.— An  association  of 
business  men  for  the  advancement 
of  commercial  interests. 

Bona  Fide.— In  good  faith,  in 
reality. 

Bond.— A  writing,  under  seal,  bind- 
ing a  person  and  his  heirs  to  fulfill 
certain  obligations. 

Bonded  Goods.— Goods  in  charge  of 
the  officers  of  customs  for  the  du- 
ties on  which  bonds  are  given  at 
the  custom  house. 

Bonds.— A  premium  or  extra  sum 
paid  for  a  loan,  a  charter  or  other 
privilege. 

Book-Debt. — An  entry  or  charge  on 
a  ledger;  called  also  an  open  ac- 
count, in  contradistinction  to  a 
written  promise  or  note. 

Bottomry.— A  contract  by  which  the 
owner  of  a  ship  pledges  it  as  se- 
curity for  money  loaned  him. 

Bottomry  Bond.  —  A  bond  given 
upon  a  ship  to  secure  the  repay- 
ment of  money  borrowed. 

Breakage.— An  allowance  made  by 
the  shipper  or  seller  on  certain  de- 
scriptions of  fragile  goods. 

Breach.— Violation  of  an  agreement 
in  contracts. 

Breadstuff's.  —  Material  for  bread, 
grain,  meal  or  flour. 

Brief.— A  paper  containing  the  lead- 
ing points  in  a  lawyer's  argument. 

Broker.— A  person  who  transacts 
business  for  another,  commonly  in 
stocks,  money,  etc.,  using  the  nam^ 
of  his  principal. 

Brokerage.— The  fee  charged,  for 
transacting  business  by  a  broker 


MOXEY  OFTEN  MAKES  THE  MARE— BUN  AWAY  WITH  YOU.  425 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY-Continued. 


Bulls  and  Bears.— Persons  engaged 
in  the  gambling  transactions  of  the 
stock  exchange.  The  bulls  are 
personally  interested  in  tossing  up 
the  prices  of  certain  goods  while 
the  bears  are  fighting  to  pull  down 
prices. 

Bullion.— A  commercial  name  for 
uncoined  gold  or  silver. 


Capital.— The  stock  employed  In 
trade;  the  fruit  of  past  labors 
saved. 

Capital  Stock.— Capital  of  an  incor- 
porated company. 

Carat. — An  imaginary  weight  that 
expresses  the  fineness  of  gold. 

SargO.— A  ship's  lading,  or  freight, 
ashler.— One  who  has  charge  of 
money  and  superintends  the  re- 
ceipts and  payments. 

Centage.  -  A  rate  by  the  hundred. 

Certificate  of  Stock.— A  written  in- 
strument issued  by  a  company  cer- 
tifying the  number  of  shares  the 
holder  owns. 

Certified  Check.— A  check  which 
has  been  certified  by  the  bank  on 
which  it  is  drawn,  making  the  bank 
absolutely  responsible  for  its  pay- 
ment. 

Chanc3llor.—  The  chief  judge  of  a 
court  of  chancery  or  equity. 

Charter. — An  instrument  in  writing 
from  the  sovereign  power  or  legis- 
lature, conferring  certain  rights 
and  privileges. 

Charter  Party.— A  written  agree- 
ment by  which  a  ship  is  hired  un- 
der specified  conditions. 

Chattel.— Personal  property. 

Choses  in  Action.— Things  of  which 
the  owner  has  not  possession,  but 
merely  the  right  of  legal  action,  for 
possession,  as  notes,  accounts,  etc. 

Choses  in  Possession.— Things  in 
possession  of  the  owner. 

Circulating  Medium.  —  Cash  and 
bank  notes  payable  on  demand;  the 
medium  of  exchange. 

Clearance.  —Permission  from  the 
custom  house  officer  for  a  ship  to 
sail. 

Clearing  House.— A  kind  of  bank- 
ing exchange  tor  the  convenience 
of  daily  settlements  between  banks. 

Clerical  Error.— An  error  in  calcu- 
lation or  other  accidental  error  on 
books  or  documents. 

Coasting.— Sailing  near  land,  or 
vessels  trading  between  ports  of  the 
same  country. 

.— A  supplement  to  a  will. 


Collaterals.— Pledges  or  security 
for  loans  of  money,  or  other  indebt- 
edness. 

Commerce.— The  exchange  of  mer- 
chandise on  a  large  scale. 

Commercial  Paper.— Bills  of  ex- 
change, drafts  or  promissory  notei 
given  in  the  course  of  trade. 

Common  Law.— The  unwritten  law 
receiving  its  force  from  universal 
reception,  as  distinguished  from 
statute  law. 

Commission.— The  brokerage  or  al- 
lowance made  to  an  agent  or  factor 
for  doing  business  for  another. 

Cooperage. —Charges  for  putting 
hoops  on  casks  or  bales. 

Compact. — A  covenant  or  contract 
between  different  parties. 

Company.— A  number  joined  to- 
getner  to  undertake  some  common 
enterprise. 

Compound.  — To  adjust  by  agree- 
ment differently  from  the  original 
terms,  to  settle  by  compromise. 

Compromise.  —  A  friendly  settle- 
ment of  differences  by  mutual  con- 


Consignment.— The  act  of  consign- 
ing, as  a  charge  for  safe  keeping 
and  management,  as  goods,  prop* 
erty,  etc.  — »-,— 

Consignee.— One  to,  whom  goods  are 
intrusted. 

Consignor.— The  person  who  com- 
mits goods  to  another. 

Consols  —In  England  three  per 
cent,  annuities  granted  at  different 
tknes,  and  consolidated  into  one 
stock  or  fund. 

Consul.— A  person  commissioned  to 
reside  in  a  foreign  country  as  an 
agent  of  the  government. 

Contraband.— Prohibited  merchan- 
dise or  traffic. 

Contract.— To  make  an  agreement, 
to  covenant. 

Copartnership.— A  joint  interest  in 
business. 

Counsellor.— A  legal  adviser. 

Counterfeit.— To  copy  or  imitate 
without  authority,  with  a  view  to 
defraud ;  a  forgery. 

Countersign.— To  sign,  in  addition 
to  the  name  of  a  superior,  that  of 
the  secretary  or  subordinate  officer, 
as  bank  notes  are  signed  by  the 
president  and  countersigned  by  the 
cashier. 

Coupon.  —  An  interest  warrant 
printed  at  the  end  of  bonds,  to  be 
cut  off  when  the  interest  is  paid. 

Court.— An  ofilcial  assembly  legally 
met  together  for  the  transaction  of 
judicial  business. 


426 


DO  THAT  FOR  WHICH  YOU  ARE  FITTED. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


Covenant. — A  formal  contract  be- 
tween two  or  more  parties. 

Coverture.— The  condition  of  a  mar- 
ried woman,  being  considered  as 
under  the  shelter  and  protection 
of  her  husband. 

Credentials.— Testimonials,  or  cer- 
tificates, showing  that  a  person 
is  entitled  to  credit,  authority,  or 
official  powers. 

Credit.— Trust  given  or  received; 
mercantile  reputation  entitling  one 
to  be  trusted ;  also  the  side  of  an 
account  on  which  payment  is  en- 
tered. 

Creditor.— One  to  whom  money  is 
due. 

Credit  Mobilier.— A  name  given  to 
a  joint-stock  company  in  Paris, 
established  in  1852,  with  excep- 
tional charter  privileges.  Theterm 
has  become  familiar  to  intelligent 
persons  in  thi 3  country  through  the 
Congressional  investigation  of  the 
Credit  Mobilier  Company  of  the  Pa- 
cific Railroad. 

Curb-Stone  Brokers.— A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  class  of  stock  operators 
in  New  York,  who  do  business  on 
the  sidewalk  or  pavement. 

Currency.- That  which  circulates 
as  a  representative  of  value. 

Customs.— Customary  toll,  tax,  or 
tribute  on  imported  or  exported 
goods. 

Custpm  House.— A  building  where 
duties  are  paid  and  vessels  entered 
and  cleared. 


Damages.— A  compensation  to  one 
parly  for  a  wrong  done  him  by 
another,  the  estimated  reparation 
in  money  for  the  injury. 

Days  of  Grace.— Days  granted  for 
delay  in  the  payment  of  a  note, 
usually  three  after  it  is  due. 

Debase.— To  lessen  in  value  by  adul- 
teration. 

Debenture.— A  certificate  given  by 
the  collector  of  the  port  of  entry. 
to  an  importer  for  drawback  of 
duties  on  imported  merchandise, 
duties  on  which,  when  the  mer- 
chandise is  exported,  are  to  be  re- 
funded. 

Debit.— A  recorded  item  of  debt  — 
the  debtor  side  of  an  account. 

Debt.— That  which  is  due  from  one 
person  to  another. 

Debtor.— The  person  who  owes  an- 
other either  money,  goods,  or  serv- 

Decimal.  — Having  a  ten-fold  in- 
crease or  decrease.  Decimal  frac~ 


Having  any  power  of  ten 
for  a  denominator. 

Deed.— A  sealed  instrument  in  writ- 
ing used  to  transfer  property. 

Defalcation.— A  diminution,  deficit 

Defaulter.— One  who  fails  to  dis- 
charge a  public  duty,  as  to  account 
for  money  entrusted  to  him. 

Defendant.— The  party  sued*"  an 
action. 

Deficit.— A  deficiency ;  thedifferpnce 
between  an  account's  statement 
of  the  assets  and  the  assets  them- 


Del  Credere.— A  commercial  term 
implying  a  guarantee  of  the  sol- 
vency of  the  purchaser. 

Delivery.— Giving  money  or  goods 
to  another. 

Demand.— A  peremptory  urging  of 
a  claim,  an  exaction. 

Demise.  — To  convey,  to  bequeath 
by  wiU. 

Demurrage.— Allowance  for  deten- 
tion of  a  ship. 

Deposition.— Testimony  of  a  wit- 
ness put  in  writing. 

Depositary.— A  trustee,  one  to  whom 
something  is  committed  for  safe 
keeping. 

Deputy.— One  appointed  to  act  for 
another,  a  representative  or  dele- 
gate. 

Diplomacy.  —The  science  of  con- 
ducting negotiations  between  na- 
tions. 

Disability.— Incapacity  to  do  a  legal 
act. 

Discount.— An  allowance  or  deduc- 
tion made  for  the  payment  of  money 
before  it  is  due. 

Discount  Days.— The  days  of  the 
week  on  which  the  directors  of  a 
bank  meet  to  consider  paper  offered 
for  discount. 

Distress  for  Rent.— A  landlord's 
taking  personal  property  found  on 
the  land  for  rent  due. 

Dividend.— A  percentage  of  profits 
paid  to  stockholders. 

Divorce.— Dissolution  of  the  mar- 
riage relation. 

Donee.— The  person  to  whom  a  gift 
or  donation  is  made. 

Donor.— One  who  confers  anything 
gratuitously. 

Dormant.— Silent  partner,  one  who 
takes  no  share  in  the  active  busi- 
ness, but  shares  profit. 

Dower.— Interest  of  a  woman  in  the 
real  estate  of  her  deceased  husband. 

Drawback.— Money  paid  back  on 
goods  exported,  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  the  duty  charged. 

Draft.— An  order  from  one  man  to 


A  CHICKEN  CANNOT  SWIM  WITH  DUCKS. 


46? 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


another  directing  the  payment  of 
money,  a  bill  of  exchange. 

Drawee.— The  person  to  -whom  a  bill 
of  exchange  is  addressed,  the  payer. 

Drawer.— One  who  draws  c,  Bill  of 
exchange,  or  an  order  for  payment. 

Dress  Goods.— A  term  applied  to 
fabrics  for  the  garments  of  women 
and  children,  most  commonly  to 
those  made  of  mixed  materials,  as 
silk  and  cotton,  and  silk  and 
worsted,  etc. 

Due-Bill.  — A  written  acknowledg- 
ment of  debt ;  not  transferable  by 
mere  endorsement. 

Dun..— To  press  urgently  the  payment 
of  a  debt. 

Duplicate.— A  copy  or  counterpart 
of  anything. 

Duress.— Personal  restraint,  or  fear 
of  personal  injury,  or  imprison* 
ment.  It  nullifies  all  contracts  into 
which  it  enters. 

Duties.— A  tax  levied  by  the  govern- 
ment on  imported  goods;  money 
paid  to  the  government  on  imports 
and  exports. 


Earnest.— A  pledge,  something  given 
by  the  buyer  to  the  seller  to  bind 
the  bargain,  and  prove  the  sale. 

Effects.— Goods,  or  personal  estate. 

Eleemosynary.— Foun . jd  by  char- 
ity, or  intended  for  the  distribution 
of  charity,  as  a  hospital  or  college. 

£11. — An  English  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  154  yards;  the  Scotch  ell 
is  Mi  yards. 

Embargo.-  A  detention  of  vessels  in 
port,  prohibition  from  sailing. 

H-iibarr  ssment .  —  Perplex  i  y  arisu 
ing  frv.n  insolvency,  or  temporary 
inability  to  discharge  ebts. 

Embassy.— The  public  business  in- 
trusted ;o  diplomatic  officers. 

Encrosser.— One  who  buys  large 
quantities  of  any  goods  in  order  to 
control  the  market. 

Embezzlement.  —  To  appropriate 
public  money  to  private  use  by  a 
breach  of  trust. 

Eminent  Domain.— The  power  of 
the  State  to  take  private  property 
for  public  purposes. 

Emporium.— A  place  of  extensive 
commerce,  a  market  place. 

Endorse.— To  endorse  a  note  by  writ- 
ing the  name  on  the  back. 

Entreport.— A  bonded  warehouse. 
a  storeroom  for  the  deposit  of 
goods ;  a  free  port. 

Equity.— A  system  supplemental  to 
law,  qualifying  or  correcting  it  in 
"Ytreme  cases. 


Estate.— The  degree,  quantity,  na- 
ture, and  extent  of  interest  which 
a  person  has  in  real  property. 

Estoppel.— A  stop,  a  bar  to  one's 
alleging  or  denying  a  fact  contrary 
to  his  own  previous  actions;  allega- 
tion or  denial. 

Exchange.— Act  of  bartering ;  a  bill 
dra  n  for  money;  a  place  where 
merchants  meet;  difference  be- 
tween the  value  of  money  in  two 
places,  or  premium  and  discount 
arising  from  purchase  and  sale  of 
goods. 

Excise.— Taxes  or  duties  on  articles 
produced  and  consumed  at  home ; 
internal  revenue  tax. 

Execution.— A  written  authorization 
to  enforce  a  Judgment. 

Executor.— The  person  appointed  by 
a  testator  to  execute  his  will. 

Executory.— To  be  executed  in  the 
future. 

Exports.— That  which  is  carried  out 
of  a  country,  as  goods  and  produce 
in  traffic. 

Ex  Post  Facto.— After  the  act. 

Express. — A  courier;  also  regular 
and  quick  conveyance  for  pack- 
ages, etc. 


Face.— The  amount  expressed  on  » 
note  or  draft. 

Factor.— An  agent  who  buys  and  sells 
in  his  own  name,  being  intrusted 
with  the  goods,  in  this  respect  dif- 
fering from  a  broker. 

Facture.— An  invoice,  or  bill  of  par- 
cels. 

Failure.— Becoming  bankrupt,  sus- 
pension of  payment. 

Fac-Simile.— An  exact  copy  or  like- 
ness. 

Favor.— A  note  or  deaf  t  is  said  to  be 
iu  favor  of  the  payee. 

Fee  Simple.— In  the  United  States, 
an  estate  held  by  a  person  in  JYis- 
own  right  and  descendable  to  his 
heirs. 

Fiduciary.— In  trust. 

Finance. — Revenue,  public  money, 
income. 

Financier.— One  skilled  in  financial 
operations,  a  treasurer. 

Firm.  —  A  business  house  or  com- 
pany ;  the  title  used  by  a  business 
house. 

Firkin.— A  mensure  of  capacity ;  the 
fourth  part  of  a  barrel ;  or  eight  or 
nine  gallons. 

Fiscal.  —  Pertaining  to  the  public 
treasury  or  revenue. 

Fixtures.— The  part  of  the  furniture 
of  a  store  or  office,  which  is  JM* 


428 


HUNGER  TEACHES  MANY  THINGS. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY  -Continued. 


movable,  as  g»-  pipes  and  burners, 
partitions,  etc. 

f.  O.  b.— Free  on  board;  the  bill  or 
invoice  with  f.  o.  b.  includes  the 
transportation  to  the  shipping  port 
and  all  the  shipping  expenses. 

Foreclose.—  To  cut  off  by  a  court 
judgment  from  the  power  of  re- 
deeming mortgaged  property. 

Forestall.— To  buy  goods  on  their 
way  to  market,  intending  to  sell 
again  at  a  higher  price. 

Forgery.— Fraudulently  changing  or 
making  a  written  instrument. 

Folio. — A  page  in  an  account  book, 
sometimes  two  opposite  pages  bear- 
ing the  same  serial  number. 

Franc.— A  silver  coin  used  in  France, 
equal  to  about  nineteen  cents. 

Frank.— To  exempt  from  charge  for 
postage. 

Fraud.— Injurious  stratagem,  deceit. 

Free  Trade.— The  policy  of  conduct- 
ing international  commerce  witu- 
out  duties. 

Freehold.— Land  held  by  free  ten. 
nre,  or  in  fee  simple,  subject  to  no 
superior  or-conditions. 

Freight.— Merchandise  being  moved 
from  one  place  to  another;  the 
price  paid  for  carrying  freight ;  also 
to  load  or  burden. 

Funded. — Turned  into  a  permanent 
loan  on  which  annual  interest  is 
paid. 

Funds.— The  supply  of  money  or  the 
capital. 


Gain.  —  Advantage,  acqni  s  i  t  i  o  n, 
profit. 

Garbled.  —  Drugs,  spices  or  other 
goods  which  have  been  sorted  or 
picked  over  and  freed  from  impuri- 

Gauging.— Measuring  the  capacity 
of  casks,  etc. 

Gist.— The  principal  point  of  a  ques- 
tion, the  pith  of  the  matter. 

Go-between.— Agent  for  both  par- 
ties. 

Good  Will.— The  advantage  accruing 
from  a  successful  conduct  of  busi- 
ness ;  it  is  a  property  that  may  bo 
transferred. 

Grant. — A  transfer  of  property  by 
deed ;  a  conveyance  made  by  the 
Government. 

Gross.  —Twelve  dozen  ;  qrosx  weight; 
weight  of  goods  including  dust, 
dross,  bag,  cask,  etc. 

Guarantee  (or  Guaranty).— A  secu- 
rity or  warranty  given  by  a  third 
party ;  one  who  warrants. 


Guarantor.— One  who  promises  for 
another's  debt. 

H 

Habeas  Corpus.  -A  writ  to  bring  a 
party  before  a  court,  to  prevent 
false  imprisonment. 

Haberdasher.  —  A  seller  of  small 
wares,  as  thread,  pins,  etc. 

Hand-book.— A  book  of  reference ;  a 
manual. 

Hand-money.— Money  paid  by  the 
purchaser  at  the  closing  of  a  con- 
tract or  sale. 

Harbor.— A  port  or  haven  for  ships. 

Haven.— A  port  or  shelter  for  ships ; 
a  harbor. 

Hazardous.— Precarious,  dangerous, 
uncertain. 

High  Seas.— The  unclosed  waters  of 
the  ocean  outside  the  boundaries  of 
any  country. 

Hplding-Over.— A  tenant's  remain- 
ing in  possession  of  the  premises 
without  the  consent  of  the  land- 
lord. 

Hollow-ware.— A  trade  name  for 
camp  and  kitchen  utensils  made  of 
cast  iron  or  wrought  iron. 

Honor.  —  To  accept  and  pay  when 
due. 

Husbandage.  —  An  owner's  or  an 
agent's  commission  for  attending  to 
a  ship. 

Hypothecate.  —  To  pledge  for  the 
security  of  a  creditor. 

I 

Impolitic.  —  Wanting  in  prudent 
management;  not  politic. 

Import.— To  bring  in  from  abroad. 

Importer.— The  merchant  who  im- 
ports goods. 

Imposition.— Tax,  toll,  duty  or  ex- 
cise prescribed  by  authority. 

Impost.— A  tax  or  duty  imposed  on 
imported  goods. 

Indemnify.— To  recompense  for  loss, 
to  reimburse. 

Indenture. — A  mutual  agreement  in 
writing. 

Indorsement.  —  A  writing  on  the 
,  back  of  a  note. 

Indulgence.— Extension  of  time  of 
payment;  forbearing  to  press  for 

Syment. 
ind  Bills.— Drafts  or  bills  of  ex- 
change drawn  on  a   party    in    the 
same  State  as  the  drawer. 

Insolvency.— Inability  to  discharge 
debts  when  due. 

Insurance.— Indemnity  from  loss; 
the  premium  paid. 

Installment.— Payment  of  part,  at 
different  times. 


POVERTY  TS  TEE  MOTHER  OF  ALL  ARTS. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


Instrument.— A  writing  containing 
an  agreement. 

Interest.— Premium  paid  for  the  use 
of  money. 

Internal  Revenue.— The  part  of  the 
revenue  of  our  Government  which 
is  collected  in  the  form  of  internal 
duties. 

Intestate.— Without  a  will ;  not  dis- 
posed of  by  will. 

In  toto.— Wholly,  entirely. 

Inventory.— A  list  of  merchandise 
made  periodically  for  the  purpose 
of  knowing  the  quantity  and  value 
of  unsold  goods,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  condition  of  business. 

Investment.  -  The  laying  out  of 
money  in  the  purchase  of  some 
species  of  property. 

Invoice.— A  written  account  or  bill 
of  merchandise  bought ;  a  bill  of 
items. 


Jettison.  —  Throwing  goods  over- 
board in  case  of  peril  to  lighten  and 
preserve  the  vessel. 

Jointure.— An  estate  settled  on  a 
wife  at  the  husband's  death,  for  her 
life  at  least. 

Joint  Stock.-Stock  held  in  com- 
pany. 

Joint  Tenancy.— Joint  occupancy; 
not  so  close  intimacy  as  partner- 
ship. 

Journal.— A  book  used  to  classify 
and  arrange  business  transactions. 

Judgment  Note.  —  A  note  in  the 
usual  form,  with  the  addition  of 
the  powerfto  confer  judgment  if  not 
paid. 

Jurisdiction.— The  po\rter  of  exer- 
cising judicial  authority. 


Lay-days.— Days  allowed  for  load- 
ing and  unloading  a  cargo. 

Laydown.— A  phrase  used  to  express 
the  entire  cost  of  a  commodity,  in- 
cluding transportation,  etc.,  at  a 
place  remote  from  its  prodncti  n. 
or  purchase. 

Lease,  —  Renting  lands,  etc.;  the- 
written  contract. 

Legacy. -A  gift,  by  will,  of  personal 
property. 

Ledger.— A  book  in  which  a  sum- 
mary of  accounts  is  preserved. 

Lessee.— One  who  takes  an  estate  by 
lease. 

Letter  of  Attorney.— A  writing  by 
which  one  person  authorizes  an- 
other to  act  in  his  stead,  commonly 
called  power  of  attorney. 

Letters  of  Credit.—  A  letter  author- 
izing  credit  to  a  certain  amount  to- 
be  given  to  the  bearer. 

Liability.— Obligation ;  debts. 

License.— A  grant  of  permission  bjr 
the  authorities. 

Lien.— A  legal  claim  on  property  for 
debt. 

Lieu.— Instead ;  in  place  of. 

Liquidate.— To  clear  off;  to  settle;         \ 
to  pay  as  debts. 

Lloyds. — A  marine  insurance  aseocl- 
ation,  or  society  of  underwriters  in 
London,  deriving  its  name  from  the 
coffee  house  where  it  originated. 
The  records  of  this  society  contain 
a  complete  history  of  the  sea,  so  far 
as  concerns  the  number  of  ship- 
wrecks, collisions,  fires,  piracies, 
mutinies,  etc. 

Loan.— A  thing  furnished  to  another 
for  temporary  use,  on  condition 
that  it  be  returned. 

Long  Price.-  Price  after  the  dutiea 
are  paid. 


Kilogram.— The  French  measure  of 
weight  equal  to  2J  Ibs.  avoirdu- 
pois, or  10(X)  grains. 

Kiting  or  Kite  Flying.— Exchang- 
ing checks  on  different  banks  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  use  of 
money  for  a  single  day. 


Lame  Duck.— A  stockbroker's  term 
fur  one  who  fails  to  meet  his  en- 
gagements. 

Larceny.— Theft ;  taking  personal 
property  belonging  to  another. 

Law  -merchant.— The  general  body 
of  commercial  usages  in  matters 
relative  to  commerce. 


Malfeasance.— Evil  conduct ;  illegal 

deed. 
Mandatary. — A  person  to  whom  a 

charge    is    given,  or  business    in- 

trusted. 
Manifest.— An  invoice  of  a   ship's 

cargo. 

Manufacture.— The  process  of  re- 
ducing raw  material  into  a  form 

suitable  for  use. 
Marine.  —  Relating  to  the  ocean; 

nautical. 
Maritime   Law.— Law    relating  to 

harbors,  ships,  seamen. 
Mark.-A  weight  of  gold  and  silver 

used  as  a  measure  for  these  metal* 

in  Europe. 
Mart.— A  commercial  center ,  :-  mar* 

ket  place 


I :  '•«      DON'T  WAIT  FOR  THE  WAGON  WHILE  WALKING  18  GOOD. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


Material  Men.— Men  who  furnish 
materials  for  ships,  houses,  etc. 

Maturity.— The  date  when  a  note  or 
draft  falls  Hue  or  is  payable. 

Mercantile  Law.— Law  pertaining 
to  trade  and  commerce. 

Merchandise.— Whatever  is  bought 
and  sold  in  trade. 

Merger.— The  absorption  of  a  thing 
of  lesser  importance  by  a  greater, 
whereby  the  lesser  ceases  to  exist, 
hut  the  greater  is  not  increased. 
For  instance,  a  note  on  which  a 
judgment  is  recovered  is  absorbed 
by  and  merged  in  the  judgment. 

Metallic  Currency.  —  Silver  and 
gold  coins  forming  the  circulating 
medium  of  a  country. 

Mint.  — The  place  where  money  10 
coined. 

Misfeasance.  —  A  trespass ;  doing 
improperly  an  act  that  might  be 
done  lawfully. 

Mitigation.—  The  abatement  of  a 
judgment,  penalty  or  punishment. 

Monetary.— Pertaining  to,  or  con- 
sisting in,  money. 

Money.— Coin ;  any  currency  lawful- 
ly need  instead  of  coin,  as  bank 
notes. 

Money-Broker.  —  A  broker  who 
deals  in  money. 

Monopoly.  —  Sole  permission  and 
'  ,  \ower  to  deal  in  any  species  of 
ejoods. 

Mortgage.-— To  convey  property  for 
the  security  of  a  debt,  the  convey- 
ance being  void  when  the  debt  is 
paid. 

Mortgagee.— One  to  whom  a  mort- 
gage is  given. 

Mortgagor.— One  who  gives  a  mort- 


National  Banks.— Banking  institu- 
tions, established  in  the  United 
States  under  the  provisions  of  an 
act  of  Congress,  the  object  of  which 
is  to  unify  the  currency. 

Navigation.  — The  science  of  con- 
ducting vessels  on  the  ocean. 

Negotiate.  —  To  transact  business ; 
to  hold  intercourse  in  bargain  or 
trade. — — 

Negotiable.  —  Transferable  by  as- 
signment or  indorsement  to  another 

Net.— Clear  of  all  charges  and  deduc- 
tions. 

Net  Proceeds.— The  sum  left  after 
deducting  commissions  or  discount. 

Non-Feasance.  —  An  omission  of 
what  ought  to  be  done. 

Notary  Public.— An  officer  appoint- 


ed  by  the  governor  to  take  affida- 
vits, acknowledgments,  to  protest 
bills  and  notes,  etc. 

Note.— A  written  or  printed  paper 
acknowledging  a  debt  and  promi»- 
ing  payment. 

Null.--Yoid. 

O 

Open  Account.— A  running  or  un- 
settled account  with  an  individual 
or  firm. 

Open  Policy.— An  insurance  policy 
covering  undefined  risks,  which 
provides  that  its  terms  shall  be 
definite  by  subsequent  additions  or 
endorsements. 

Option. —A  stockbroker's  term  for 
the  privilege  of  taking  or  deliver- 
ing at  a  future  day  a  certain  num- 
ber of  shares  of  a  given  stock  at  a 
price  agreed  upon. 

Ordnance.— All  kinds  of  large  guns. 

Ostensible  Partners.  —  Those 
known  to  the  public. 

Ouster.— Turning  out  of  possession 
any  one  entitled  to  it. 

Out-Standing  Debts.  -  Unpaid 
debts. 

Overt.— Not  covert,  open,  manifest. 

Owe.— To  be  obliged  to  pay. 


Panic.  — -  A  financial  crisis  among 
business  men,  generally  the  result 
of  overtrading  and  speculation. 

Par.— State  of  equality  in  value, 
equality  of  nominal  and  actual 
value. 

Parol.  —  Oral  declaration,  word  of 
mouth. 

Partnership.— Union  in  business; 
business  firm. 

Par  Value.— Face  value  or  value 
named  on  certificate  of  stock. 

Pass-Book.  —  A  book  in  which  a 
trader  enters  articles  bought  on 
credit,  and  then  sends  it  to  the 
creditor  for  his  information. 

Passport.— A  document  carried  by 
neutral  merchant  vessels  in  time  of 
war  for  their  protection,  also  a  gov- 
ernment document  given  to  travel- 
ers, which  permits  the  person 
therein  named  to  pass  from  place 
to  place. 

Pawn  -  Broker.  —  One  who  lends 
money  on  pledge  or  the  deposit  of 
goods. 

Pay.— To  make  requittal,  to  give  an 
equivalent  for  goods. 

Payee.— One  to  whom  money  is  to  be 
paid. 

Payer.— One  who  pays. 


BET  A  STOUT  HEART  AGAINST  A  STIFF  HILL. 


431 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY— Continued. 


Pigments.— Paints. 

Pledge.— A  pawn,  personal  property 
deposited  as  security. 

Policy  of  Insurance.— The  writing 
or  instrument  in  which  a  contract 
of  insurance  is  embodied. 

Politic.— Well  advised,  adapted  to 
ita  end. 

Port  Of  Entry.— A  harbor  where  a 
custom  house  is  established  for  the 
legal  entry  of  merchandise. 

Preferred  Stock.  —  Stock  taking 
preference  over  the  ordinary  stock. 

Premises.  —  The  thing  previously 
mentioned ;  houses,  lands,  etc. 

Premium. — The  percentage  paid  for 
insurance ;  the  excess  of  value  above 
par. 

Price.— Current  value,  01  rate  paid 
or  demanded  in  barter. 

Price  Current.— A  printed  list  of  the 
prevailing  prices  of  merchandise, 
stocks,  specie,  bills  of  exchange, 
rate  of  exchange,  etc. 

Prlma  Facie.— At  first  view  or  ap- 
pearance. 

Principal.— An  employer,  the  head 
of  a  firm ;  a  capital  sum  placed  at 
interest. 

Procuration.— A  power  of  attorney ; 
an  instrument  empowering  one 
person  to  act  for  another. 

Pro  Rata.— A  proportional  distribu- 
tion. 

Protest.  —  A  formal  declaration, 
made  by  a  notary,  for  want  of  pay- 
ment of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange. 

Proxy.— A  person  appointed  to  rep- 
resent and  vote  for  another. 


Quarantine.  —  To  prohibit  a  ship 
from  intercourse  with  shore,  when 
suspected  of  having  contagious  dis- 
eases on  board. 

Quasi.— As  if,  in  a  manner,  in  a  cer- 
tain sense. 

Quo  Warranto.— A  writ  by  which 
the  government  ascertains  by  what 
warrant  a  corporation  acts. 


Bate.— The  ratio  or  standard. 

Real  Estate.  —  Property  in  houses 
and  lands. 

Rebatement.— Deduction  on  account 
of  prompt  payment,  discount. 

Receipt.  —  An  acknowledgment  of 
payment  in  writing. 

Reciprocity  Treaty.— A  commer- 
cial treaty  between  two  nations  se- 
curing mutual  advantages. 


Reclamation.  —  A  claim  made 
against  the  seller  of  goods  which 
prove  deficient  or  defective. 

Refund.— To  repay ;  to  restore. 

Release.— To  give  up  a  claim  against 
a  person  or  property. 

Reprisal.— The  act  of  seizing  ships 
or  property  as  indemnity  for  un- 
lawful seizure  or  detention 

Resources.  —  Available  means, 
funds. 

Respondential  Bond.— A  pledge  of 
a  cargo  at  sea. 

Retail.— Selling  goods  in  small 
quantities. 

Retainer.— The  fee  paid  to  a  lawyer 
when  engaging  him. 

Retire. — To  take  up  one's  note  before 
due,  to  relinquish  business. 

Revenue.— income,  return;  annual 
income  of  a  nation  for  public  uses. 

Revenue  Cutters.  —  Small  vessels 
employed  to  aid  revenue  officers  iu 
the  collection  of  duties,  or  to  pre- 
vent smuggling. 

Revocation.— The  act  of  calling 
back,  recalling  some  power  or 
authority  conferred. 

8 

Salvage.— A  compensation  allowed 
to  persons  fpr  voluntarily  saving  a 
ship  or  her  cargo  from  peril. 

Seaworthy.  —  Fit  for  sea:  a  ship 
worthy  of  being  entrusted  with  a 
cargo. 

Sans  Recours.— Without  recourse. 

Secondarily.  —  Applied  to  the  en- 
dorser of  a  note  or  drawer  of  a  bill, 
signifying  that  he  is  only  condi- 
tionally liable,  or  liable  if  the  mak- 
er and  drawee  fail. 

Seize.— To  take  possession  of,  by  vir- 
tue of  a  warrant  or  legal  authority. 

Seller's  Option. —  A  term  mostly 
confined  to  the  sales  of  stocks,  for 
a  sale  which  gives  to  the  seller  the 
option  of  delivering  the  article  sold 
within  a  certain  time,  the  buyer 
paying  interest  up  to  delivery. 

Shipment. — That  which  is  shipped. 

Sight.— Time  of  presenting  bill  to 
the  drawee. 

Signature.— The  name  of  a  person 
written  with  his  own  hand,  signi- 
fying his  consent  to  the  writing 
above  it. 

Sinking  Fund.— A  fund  set  apart 
from  earnings  or  other  income,  for 
the  redemption  of  debts  of  govern- 
ment, or  of  a  corporation. 

Sleeping  Partner.— One  who  shares 
the  profits  of  a  business  without 
letting  his  name  appear,  or 
part  in  it  actively. 


432 


QOD  EXPECTS  YOU  TO  DO  YOUR  BEST. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY-Contlnued. 


Slop-shop.— A  store  where  cheap 
ready  made  clothing  is  sold. 

Smuggler.  —  One  who  avoids  the 
payment  of  duties  by  secretly  im- 
porting goods  into  a  country;  a 
vessel  engaged  in  smuggling. 

Solicitor.— Aa  attorney  or  advocate, 
the  title  of  a  person  admitted  to 
practice  in  the  court  of  chancery  or 
equity. 

Solvency.— Ability  to  pay  all  debts 
or  just  claims. 

Specialty.— Acontract  or  obligation 
under  seal. 

Statement.— Usually  a  list  of  prop- 
erty, or  resources  and  liabilities. 

Statistics.— A  collection  of  facts  ar- 
ranged and  classified. 

Statute.— A  positive  law,  established 
by  act  of  Legislature. 

Stipend.— Settled  pay  or  compensa- 
tion for  services. 

Stipulation.— A  contract  or  bargain. 

Stock.— Money  invested  in  business. 

Stocks.  —  Property  consisting  of 
shares  in  joint  stock  companies. 

Stock  Broker  and  Jobber.— A  bro- 
ker who  deals  in  shares  or  stocks.- 

Stoppage  in  Transitu.— The  seller 
of  goods  upon  credit  resuming  pos- 
session after  their  shipment  before 
they  get  into  actual  possession  of 
the  bnyer. 

Sue.— To  seek  justice  by  a  legal  proc- 
ess. 

Surcharge.— An  overcharge. 

Surety.— A  bondsman,  a  bail,  se- 
curity. 

Suspend.— To  stop  payment. 

Suspense  Account.  —An  account 
used  to  contain  balances  of  per- 
sonal accounts  which  may  be  con- 
sidered doubtful. 

Sutler.— An  authorized  vender  of 
provisions,  etc.,  to  soldiers  in  camp 
or  garrison. 

Tacit.— Implied  but  not  expressed. 

Tally  Man. — One  who  receives  pay- 
ment for  goods  in  weekly  install- 
ments. 

Tare.— An  allowance  in  weight  for 
the  cask  in  which  goods  are  con- 
tained. 

Tariff.— A  list  of  duties  to  be  im- 
posed on  goods  imported  or  ex- 
ported. 

Tax.— A  levy  made  upon  property  for 
the  support  of  the  government. 

Teller.— An  ollicer  in  a  bank  who  re- 
rrivt«  or  pays  monoy. 

Tenants  in  Common.  —  Persons 
holding  land*,  etc.,  by  several  and 
distinct  titles,  ana  not  by  joint 


Tenant.— One  holding  property  tin- 
der another. 

Tenement.— That  which  is  held. 

Tender. — To  offer^  or  present  for  ac- 
ceptance. 

Tenure.  — The  manner  of  holding 
property  in  lands. 

Testator.  —  The  person  leaving  a 
valid  will. 

Textile  Fabrics.  — All  kinds  of 
woven  goods,  generally  restricted 
to  piece  goods. 

Tickler. — A  book  containing  a  mem- 
oranda of  notes  and  debts  arranged 
in  the  order  of  their  maturity. 

Time  Draft.— A.  draft  maturing  at  a 
future  specified  time. 

""'mnage.— The  weight  of  goods  car- 
.  .od  in  a  boat  or  ship. 

Tort. — Mischief,  any  wrong  or  injury. 

Trade  Discount.— An  allowance  or 
discount  made  to  a  dealer  in  the 
same  trade. 

Transact.— To  perform  commercial 
business,  to  conduct  matters. 

Transfer.— To  convey  right,  title,  or 
property. 

Transship.  —  To  transfer  merchan- 
dise from  one  conveyance  to  an- 
other. 

Treasury.  — A  place  where  public 
revenues  are  deposited  and  kept. 

Treasury  Notes.— Notes  of  various 
denominations  issued  by  the  gov- 
ernment, and  received  in  payment 
of  all  dues,  except  duties  on  im- 
ports. 

Tret. — An  allowance  to  purchasers 
for  waste  of  4  pounds  on  every  104 
pounds  of  weight  after  the  tare  hud 
been  deducted. 

Trustee.— One  who  is  entrusted  with 
property  for  the  benefit  of  another. 


Ultimo  or  Ult.— Last  month. 

Uncurrent.— Not  current,  not  pass- 
ing in  common  payment  as  nncnr- 
rent  coin,  notes,  etc. 

Underwriter.— An  insurer,  so-callod 
because  he  underwrites  his  name  to 
the  conditions  of  the  policy. 

Usage  of  Trade.— Custom,  or  the* 
frequent  repetition  of  the  same  act 
in  business. 

Usance.— Business  custom  which  is 
generally  conceded  and  acted  upon. 

Usury.— Exorbitant  intercut,  form- 
ing merely  interest. 


Valid.  —  Having  legal  strength  of 
force. 


DO  NOT  HUNT  PARTRIDGES  WITH  A  BAND  OF  MDBIQ. 


BUSINESS  DICTIONARY-Contlnued 


Value.— Rate  of  estimated  worth; 
amount  obtainable  in  exchange  for 
a  thing. 

Value  Received.  —  Phrase  used  in 
notes  and  bills. 

Vend.— To  sell. 

Vendee.  —  The  person  to  whom  a 
thing  is  sold. 

Void.-Null,  having  no  legal  or  bind- 
ing force. 

Voidable.— Having  some  force,  bnt 
capable  of  being  adjudged  void. 

Vouchers.— A  paper  attesting  the 
truth  of  any  thing,  especially  one 
confirming  the  truth  of  accounts. 

W 

Wages.— Hire,  reward,  salary. 
Waiver.— The  act  of  waiving ;  of  not 

insisting  on  some  right,  claim,  or 

privilege. 
Wares. :-<^oodB,  merchandise,  oom- 

nuxiiues. 


Warrant.— A  precept  authorizing 
an  officer  to  seize  an  offender  ana 
bring  him  to  justice ;  also  to  insure 
against  defects. 

Warranty.— An  agreement  to  make 
good  all  defects  in  an  article  sold. 

Water-logged.— Said  of  a  ship  when 
she  has  received  so  much  water  into 
her  hold  by  leakage  as  to  become 
unmanageable. 

Way-bill.— A  document  containing: 
a  list  and  description  of  goods  sent 
by  a  common  carrier  by  land. 

Wharfage.— Fee  or  duty  for  using  a 
wharf. 

Wharfinger.— The  proprietor  of  a 
wharf. 

Wrecker.— One  who  searches  for 
the  wreck  of  yessels. 

Wreck-Master.— A  person  appoint- 
ed  by  1-iw  to  take  charge  Of  goodat 
etc.,  thrown  ashore  after  a  ship- 
wreck. 

Writ.— A o  order  of  court. 


DICTIONARY  OF  LEGAL  TERMS. 


Alibi.— In  another  place. 

Alimony.— Allowance  by  court  to 
wife  from  husband  living  separate 
from  her. 

A  vinculo  matrimonii.— From  the 
bonds  of  matrimony. 

Bequeath.— To  give  personal  prop 
erty  by  will. 

Compos  Mentis.— Sound  mind. 

Contempt.- Violation  of  rules  or 
orders  of  a  court  of  justice  or  legis- 
lative body. 

Crime.— Violation  of  law  punishable 
by  the  State. 

Devised.— To  give  real  estate  by 
will. 

Defeasance.— An  inetrumen  t  defeat- 
ing the  force  of  some  other  deed. 

Disseized.— Unlawfully  put  out  of 
possession. 

Easement.— Privilege,  like  a  way 
through  another's  land,  water- 
course, etc. 

Entail.— An  estate  limited  in  descent 
to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs. 

Escheat. — Falling  of  real  property 
to  the  State. 

Eee.— Hereditary  estate. 

Fee-tail.— Estate  limited  to  certain 
heirs  by  will  of  the  first  donor. 

Fieri  Facias.— Writ  of  Execution. 


Heirloom.— Chattel  descending  to 
heir  instead  of  going  to  adminis- 
trator. 

Investiture.— Giving  possession. 

Judicature.— A  court  of  justice. 

Jurisprudence.— Laws  interpret 
ing  and  applying  them. 

Leasehold.— Lease  of  land  or  tene- 
ments. 

Ley.  Loci.— Laws  of  the  place. 

Mandamus.— Writ  of  superior  court 
to  inferior  tribunal,  etc., command- 
ing performance  of  specified  duty. 

Moiety. — One-half  of  estate,  good* 
or  profits. 

Non-age.— Under  twenty-one. 

Parcenary.— Holding  laads  andi 
tenements  in  copartnership. 

Particeps  Criminis.— A  helper  of 
the  criminal. 

Replevin.— Recovering  goods  wrong- 
fully taken. 

Reprieve.— Warrant  suspending  ex- 
ecution of  sentence. 

Riparian.— Rights  of  water-courses. 

Seisin. — Possession  intending  to 
claim  freehold  interest. 

Vi  et  Armis.— By  force  of  arms. 

Writ  Of  Capias.— Writ  commanding; 
officer  to  take  the  person. 


434 


GOLDEN  DEEDS  MAKE  GOLDEN  DATS. 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Abbreviations 97,    422 

Accident  Insurance 218 

Addition,  short  methods 325 

Administrators      and      Execu- 
tors  202,'203 

Ad  valorem  duty 266 

Advantages   of   credit   system. .  141 
Advantages  of  changing  evener  355 

Affidavits H8 

Agent,  how  to  do  business  with  151 

Agent's   license   213 

Agent's  responsibility   151 

Agreements  and  contracts 157 

Agreement  to  build  a  house —  164 
Agreement  for  hiring  a  clerk..  165 

Alphabet,  business 44 

Apprenticeship  155 

Arbitration,  how  to  settle  diffi- 
culties by   149 

Arbitration    best   for   farmers. .  150 
Arches,  how  to  curve  for  brick 

or   stone    346 

Area  and  weight  of  tile 342 

Area    of   the    world    by    grand 

divisions    

Vreas  of  principal  count  ies  of 

the  world  

Areas   of   states   in   U.    S 

Arithmetic,   short  rules   325 

Armies  of  nations    384 

Assault   and    battery 240 

Assay    offices 282 

Assignment  of  mortgage 194 

Associations      for      transacting 

business   219 

Authority  of  wife  living  apart 

from   husband   2.r>0 

Baggage,  damages  recoverable     234 
Baggage,    transportation    of ....  -3P> 

Bail    197 

Banks  and  banking   119 

Bank   account    121 

Bank  drafts <• 133,  235 

Bank  failures 121 

Bankruptcy 169 

Banks,    government    121 

Banks,    national    120 

Banks,   number  of   121 

Banks,   discounting  notes  at...  123 
Banks,     how     to    do     business 

with    122 

"Banks,   method   of   discounting 

notes    ' 312 

Banks,    savings    121 

Banks    that    never    fail 121 

Bankers'    method   of   interest. .  313 

Bankers'    time   table 314 

Bankruptcy    169 

Barb  wire  swindle  296 

Barrels,  how  to  find  contents..  337 


PAG  is. 
Betting   287 

till  of  sale  168 
ills,  formsof 45 

Bills  of  exchange 134 

Boards   of   trade    226 

Board    measure    < 364 

Bonds  197 

Book  agents,   license 213 

Bookkeeping   299 

Breach  of  promise   248 

Breach  of  trust  166 

Bricks,  how  to  find  number  for 

wall  339 

Brick  work   339 

Brokers    155 

Builders,  facts  for 33 

Building   and    loan   asso.  ...230,  379 

Bull  and  bear  227 

Bullion    2S1 

Bushels,    dimensions  of 357 

Business  alphabet  44 

Business  , a    profession.... 20 

Business  "     calculation,       rapid 

methods    5fcs3 

Business  dictionary   428 

Business  education  18 

Business    failures    28 

Business  failure*  in  U.  S 383 

Business    letters    78,    97 

Business  man's  code  15 

Business  man's  digest  of  laws. .  237 

Business  manners   S 

Business  maxims  M 

Business   qualifications    32 

Business,     teaching    to    wives, 

daughters    and    children 146 

Business  writing 47 

C^londar  month 258 

Cancellation,  figuring  the  plas- 
tering of  a  room   332 

Cancellation,  how  to  determine  - 

results    by    331 

Canceled   notes    104 

Canvassers'    license    213 

Capital    27 

Capitals,  use  ol  38 

Capital  letters   45 

Card  swindlers'  tricks   290 

Cards,   visiting   and   address...    98 

Carpenters'    rules    \.  343 

Carpets,    yards    required   for   a 

room       334 

Carriage  wheel,  top  and  bottom  880 

Carrying  capacity   of   tile 342 

Cattle,   weight  of  by  measure- 
ment      370 

Certificate  of  acknowledgment.  196 

Certificate  of  deposit  128 

Certificate  of  stock  224 

Certified  check  129 


A  DAT  OF  WORRY  IS  WORSE  THAN  A   WEEK  OF   WORK.    435 


PAGE. 

Change,  how  to  make  144 

Charcoal,  amount  in  bin 340 

Chattel   mortgages    192 

Cheap  jewelry  swindle  298 

Checks,  how  to  indorse  125 

Check,  payable  to  order   128 

Checks,   personal    235 

Checks,   raising    127 

Checks  and  stubs   131 

Checks,  vital  points  on  124 

Chemicals,   common  names 387 

Circle,   area  of,   etc 348 

Cisterns,  how  to  find  contents.  336 

Civil  service  law   267 

Civil  service,   method  of  addi- 
tion     326 

Clearing  house  management   . .  137 

Clearing  house   system    136 

Coal   table    369 

Coal,  how  to  find  weight  340 

Coal,  how  to  find  cost 863 

Coal  lands 171 

Coal,  production  363 

Collateral   notes    106 

Collecting    notes    103 

Colleges  in   U.   S 384 

Commercial   agencies    229 

Commercial    correspondence....    75 

Commercial  forms  101 

Commission   merchants    155 

Common  faults  in   writing  and 

speaking, 42 

Common  carrier 232 

Common     names     of     chemical 

substances    887 

compound  interest,  possibilities 

of   322 

Compound  interest  table  323 

Congratulation,  letters  of 91 

Consideration  in   contract    158 

Contracts    157 

Contracts,    law   governing   159 

Contracts,  not  lawful  160 

Contracts,   damages  for  violat- 
ing    162 

Contract  for  sale  of  land  163 

Contract  for  hiring  farm  hand.  165 

Contract  for   laying  tile 166 

Contract    for    sale    of    horses, 

cattle,    etc 166 

Corn,  how  to  measure  in  crib..  358 

Corners    227 

Corporations     221 

Corporal   punishment   "...  257 

Correspondence    69 

Correspondence,   helpful   hints.    97 

Cotton  raised  in  the  U.  S 369 

Cotton  pickers'  table   369 

Counterfeiting    «S6 

Counterfeit  money,  how  to  de- 
tect         286 

Counterfeit  money  swindle'.!.  295 

Credit    system    141    229 

Creeds,  statistics  384 


PAGE. 

Criminal  law   239 

Curves,  how  to  make  for  arches  346 

Damages  for  violation  of  con- 
tract   16* 

Dates  of  ratifying  constitution.  421 

Dates  of  admission  of  states 421 

Days  of  grace   103,  324 

Deaf  and  dumb  alphabet 64 

Debts,   how   to  collect   142 

Debts,  time  in  which  outlawed.  263 

Deeds,   how  written,   kinds 184 

Definitions  for  mechanics   348 

Degrees,  honorary,  etc 97 

Demand   of   payment 140 

Difference  of  time  between 
Washington  and  other  princi- 
pal -cities  of  the  world 391 

Discounts   at   bank 120 

Discounting  notes  at  bank.  .123,  813 
Distance  traveled  in  plowing...  851 
Distances,  population  and  times 

of  fastest  mails   889 

Distance  of  state  capitals  from 

Washington   890 

Distances    from    New   York    to 

principal  points  in  the  world.  39(5 
Distances  from  Chicago  to  other 

principal    cities    8fc~ 

Distress  for  rent   182 

Division,  short  method    329 

Divorce,    and  divorce   laws 251 

Dog,  responsibility  of  owning..  276 

Domestic  postage  268 

Don't    98 

Drafts,    hints   om   writing    132 

Drafts,  hints  on  transferring. .  132 

Draft,  kinds  and  forms 133 

Due  bills   113 

Duties  or  customs 265 

Duties  of  employes 241 

Electoral  votes,  number ...421 

Employer  and  employe ^."...  241 

Energy,  push 15 

Envelope  swindle  293 

Equalization  boards       265 

Estimating  stone  we.--   338 

Estimating  contents  ->i   >  pile  of 

grain    359 

Estray    notice    166 

Evener,  advantage  of  ch  inging.  355 

Exemption  laws  260 

Express  companies   233 

Express  orders 235 

Facts  for  builders 838 

Facts   concerning  railroad    — 

Failures,    business    28,383 

Failures,   causes  of   29 

Failure   and   success 30 

Famous  men  21 

Fares,  railroad,  from  Chicago 
to  principal  cities  in  the  U.  S.  393 


436 


FONDNESS  OF  FAME  IS  AVARICE  OF  AIR. 


Farm  accounts,  how  to  keep 

Farm   lease    

Farm  machinery  swuiu.e   ... 

Fiat    money    

Field,   Marshall    

Fire    insurance     

Flax   raised   in   the   U.    S.    .. 

Flooring  estimates    

Foreclosure   of   mortgage 

Forged  paper  

Foreign    postage    

freight  cars,  capacity  of 


PAGE. 

. .  309 
. .  179 
..  292 
..  281 
19,  22 
..  215 
..  369 
..  344 
..  196 
..  238 
..  269 
..  381 


Cable  end 343 

Gambling  and  betting  287 

Garnishment  143 

Generals  commanding  U.  S. 

army  381 

Genius  27 

German  alphabet  63 

Gifts,  legal  243 

Girard,  Stephen  22 

Giving  away  property  in  old 

age  145 

Glass,  how  to  make  a  hole  in. .  387 
Glass,  how  to  write  your  name 

on  387 

Gold  and  silver,  weight  and 

value  381 

Gold  production  363 

Governors'  salaries  and  terms ....  421 

Grace,  days  of  103,  324 

Grain,  how  to  estimate  contents 

of  a  pile  359 

Grain,  how  to  find  number  of 

bushels  in  box  357 

Grain,  how  to  figure  up  a  load.  359 

Grain,  shrinkage  357 

Grain  table,  how  to  use 359 

Grain  tables  360 

Grocers'  tables  381 

Guarantees,  with  forms 174 

Hay,  how  to  find  cost 363 

Hay,  how  to  measure  35U 

Helpful  hints  to  correspondents  97 

Hemp,  raised  in  the  U.  S 369 

Heredity  :....  34 

Hints  and  helps  on  wriihig 

drafts  132 

History  of  banks  119 

Hog  and  Battle  table  371 

Holidays,  legal  270 

Holidays,  working  on  272 

Homestead  laws  202 

How  money  grows  at  interest. .  313 

How  stock  is  watered  223 

How  success  is  won  16 

How  to  close  a  letter  75 

How  to  collect  d  bts  142 

How  to  do  business  with  an 

agent  151 

How  to  do  business  with  a 

bank    1-2 


PAOSL 

How   to   estimate   the  eontents 

of  a   pile   of   grain 359 

How  to  find  amount  of  carpet 

for  room    334 

How   to   find   amount   of   paper 

for  room    335 

How  to  find  bushels  of  grain  in 

bin  357 

How  to  find  contents  of  a  wa- 
gon  box    357 

How   to  find   cost  of  coal   and 

hay  at  sight  363 

How    to    find    the    day    of    the 

week   382 

How  to  find  the  height  of  a  tree  350 
How  to  find  the  number  of 

bushels  in  a  load    366 

How  to  find  the  weight  of  cattle 

b"  measurement  370 

How  to  indorse  a  check  125 

How  to  keep  farm  accounts  ...  309 
How  to  lay  out  small  lots  of 

land    349 

How  to  learn  bookkeeping 299 

How  to  locate  a  mine  280 

How  to  make  change  quickly. .  144 
How  to  make  a  hole  in  glass..  387 
How  to  make  an  ise  chest  ....  349 

How  to  measure   hay 356 

How  to  mix  paints   388 

How  to  obtain  wealth  144 

How  to  secure  an  appointment 

under  civil  service   267 

How  to  secure  a  lien   172 

How  to  send  money 235 

How  to  settle  difficulties  by  ar- 
bitration    149 

How  to  write  a  contract  157 

How  to  write  a  postal  card....     77 
How    to    write    your    name    on 
glass  and  iron   tools 887 


|ce  chest,  how  to  make 349 

Illegitimate    children    254 

Illiteracy   384 

Immigration   in   tlu<  U.   S 383 

Indemnifying  bonds  IW 

Indorsements  of  notes    104,  110 

Insurance    214 

Insurance,   accident    218 

Insurance,    fire    215 

Insurance,    life    2i7 

Insurance,  marine  218 

Interest,  hints  and  helps   311 

Interest,    compound 323 

Interest  i-ws  of  the  U.  S 324 

Interest  tables  FJG 

Interest  tables,   how  to  ur,e....  £15 
Interest,   time  at   which   money 

doubles    314 

I.  O.  U 113 

Iron,  production cW 


DELAYS  HAVE  DANGEROUS  ENDS. 


PAGE. 

Joists,     scantling     and    timber 

•  measurements    352 

Journeyings    of    checks    137 

Judgment  notes    107 

Labor 27 

Laborers'    wages    364 

Landlord  and  tenant   175 

Landlord's  notice  181 

Landlord's  lien   iS3 

Lands  how  to  lay  off  small  lots  349 
Laths,  number  required  for  a 

room   244 

Law  governing  contracts 159 

Law  governing  foiged  paper...  238 

Law  governing  lost  notes 242 

Laws  governing  mines 277 

Laws  governing  partnersaips. ..  219 
Law  governing  public  schools.  255 
Law  governing  property  sales..  167 

Law  dictionary 433 

Law  of  kindness  241 

Law  of  public  roads  275 

Law  on  guarantees  174 

Law  on  lost  property 240 

Law    on    newspaper    subscrip- 
tion      272 

Law   on   opening   letters    238 

Law  on  trading 244 

Leases   176 

Leases,    forms    177 

Legal    gifts    243 

Legal  hints  on  interest  311 

Legal   holidays    270 

Legal  points  of  bookkeeping. .  301 
Legal  relation  of  parent  and 

child 252 

Legal  tender   281 

Legal  weights  362 

Legislatures,     sessions 

Lien,  how  to  secure  172 

Letter,   body  of   73 

Letter,    superscription 73 

Letter  writing   69 

Letters,    arrangement 70 

Letters,    folding    98 

Letters,    heading    70 

Letters,  how  to  close  75 

Letters,  kinds  of 69 

Letters,    models   for   beginning.    71 

Letters,   parts   of   ..." 69 

Letters   of   application    82 

Letters   of   condolence    92 

Letters   of   congratulation    91 

Letters  of  credit    135 

Letters  of  friendship   93 

Letters  of  invitation    84 

Letters  of  introduction   88,    98 

Letters  of  recommendation.  .89,  100 

Letters  of  sympathy   92 

l.»'»t<-rs  to  different  parts  of  the 

world,   tiine  required 330 

Liabilities    of   employes 241 

Liability   of  commotr  carriers..  234 


PAQB 

License   212 

Liens,   how  to  write   173 

Lite  insurance   217 

Lightning  method  of  interest. .  312 
Lightning   method   of  multipli- 
cation and  division  329 

Lightning   rod   swindle    297 

Logs,   how  to  reduce  to  board 

measure   351,  354 

Longest      days      at      principal 

places    391 

Lost  notes,   law  governing   242 

Lost   paper    141 

Lost   property,    law   on    240 

Lumber,   how  to  figure 332 

Lumber,  eastern  table  and  cu- 
bical contents 351 

Lumber,   lightning  method   for 

measurement 34> 

Lumber,   number   of   feet   in   a 

log   360 

Lumber  statistics  and  table —  352 
Lumber,  weight  of   3oU 


Mail,  time  of  fastest 388 

Mail   transportation    236 

Man   a  victor 36 

Mann,    Horace    32 

Marine   insurance    218 

Marking    alphabet    62 

Marriage  laws  and  contracts..  247 
Married  women  signing  name.  245 
Married  women,  the  right  to 

own   property   249 

McKinley.  Wm I'l 

Mechanics,  definitions  for 346 

Mechanics'    lien    173 

M  chanics,  pointers  for  346 

Mechanics,    rules    for 348 

Merchandise    232 

Mill   feed   table    369 

Mint-  and  miners   277 

Mines,  how  to  locatn     280 

Mints   and   mint   marks 282 

Miscellaneous    table 3* 

Modern   bookkeeping   301 

Money    281 

Money,  amount  in  circulation..  282 

Money,   functions,   kinds   281 

Money,  how  to  send  235 

Money    by   telegraph    235 

Money  orders,  cost   26 

Money    question    282 

Monthly   wages   table   365 

Months,  calendar  and  lunar 256 

Mortgage  assignment 1$ 

Mortgage,    chattel    192 

Mortgage  foreclosure  1i 

Mortgage  laws   ^ 

Mortgage  release   13 

Multiplication,  short  method  ...  330 


438 


EFFORT  IS  THE  PRICE  OF  CONQUEST. 


PAGE. 

Nails  to  a  ponnd 881 

National   banks    120 

Naturalization   204 

Newspaper  subscription,   law  of  272 

Note,  promissory  51 

Note,    swindling    294 

Note,    canceled    104 

Notes,    collateral    106 

Notes,   collecting   103 

Notes,  fifty  facts  and  principles  101 

Notes,   forms    106 

Notes,    indorsements    104,  110 

Notes,   inquiry  at  the  bank 104 

Notes  of  invitation  84 

Note,   judgment    107 

Notes,   paying 104 

Notes,   payment  defeated 105 

Notes,   receipt  for  lost 118 

Notes,    transferring    102 

Notes,   when  void   105 

Notes,  writing  101 

Notice   to   quit    181 

Offer  and  acceptance 244 

Opening   letters,    law   on    238 

Opinions  of  successful  men 23 

•ption   trading    227 

Orders   113 

Outlawed  debts  263 

Owning     property,      rights     of 
married   women   249 


Painting  rules 388 

Paints,  how  to  mix  388 

Paper,  how  to  find  amount  for 

room  335 

Parcels  Posts   269 

Parent    and    child,    legal    rela- 
tion   252 

Parliamentary   rules    283 

Partnerships    219 

Passengers,    transportation    of.  236 

Passports    207 

Patents   207 

Patent  fence  swindle   291 

Paupers   in   U.   S 

Paying  notes    104 

Peabody,    Geo 21 

Pen  drawing   57 

Penmanship 47 

Penmanship,  how  to  improve.  48|   T2 

Penmanship,   principles  of 49 

Penmanship,    ornamental    56 

Pensions    211 

Pension  bureau,  cost  of 212 

Petitions 44,  275 

Picket  fence,  level  or  over  hill  388 

Plastering  339 

Plastering,    how    to    figure    by 

cancellation   332 

Plowing,  distance  traveled  in  . .  355 

Pointers  for  mechanics 346 

Points  of  law  NS 


PAtiB. 

Points  of  order 284 

Polygon,  area  of  348 

Population  of  all  towns  and  cities 
of  the  U.  S,  having  a  population 
of  8,000  inhabitants  and  up- 
ward, according  to  the  census 

of  1900 394-420 

Population  of  states 42i 

Poor  boys   21 

Possibilities  of  compound  in- 
terest    322 

Postage,   domestic   268 

Postage,  foreign   269 

Postal   card    77 

Postal  distances  and  time  of 
mail  from  New  York  City  ...  889 

Postal  Union 286 

Post  office  orders  235 

Power  of  attorney   154 

Practical  information  for,  busi- 
ness men  139 

Preferred  stock  223 

Presumptions  of  law  pertain- 
ing to  business  papers 237 

Presidents  of  the  U.  S 385 

Presidents,     inaugurated    other 

day  than   March  4th 385 

Presidents,      birth,      education, 

term  of  office,  age,  etc 385 

Production  of  coal,  iron,  etc.  in 

the  U.  S S63 

Property,  real  and  personal 167 

Proposal  to  erect  public  build- 
ings   ] 

Proxy  to  vote 1R4 

Public  meetings,   conducting...  283 

Public  road  laws  275 

Public  schools,   statistics   384 

Public   schools,    law   governing 

school   contracts   255 

Punctuation,  rules 39,  40,    41 

Purpose    33 

Qualifications  for  suffrage 206 

Rafters,  lengths  and  bevels 844 

Railroads,    facts   concerning.... 

Raising  a  check  J  °7 

Rapid  method  in  business  cal- 
culation    333 

Rates  of  interest  324 

Read  before  signing  293 

Ready   reckoner   373 

Ready  reference  tables  379 

Receipts   114 

Receipts,  forms  115 

Receipt  for  lost  note 118 

Registered  letters   235 

Release  of  mortgage 195 

Religious  statistics  of  the  U.  S.  384 

Resolutions,  how  to  write 95 

Resolutions,   forms  of   43,    95 

Responsibility  of  owning  a  dog.  276 
Rulers'  salaries   384 


A  DA  Y  MISSPENT  IS  LOST. 


(39 


PAGE. 

Rules  for  bookkeeping  300 

Rules  for  mechanics   348 

Rules   for   spelling    ::> 

Runaway  horses  and  teams   ...  273 


Safe  principles  and  rules 25 

Salaries  of  rulers  of  the  world..  384 

Salaries  of  U.  S.  offices 384 

Sale  and  transfer  of  property..  167 

Savings  banks  1-1 

Set  of  books  written  up  303 

Shingles,  number  required  for 

roof  344 

Shorthand  »i5 

Shrinkage  of  grain 357 

Signing  name  in  full  245 

Signing  name,  married  women.  245 
Signing  name,  persons  who 

cannot  write  246 

Signing,  read  before  293 

Skill  27 

Slate  tables 345 

Smoking,  cost  of 379 

Soil,  weight  of  381 

Specific  duty  266 

Spelling  37 

Statistics  of  lumber  352 

Statutes  of  limitation  263 

Stock  investments  221 

Stock  exchange  226 

Stone,  how  to  find  number  of 

cords  for  wall  338 

Stone  table  369 

Stone  work  338 

Success,  foundations  of  16 

Suffrage,  qualifications  for 206 

Superscription,  forms  of 76 

Swindle,  barb  wire  296 

Swindle,  card  290 

Swindle,  cheap  jewelry  298 

Swindle,  counterfeit  money 295 

Swindle,  envelope  293 

Swindle,  farm  machinery  292 

Swindle,  lightning  rod  297 

Swindle,  patent  fence  291 

Swindler,  securing  signature. .  296 

Swindling  note  294 

Swindling  schemes  289 

Syndicates  228 

Talent 33 

Tanks,  how  to  find  contents 335 

Taxes  265 

Teaching  business  to  wives, 

daughters  and  children.. 146 

Terms  and  facts  of  criminal 

law  239 

Thirteen  original  states 421 

Tile,  area  and  weight,  etc 342 

Timber  measurements  352 

Time  at  which  money  doubles 

at   interest    314 


PAG  a. 

Time,  difference  of,  between 
Washington  and  other  princi- 
pal cities  of  the  world 891 

Times  and  sessions  of  legisla- 
tures   

Titles    77,  100 

Trading,   law  on   244 

Transferring    notes    102 

Transferring  commercial  papers  139 
Transferring    found    or     stolen 

papers   139 

Transportation  231 

Transportation    by   water 234 

Transportation   of  mail    236 

Transportation  of  merchandise.  232 
Transportation   of   passengers..  236 

Tree,  how  to  find  height  of 360 

Trial    balance,    how    to    detect 

errors    302 

Trusts    187,  229 


United  States  interest  laws 824 

Useful     reference      rules      and 

items 387 

Useful  rules  for  mechanics    ...  348 
Uselessness  of  lightning  rods..  393 

Usury  .311 

Usury,   Penalty  of   324 


Vanderbilt.  Cornelius 21 

Vertical   writing   5 

Visiting   and   address    cards 96 

Vital  part  of  a  contract 158 

Vital  points  on  checks  124 

Voting    20S 

Wages  table '. 365 

Wages  in  the  U.    S 364 

Wagon   box,   how   to  find   con- 
tents of    357 

Wanamaker,  John 

Watered  stock   225" 

Watering   trough,    how   to   find 

contents    335 

Wealth,  how  to  obtain 144 

Weekly  wages  table  368 

Weight,      legal,      in      different 

states   362 

Weight  of  cattle,  how  to  find...  370 

Weights  and  measures    380 

Where  women  vote   206 

Will    33 


Wills,  and  laws  of  wills 200 

Wills,    form  of    201 

Women,  where  they  vote  206 

Wood    table 341 

Wood,   how  to  find  number  of 

cords  in  a  pile. 34 

Working  on   holidays 272 

Writing   notes    101 

Writing,  rules  for  42 


UNIVERSITY 


UNIVEESITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE~ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

expiration  of  loan  period. 


50m-7/16 


YB  66672 


163566 


